北极冰-水耦合系统中声波传播特性

利用固体和流体介质中波传播理论,导出了冰-水两层复合结构中导波频散方程。进一步,利用二分法对频散方程进行了数值求解,得到了ω-k频散曲线(ω与k分别为圆频率和波数),以及相速度和群速度频散曲线。结果表明:冰-水两层复合结构中导波由具有相同厚度水层和冰层中导波耦合而成,但与水层和冰层中导波频散曲线相比,复合结构中导波频散曲线除第1阶模式外,其余高阶模式均发生了很大变化。从原水层第1阶模式的截止频率开始,复合结构第2阶模式的相速度曲线被压低,各高阶(大于2阶)模式的相速度曲线出现一个跃变点,群速度曲线出现一个极大和一个极小值。水层越厚,复合结构各高阶模式的截止频率越低,相同频带内导波模式越丰富。水层厚度保持不变时,复合结构各阶模式的相速度和群速度曲线均随冰层厚度的增加而向低频方向移动。另外,还进一步分析了冰-水复合结构的导波波结构,发现第1阶导波模式的能量主要集中在冰层内和海表面附近,而2阶以上高阶导波模式的振动位移幅度随深度方向呈现周期性特征,并且模式阶数越高,振动越复杂。      

沿均匀无限介质中固体杆传播的导波特性研究

针对均匀无限固体介质包围的无限长固体杆,研究了沿固体杆传播的导波的频散和激发特性。在理论分析的基础上,用二分法快速求取了导波所有模式的频散曲线,在4种介质参数下,对斯东利模式和简正模式进行了深入的分析和总结;研究了固体杆中导波的激发强度特性,分别在对称点源、轴向力源和径向力源激励下,研究了导波诸模式的激发机理及频谱特性,分析了不同频段导波的主导模式,研究了主导模式的频响特性及位移径向分布关系。      

层状半空间中导波的传播

研究了在弹性层状半空间中传播的导波的频散及激发机制,分别在含有两层和三层介质情况下,详细分析了对称点源激发的所有可能存在的导波模式的传播特性以及它们与介质参数的相互关系,研究了表面波和能陷波的激发与传播机理。对于速度递增的介质,可存在多个模式,但对于速度递减的介质模型,至多只存在一个导波模式。在含有低速夹层情况下,存在沿低速层传播的能陷模式。能陷波和表面波的传播特性不仅与介质参数有关,而且还与声源频率有关。     

液态金属快堆主管道中超声导波传播特性研究

讨论了钠冷快堆(Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor,SFR)主管道的整体温度和内部液态金属钠流动速度的变化对管道导波传播特性的影响。推导了充液管道中导波频散方程的一般形式,并给出了管道内液态金属钠处于流动状态下的导波频散方程。采用数值计算方法获得了管内液态金属钠处于不同温度和不同流速时的导波纵向模式频散曲线和导波时域波形。结果表明,温度变化对基阶纵向模式的影响较小,但对高阶纵向模式的影响较大;液态钠流速增大会使导波频散曲线向高频轻微移动,但在实际检测中可以忽路管内液体流动速度的影响。通过对时域接收波形的模拟计算,进一步考察了液态金属钠的温度及流动速度变化对导波传播的影响,并通过对比不同模态的激发特点和不同频段的导波时域波形特点,结合导波频散曲线,给出了适用于SFR管道超声无损检测的导波模态和声源激发频段选择方案。      

基底上覆分层薄膜超声Scholte波特性与薄膜定征

分层薄膜-基底结构广泛应用于微电子器件等诸多领域,但薄膜材料参数超声测量尤其是横波速度的定征是一个困难的问题。本文对液固界面Scholte界面波的频散特性和脉冲激励的声压响应进行了理论分析。结果表明,液固界面Scholte波频散与分层膜-基底结构的速度分布密切相关。薄膜材料各层的厚度和横波速度对界面波频散特性有显著影响。基于Scholte界面波的频散特性,提出了一种多层膜的多参数反演定征方法。首先针对理论信号进行薄膜参数反演,验证了该方法的可行性。后续对不同类型的多层膜材料样品进行了液固界面波激发与采集实验,实验信号的薄膜参数反演结果进一步验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

