窄带脉冲信号测量横波衰减系数-频率曲线的方法

提出一种测量材料超声横波衰减-频率曲线(αs-f)的方法:应用窄带脉冲驱动接触式横波探头的脉冲反射方式,采用石英晶体作为耦合块,通过测量耦合块和被测试块耦合界面的声压反射和透射系数,并在衍射修正下测量得到单频率下的超声横波衰减系数;在探头有效带宽内改变发射频率并重复测量,得到不同频率下超声横波衰减系数数值;利用非线性最...     

多元高斯声束衍射修正下液体非线性系数检测方法

有效检测材料的非线性系数β是非线性超声评价材料力学性能及早期疲劳损伤等的前提和关键,针对当前的有限幅值法仅适用于有限孔径探头近场测量的现状,本论文研究了一种不受检测距离影响的测量方法。为抑制实际检测过程中声能的损失和声场扩散对测量结果的影响,对基波和二次谐波检测值进行衍射和衰减修正,其中利用多元高斯声束精确计算二次谐波衍射系数,在此基础上计算非线性系数β以消除其与理想的平面波推导结果间的差异,提高不同距离下测量值的精度。针对水的非线性系数β进行了仿真分析和实验验证,结果均显示本文方法相比于传统有限幅值法具有明显的精度优势,且表明该方法测量材料的β不受检测距离的影响,为放宽非线性超声检测的应用条件提供了理论依据。      

兰姆波非线性效应的实验观察(Ⅱ)

基于Ritec-SNAP系统对固体板中传播的兰姆波的非线性效应进行了实验观察。根据导波的模式展开分析方法和兰姆波的频散曲线,简述了兰姆波的积累二次谐波发生条件。采用一定倾角的斜劈换能器在固体板表面激发和接收兰姆波的基波和二次谐波时域信号,阐述了兰姆波的基波、二次谐波时域脉冲包络的积分振幅的物理意义,在固体板表面分别测量了不同传播距离的兰姆波的基波、二次谐波的幅频曲线。在兰姆波具有非线性效应的频率值附近,分析了兰姆波的二次谐波振幅随传播距离的变化关系。实验结果进一步证明了兰姆波在一定条件下具有强烈的非线性效应,其二次谐波表现出随传播距离积累增长的性质。     

RLC串联电路暂态过程衰减系数的谐波分析

分析了RLC串联电路欠阻尼振荡过程衰减系数α的理论值与实验测量值偏离的原因.将阻尼振荡波按傅里叶级数展开为基波与谐波之和,分别以基波与各次谐波代替阻尼振荡波,测出电感和电容上的损耗电阻,从而对衰减系数α的理论值进行了修正,使得α的理论修正值与实验测量值相一致.     

非线性声场中的参量激发

本文基于求解单频声波方程近似解的方法,得到了非线性声场中谐波的声压与介质性质、初始声压幅值及频率之间的定量关系.并对两列相对声压幅值和相对频率不同情况下的声场分布进行了研究.通过分析单、双频声源辐射场中的谐波分布和传播规律发现:在非线性声场中会不断地出现新的谐波,激发的各阶谐波随着声波传播距离的增大逐渐增强而后减弱.在声源的附近,谐波的声压随基波声压振幅的增大而增大;但在基波的频率增大时反而会减小.在输入总声能相同的情况下,与单频声场相比双频声源辐射场的声能量分布较均匀,声的传播距离较大,远场中的谐波含量较大.结果表明,基波的频率越高,衰减得越快,谐波的积累越缓慢;声压的极值越大,基波声能量转移得越多,产生的谐波越多,基波的衰减越快,声压对远场声能的负效应增大;如果改用多频声源,并适当地控制输入声波的组成成分,可以达到改善声场分布均匀性、增大声辐射距离的效果.     