横波速度径向层析成像方法及应用研究

近来三维声波成像技术的一个重要进展是利用偶极子弯曲波反演地层径向横波速度剖面。确定地层径向横波速度变化对评价井壁稳定性、估算地应力和优化油藏生产等有着重要的意义。偶极横波测井激发的弯曲波低频探测较深,高频探测较浅,本文根据偶极弯曲波的频散特征,采用约束反演的方法求取地层径向横波速度变化。在实际测井中,经常会遇到偶极子弯曲波的频散曲线在高频时缺失或者不准确的情况,这会使约束反演方法产生误差。针对这一现象,本文提出利用理论频散数据进行高频约束,并通过数值模拟验证了改进后约束反演方法的正确性。本文给出了一个致密气层的横波速度径向剖面综合应用实例,发现地层径向横波速度变化程度与岩石脆性有很好的对应关系,最终的压裂效果由压前、压后正交偶极横波各向异性的变化得到了印证,压裂后油气产量提高。     

超声导波的频散补偿与模式分离算法研究

超声导波已被广泛应用于无损检测与评价,针对超声导波应用中普遍存在的模式混叠与频散问题,本文在采用频谱相位与信号时延函数建模导波频散信号传递系统的基础上,提出了一种单一模式的频散补偿算法。进一步地,通过将选择性频散补偿技术与导波模式分离相结合,本文算法克服了传统补偿算法所不能解决的多模式导波频散问题。板中的Lamb波A0,A1和S0混合模式仿真分析表明,本算法不仅可用于单一导波模式信号合成与频散补偿,而且可在实现多模式混合导波信号选择性频散补偿基础上,解决多模式导波信号中单一模式提取与分离。本文研究有助于超声导波多模式频散信号的分析与处理.      

弱界面压电覆层复合结构中的声导波

建立压电覆层复合结构中声导波传播模型,结合弱界面“弹簧”模型,推导了压电覆层复合结构存在刚性、滑移联接界面等几种不同界面条件下声导波的广义频散方程,数值计算钛锆酸铅基压电陶瓷覆层复合结构在不同界面条件下声导波的频散曲线,分析了界面特性对导波传播相速度的影响。数值计算和分析表明为了能够有效地评价界面的特性,选择合适的声波模式和声波频率是非常重要的。实验结果验证了界面假设的有效性,为进一步深入研究以多模式声导波参量为基础的压电覆层复合结构界面特性参数反演方法提供了理论基础。     

板状结构Lamb波频散补偿与聚焦接收成像检测

对板状结构中Lamb波的频散和多模现象进行了理论分析,采用有限元仿真方法获取了Lamb波与缺陷作用后的回波信号,对信号进行聚焦接收处理,即在一定距离范围内利用导波频散特性对各个模式信号进行频散补偿,提取补偿后信号的幅值,结果表明当所得信号幅值最大时,所对应的补偿距离等于缺陷与换能器之间的实际距离.利用这一结论,提出了以...     

谱有限元数值分析各向异性复合板中导波色散特性

提出谱有限元方法研究层状各向异性复合板中导波的色散特性和波结构。基于三维弹性动力学方程,用有限元方法离散波导截面,波传播方向的位移用简谐波表示,得到了导波色散的特征方程。分析了单层和双层复合板中导波沿不同方向传播的色散特性和波结构,讨论了双层复合板中层厚比对相速度的影响。数值研究结果表明:导波的对称模态沿纤维方向传播时在较宽的频率范围内保持弱色散状态。双层复合板中导波基本模态的相速度在低频时受层厚比的影响较明显,随着频率的增加趋向于相速度较低的材料。数值模拟结果为导波用于复合材料定量无损检测和性能评价提供理论依据。      