超声在液体中的非线性传播及反常衰减

本文从广义的Navier-Stokes流体方程出发,考虑到流体介质的黏滞性和存在的热传导,导出了更接近实际流体的三维非线性声波动方程.鉴于声传播所涉及的空间和时间尺度的复杂性和多样性,文中针对一维情形下的非线性波动方程进行了求解和分析.由方程的二级近似解可以看出,声压振幅的衰减遵循几何级数规律,而且驱动声波的频率越高声压的衰减就越快.在满足条件ωb《ρ0c_0~2时,基波的衰减系数与驱动频率的平方及耗散系数的乘积成正比;二次谐波的衰减规律更加复杂,与频率的更高次幂相关.对声衰减系数及声压的分布进行数值计算发现,声压的分布还与初始的声压幅值及频率有关,初始的声压与频率越高衰减得越快.另外,当声压高于液体的空化阈值时,液体中就会出现大量的空化泡,文中模拟了单个空化泡的运动,发现随着声压的增大空化泡的振动越剧烈、空化泡所受的黏滞力变大,随着声波作用时间的增大黏滞力的幅值迅速增大并与驱动声压值同阶,因而空化泡的非线性径向运动引起的声衰减不容忽视.结果表明,驱动声压越高在空化区域附近引起的声衰减越快、输出的声压越低.     

超谐波声场及其生物组织成像的理论及实验研究

理论及实验研究了平面活塞换能器激发的超谐波(三次、四次及五次谐波的线性幅度叠加)的轴向和径向声场特性,讨论了声源强度及传播距离对超谐波的强度及指向性的影响。结果表明在合适的声源强度及传播距离条件下,超谐波的幅度可大于二次谐波,同时-3dB波束宽度变窄,为基波和二次谐波的59%和77%。对生物组织进行了超谐波成像,并与基波、二次谐波图像对比。结果表明超谐波可提高超声非线性成像的灵敏度及分辨率。     

双层粘接板界面的超声非线性谐振特性分析

采用声-力-电类比建立粘接界面非线性力学行为的等效非线性振荡电路,以求解双层粘接板的超声非线性谐振频率。理论上导出非线性谐振频率方程,确定双层粘接板非线性谐振频率与激励幅度、三阶弹性劲度系数的解析关系。双层粘接铝板的超声实验发现:在不良粘接情形下,超声谐振频率发生偏移,其值大于粘接完好区,且激发了较强的三次谐波,但二次谐波幅度变化不大。实验结果表明三次谐波幅度上升,超声谐振频率也显著增大,与理论导出非线性谐振频率变化规律相吻合,且三次谐波与基波、二次谐波的比值反映了非线性谐振频率变化趋势,证实粘接层三阶劲度系数是产生非线性共振频率偏移的主要因素。      

固体板中SH板波非线性效应的实验观察

采用微扰近似和导波的模式展开分析方法,从理论上简要分析了SH板波的二次谐波发生效应;尽管在无限大固体介质中单个切变波的二次谐波发生效应非常微弱,但在一定条件下由两个切变波构成的SH板波可具有强烈的非线性效应;本文的主要工作就是对此结论加以实验验证。试制了激发SH板波的切变波斜劈换能器和接收二次谐波信号的液体斜劈换能器,建立了非线性SH板波的实验研究系统;通过详细的理论分析和对比实验研究,阐明了在一定条件下实验观察到的显著二次谐波信号来源于SH板波传播过程中的强烈非线性效应。此外,针对不同的SH板波传播距离,在远场条件下分别测量了相应的二次谐波幅频曲线;在基频SH板波与二倍频对称兰姆波相速度相等所对应的频率值附近,分析了二次谐波的振幅随传播距离的变化关系,结果证明在一定条件下SH板波的二次谐波振幅可随传播距离积累增长,即SH板波可具有强烈的非线性效应。      

基于Fourier-Bessel级数的Bessel型超声场二次谐波近场特性研究

将Fourier-Bessel级数引入KZK方程的求解，用于计算黏滞媒质中零阶Bessel型超声场的二次谐波声场，得到其级数形式的解析解，并由此得出二次谐波声场在近场分布的一个新结论.设声源表面声压分布为J₀(α₀r)，则二次谐波声压在近场的径向分布服从J²₀(α₀r)函数规律.这一结论合理解释了相关的实验结果，表明二次谐波声场在近场和远场有不同的径向分布，从而解决了非线性Bessel型超声场二次谐波的近场分布问题.研究还发现二次谐波声场具有类似基波声场的有限衍射特性.给出了一个数值计算和仿真实例.     

Comparison of fundamental, second harmonic, and superharmonic imaging: a simulation study

In medical ultrasound, fundamental imaging (FI) uses the reflected echoes from the same spectral band as that of the emitted pulse. The transmission frequency determines the trade-off between penetration depth and spatial resolution. Tissue harmonic imaging (THI) employs the second harmonic of the emitted frequency band to construct images. Recently, superharmonic imaging (SHI) has been introduced, which uses the third to the fifth (super) harmonics. The harmonic level is determined by two competing phenomena: nonlinear propagation and frequency dependent attenuation. Thus, the transmission frequency yielding the optimal trade-off between the spatial resolution and the penetration depth differs for THI and SHI. This paper quantitatively compares the concepts of fundamental, second harmonic, and superharmonic echocardiography at their optimal transmission frequencies. Forward propagation is modeled using a 3D-KZK implementation and the iterative nonlinear contrast source (INCS) method. Backpropagation is assumed to be linear. Results show that the fundamental lateral beamwidth is the narrowest at focus, while the superharmonic one is narrower outside the focus. The lateral superharmonic roll-off exceeds the fundamental and second harmonic roll-off. Also, the axial resolution of SHI exceeds that of FI and THI. The far-field pulse-echo superharmonic pressure is lower than that of the fundamental and second harmonic. SHI appears suited for echocardiography and is expected to improve its image quality at the cost of a slight reduction in depth-of-field.     

沉积物中声速和衰减系数的宽带测量方法

海底沉积物作为海洋波导声传播的下边界普遍存在于大洋中,获知其特性对于准确的声传播和混响建模是十分必要的。为了能够快速而准确地测量沉积物中的声速和衰减系数,提出一种基于脉冲压缩技术的测量方法,对接收信号进行压缩来提取透射波,根据不同厚度样品的透射波来计算沉积物中的声速和衰减系数。该方法不仅可以克服实验过程中经常遇到的多途干扰,而且测量过程简单,可以同时获得测量频带内所有频点的声速和衰减系数,即实现了对声速和衰减系数的宽带测量。在实验室环境条件下,90~170kHz的测量频带内,测得沙样品中的声速为1710~1713m/s,衰减系数在56~70dB/m之间。通过窄带和宽带测量结果的比较可以看出,声速的宽带测量结果与窄带测量结果吻合得较好,而衰减系数在频带后半部分存在较大的起伏。      

Acoustic nonlinearity parameter tomography for biological tissues via parametric array from a circular piston source--theoretical analysis and computer simulations

The acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A describes the nonlinear features of a medium and may become a novel parameter for ultrasonic tissue characterization. This paper presents a theoretical analysis for acoustic nonlinear parameter tomography via a parametric array. As two primary waves of different frequencies are radiated simultaneously from a circular piston source, a secondary wave at the difference frequency is generated due to the nonlinear interaction of the primary waves. The axial and radial distributions of sound pressure amplitude for the generated difference frequency wave in the near field are calculated by a superposition of Gaussian beams. The calculated results indicated that the difference frequency component of the parametric array grows linearly with distance from the piston source. It therefore provides a better source to do the acoustic nonlinearity parameter tomography because the fundamental and second harmonic signals both have a near field that goes through many oscillations due to diffraction. By using a finite-amplitude insert substitution method and a filtered convolution algorithm, a computer simulation for B/A tomography from the calculated sound pressure of the difference frequency wave is studied. For biological tissues, the sound attenuation is considered and compensated in the image reconstruction. Nonlinear parameter computed tomography (CT) images for several biological sample models are obtained with quite good quality in this study.     

基于瑞利积分叠加法的聚焦换能器声场特性研究

基于经典的瑞利积分,提出考虑非线性传播、各次谐波衰减的声场瑞利积分线性叠加算法.分析其原理,并以凹球面聚焦换能器为例,采用该算法研究媒质衰减和非线性传播特性影响声焦域的规律.并与Khokhov-Zabolotskaya-Kuznesov(KZK)数值算法,以及实验结果进行比较,验证瑞利积分线性叠加算法描述高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)声场的有效性.     

Complete characterization of weak ultra-short near-UV pulses by spectral interferometry

We present a method for a complete characterization of a femtosecond ultraviolet pulse when a fundamental near-infrared beam is also available. Our approach relies on generation of the second harmonic from the pre-characterized fundamental, which serves as a reference against which an unknown pulse is measured using spectral interferometry (SI). The characterization apparatus is a modified second harmonic frequency resolved optical gating setup which additionally allows for taking SI spectra. The presented method is linear in the unknown field, simple and sensitive. We checked its accuracy using test pulses generated in a thick nonlinear crystal, demonstrating the ability to measure the phase in a broad spectral range, down to 0.1% peak spectral intensity as well as retrieving π leaps in the spectral phase. PACS 42.65.Ky; 42.65.Re     

Weak nonlinear propagation of sound in a finite exponential horn.