Research on the propagation of guided waves in multi-layered plates

The dispersion characteristics and excitation mechanisms of the guided waves in multilayered plates are studied in this paper. Firstly, the dispersion equation is obtained by the propagator matrix method. Then, the bisection technique is employed to find all the roots of the dispersion equation. The dispersion characteristics of the guided waves are investigated and analyzed. For the multilayered plates in which the S-wave velocity increases or decreases from top to bottom, it is found that the velocity limits in high frequency of the first and high modes are equal to the Rayleigh wave and S-wave velocities of the low-velocity layer, respectively. It is also found that the velocity limits in the high frequency of all modes are equal to the S-wave velocity of the low-velocity layer for the plate with a low-velocity middle layer. The normal displacement spectrum of all the modes excited by the normal force source with a definite width on the surface of the plate is also investigated. It is proved that the dominant mode is the first mode when the S-wave velocity increases from top to bottom layer and the dominant mode is different in different frequency range for the plate with a low-velocity middle layer.     

Guided waves in a stratified half-space

The dispersion and excitation mechanisms and the energy distribution of guided waves in a stratified half-space are studied. All possible guided waves excited by a symmetric point source in two or three-layer medium models and their relation to the medium parameters are analyzed in detail. The excitation and propagation characteristics, as well as the energy distribution along the depth direction, of all modes of the surface waves and trapped waves are numerically investigated and analyzed thoroughly not only in the case when the shear wave velocity increases from up to down layers but also when a low-velocity layer is contained in halfspace, especially when the shear wave velocity decreases from up to down layers. It is found that there exist many guided wave modes in the case where the shear wave velocity of each layer increases from up to down layers. However, there is less than one guided wave mode in the case where the shear wave velocity of each layer decreases from up to down layers. The trapped waves exist and propagate along the low-velocity structure in the stratified half-space. It is also found that the characteristic of a mode is related to the source frequency. It is possible that a surface wave at one value of frequency is like a trapped wave at another value of frequency. Finally, the relation of the characteristics of all guided waves (surface waves and trapped waves) to the parameters of media is studied.     

Rayleigh wave and detection of low-velocity layers in a stratified half-space

The excitation and propagation of the guided waves in a stratified half-space and a Rayleigh wave exploration method in shallow engineering seismic exploration are studied in this paper. All the modes of the guided waves are calculated by the bisection method in the case where the low velocity layers are contained in a stratified half-space. Cases when the formation shear wave velocity gradually decreases from the top to the bottom layers are also studied. The dispersion curves obtained in actual Rayleigh wave exploration are usually noncontinual zigzag curves, but the dispersion curves given by the elastic theory for given modes of the guided waves are smooth and continual curves. In this paper, the mechanism of zigzag dispersion curves in Rayleigh wave exploration is investigated and analyzed thoroughly. The zigzag dispersion curves can give not only the possible positions of the low-velocity layers but also the other information on the formation structure (fractures, oil, gas, etc.). It is found that the zigzag dispersion curves of the Rayleigh wave are the result of the leap of the modes and the existence of low velocity layers in a stratified half-space. The effects of the compressional wave velocity, shear wave velocity, and density of each layer on zigzag dispersion curves and the relationship of the low velocity layers to zigzag dispersion curves are also investigated in detail. Finally, the exploration depth of the Rayleigh wave is discussed. The exploration depth of the Rayleigh wave is equal to the wavelength multiplied by a coefficient that is variable and usually given by the work experience and the formation properties of the local work area.     

Propagation characteristics of guided waves in a rod surrounded by an infinite solid medium

The dispersion and excitation characteristics of the guided waves in a rod surrounded by an infinite solid medium (cladding) are investigated. First, the bisection technique is employed to find all the roots of the dispersion function on the basis of theoretical analysis and to obtain the complex phase and group velocity dispersion curves of the guided modes. Second, according to their different dispersion characteristics, the guided modes are divided into two categories: normal modes and Stoneley modes. And it is concluded that the normal modes merely exist in the “hard cladding” model in which the cladding’s shear velocity is larger than the rod’s; while the Stoneley modes in cylindrical interface are highly dispersive and merely exist in the model whose acoustical parameters satisfied the existence condition of the Stoneley waves. Third, the seldom discussed issue, the excitation mechanisms of the guided waves, excited by three source models: symmetric point source, axial and radial force sources, are simulated respectively. Attention is paid on the dominant mode which has better excitation sensitivity and the suitable excitation frequency range. Moreover, the propagation characteristics of the Stoneley modes, ignored in previous references, are analyzed and compared with those of the normal modes.     