This article presents an approximate solution for weak nonlinear standing waves in the interior of an exponential acoustic horn. An analytical approach is chosen assuming one-dimensional plane-wave propagation in a lossless fluid within an exponential horn. The model developed for the propagation of finite-amplitude waves includes linear reflections at the throat and at the mouth of the horn, and neglects boundary layer effects. Starting from the one-dimensional continuity and momentum equations and an isentropic pressure-density relation in Eulerian coordinates, a perturbation analysis is used to obtain a hierarchy of wave equations with nonlinear source terms. Green's theorem is used to obtain a formal solution of the inhomogeneous equation which takes into account linear reflections at the ends of the horn, and the solution is applied to the nonlinear horn problem to yield the acoustic pressure for each order, first in the frequency and then in the time domain. In order to validate the model, an experimental setup for measuring fundamental and second harmonic pressures inside the horn has been developed. For an imposed throat fundamental level, good agreement is obtained between predicted and measured levels (fundamental and second harmonic) at the mouth of the horn.     

高频聚焦超声声场和温度场的仿真研究

为探究临床常用的7 MHz高频聚焦超声在多层生物组织中的声传播以及毫秒级时间内的生物传热规律问题,基于Westervelt方程和Pennes传热方程,使用有限元方法建立高频聚焦超声辐照多层组织的非线性热黏性声传播及传热模型。首先分析了线性模型和非线性模型之间的差异,然后在非线性模型下探究换能器的参数对声场和温度场的影响。仿真结果显示：在7 MHz频率下,当换能器输出声功率超过5 W时,声波传播的非线性效应不可忽视(p <0.05);当声功率从5 W增大到15 W时,非线性模型与线性模型预测的温度偏差从20%增加到34.703%;高频聚焦超声波的非线性行为比低频更加显著,基频能量向高次谐波转移的程度增大,声功率为10 W和15 W时4次谐波与基波之比分别达到7.33%和12.12%;高频换能器参数的改变对组织中声场和温度场分布的影响较大,换能器焦距从12 mm减小到11.2 mm,焦点处最高温度增加了77%。结果表明,7 MHz聚焦超声的非线性声传播需要考虑到4次谐波的影响。该文提出的多层组织非线性仿真模型可为高频聚焦超声换能器参数优化及制定安全、有效的术前治疗方案提供理论参考。     

非线性有限束光声效应理论

当一束受正弦调制的激光入射于光声腔中的固体样品上时,由于非线性的光声效应,在光声腔中不仅能接收到基频成份的声信号,还能接收到其二次谐波成份。本文提出一个非线性热波束方程及其相应的非线性边界条件。借助于逐步近似法在光源为高斯径向分布的情形下,求解这一方程。利用Hankel变换获得这一方程的一级与二级近似解。解析结果表明,二次谐波的热波束仍然维持高斯径向分布,而其高斯半径比基频成份小。分析还表明,二次谐波的振幅不仅与线性热参数,而且也与非线性热参数有关。后者或许能提供样品的更多的有意义的信息。综合其各种特点, 关键词：     

Propagation of acoustic wave in viscoelastic medium permeated with air bubbles

Based on the modification of the radial pulsation equation of an individual bubble, an effective medium method (EMM) is presented for studying propagation of linear and nonlinear longitudinal acoustic waves in viscoelastic medium permeated with air bubbles. A classical theory developed previously by Gaunaurd (Gaunaurd GC and \"{U}berall H, {\em J. Acoust. Soc. Am}., 1978; 63: 1699--1711) is employed to verify the EMM under linear approximation by comparing the dynamic (i.e. frequency-dependent) effective parameters, and an excellent agreement is obtained. The propagation of longitudinal waves is hereby studied in detail. The results illustrate that the nonlinear pulsation of bubbles serves as the source of second harmonic wave and the sound energy has the tendency to be transferred to second harmonic wave. Therefore the sound attenuation and acoustic nonlinearity of the viscoelastic matrix are remarkably enhanced due to the system's resonance induced by the existence of bubbles.