Piezoelectric transducer parameter selection for exciting a single mode from multiple modes of Lamb waves

Excitation and propagation of Lamb waves by using rectangular and circular piezoelectric transducers surface-bonded to an isotropic plate are investigated in this work. Analytical stain wave solutions are derived for the two transducer shapes, giving the responses of these transducers in Lamb wave fields. The analytical study is supported by a numerical simulation using the finite element method. Symmetric and antisymmetric components in the wave propagation responses are inspected in detail with respect to test parameters such as the transducer geometry, the length and the excitation frequency. By placing only one piezoelectric transducer on the top or the bottom surface of the plate and weakening the strength of one mode while enhancing the strength of the other modes to find the centre frequency, with which the peak wave amplitude ratio between the S0 and A0 modes is maximum, a single mode excitation from the multiple modes of the Lamb waves can be achieved approximately. Experimental data are presented to show the validity of the analyses. The results are used to optimize the Lamb wave detection system.     

Excitation mechanisms and dispersion characteristics of guided waves in multilayered cylindrical solid media

This paper first reviews a method of simulating the propagation characteristics of guided waves in multilayered coaxial cylindrical elastic solid media. Secondly, this method is used to investigate the properties of the guided waves for the ultrasonic long-range non-destructive evaluation techniques for rockbolts. To do so, the special case of non-leaky guided modes in open waveguides is considered. The method explains how the complex dispersion function is converted into a real function: hence the bisection technique can be employed to search for all the real roots. The model is used to (i) characterize the low dispersion range and anomalous dispersion of normal and Stoneley modes and (ii) analyze the excitation mechanisms of guided waves from axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric acoustic sources. The results are used to select suitable excitation frequency ranges associated with dominant modes with large amplitudes, low dispersion, and distinguishable propagation velocities to reduce signal distortion. The results suggest the lowest order flexural mode, excited by a radial force source, has potential to be used in practice. Also, the highly dispersive Stoneley mode propagating along a cylindrical interface is defined and distinguished from the normal mode using two properties, velocity high-frequency asymptotes and amplitude distributions along the radial direction.     

Guided Waves in a Multi-Layered Cylindrical Elastic Solid Medium

We investigate the guided waves in a multi-layered cylindrical elastic solid medium. The dispersion function of guided waves is usually complex and the dispersion curves of all modes are not conveniently obtained. Here we present an effective method to obtain the dispersion curves of all modes. First, the dispersion function of the guided waves is transformed into a real function. The dispersion curves are then calculated for all the modes of the guided waves by the bisection method. The modes with the orders n = 0, 1, and 2 are analysed in two- and three-layer media. The existence condition of Stoneley wave is discussed. The modes of the guided waves are also investigated in a two-layer medium, in which the velocity of shear wave in the outer layer is less than that in the inner layer.     

Calculation of leaky Lamb waves with a semi-analytical finite element method

A semi-analytical finite element method (SAFE) has been widely used for calculating dispersion curves and mode shapes of guided waves as well as transient waves in a bar like structures. Although guided wave inspection is often conducted for water-loaded plates and pipes, most of the SAFE techniques have not been extended to a plate with leaky media. This study describes leaky Lamb wave calculation with the SAFE. We formulated a new solution using a feature that a single Lamb wave mode generates a harmonic plane wave in leaky media. Dispersion curves obtained with the SAFE agreed well with the previous theoretical studies, which represents that the SAFE calculation was conducted with sufficient accuracy. Moreover, we discussed dispersion curves, attenuation curves, and displacement distributions for total transmission modes and leaky plate modes in a single side and both two side water-loaded plate.