多壁碳纳米管/壳聚糖多层膜修饰电极的电化学行为研究

采用新型分散方法制备了多壁碳纳米管/壳聚糖多层膜修饰玻碳电极,研究了在修饰剂总量相同的情况下,不同修饰层数膜电极的循环伏安、计时库仑曲线及电化学阻抗行为,并采用交流阻抗等效电路分析方法,对拟合的阻抗数据进行了解析.结果表明,电极的膜修饰层数的增加,不仅使膜层的缺陷增多,而且使电极的界面阻抗、溶液阻抗和电子转移阻抗明显减小,电极反应逐渐呈Warburg扩散阻抗特征,从而使电极的灵敏度和可逆性得到改善.     

表面修饰纳米TiO2的贮氢合金电极的光充电行为

采用水解-沉淀法制备了锐钛矿结构的纳米级TiO2,研究了表面修饰TiO2的贮氢合金电极的光充电、循环伏安及交流阻抗特性.结果表明,表面未修饰TiO2的贮氢合金电极在光照下电极电位基本无变化,而表面修饰TiO2的贮氢合金电极在光照下,电极电位向负方向偏移,可达-0.835V,表明在光照射条件下电极表面有氢原子形成.电化学阻抗谱的结果也表明,表面修饰电极在光照时表面有吸附氢存在,并存在氢原子向贮氢合金内部的扩散过程.扫描电镜观察表明,表面修饰TiO2的贮氢合金电极在光充电后产生的氢原子被贮氢合金吸收引起膨胀,导致表面出现大量微裂纹.     

电化学阴极沉积制备氧化钴/CNTs复合电极的准电容特性

采用电化学阴极沉积还原Co(NO3)2的方法制备了具有准电容特性的氧化钴电极材料,其比容量达到280 F／g,采用CNTs作为电极基体,在其表面均匀的沉积了纳米钴化镍颗粒并由此制备了氧化钴碳纳米管复合电极材料.采用循环伏安,恒流充放电,交流阻抗及扫描电镜等方法考察了复合电极材料的容量特性、阻抗特性、自放电特性以及电极表观特征．实验表明复合电极具有良好的电化学特性,CNTs基体在明显降低氧化镍材料的阻抗的同时还提高了电极材料的电化学容量并拓宽了电极材料的有效工作电位窗,复合电极在1 mol／L KOH电解液中比容量达到322 F／g且表现了良好的电化学可逆性．并分别采用氧化钴／CNTs复合电极作为正极,活性炭纤维作为负极制备了复合型电化学电容器,其工作电压达到1．4 V,电容器质量比容量达到47 F／g．在0．1 A／cm2放电时,复合型电容器的能量密度达到10 Wh／kg,兼具高能量特性和优良的大电流放电特性．     

电化学阴极沉积制备氧化镍/碳纳米管复合电极的准电容特性

采用催化裂解的方法制备了碳纳米管,其比容量为12F/g.采用碳纳米管作为电极基体,采用阴极电化学还原Ni(NO3)2的方法在碳纳米管基体表面均匀的沉积了纳米氧化镍颗粒并由此制备了氧化镍碳纳米管复合电极材料.采用循环伏安、恒流充放电、交流阻抗及扫描电镜等方法考察了复合电极材料的容量特性、阻抗特性、自放电特性以及电极表观特征.实验表明复合电极具有良好的电化学特性,碳纳米管基体在明显降低氧化镍材料的阻抗的同时还提高了电极材料的电化学容量并拓宽了电极材料的有效工作电位窗,复合电极在6mol/LKOH电解液中比容量达到25F/g且表现了良好的电化学可逆性.与碳纳米管基电容器相比,采用氧化镍复合电极材料组装的电容器具有较低的自放电率.     

不同pH酸性溶液中铂电极上氢析出和二氧化碳还原的电化学研究（英文）

本文利用循环伏安法和电化学原位红外光谱的联用,研究了Pt(111)和Pt膜电极在CO_2饱和的酸性溶液中氢析出和CO_2还原的竞争.发现:(i)在pH2的溶液中,主要反应是氢析出,界面pH值随着氢析出突然增加;(ii)通过红外光谱检测,CO_(ad)是CO_2还原过程中唯一的吸附中间体;(iii)CO_(ad)生成速率随着欠电位沉积氢(UPDH)覆盖的增加而增大,并在氢析出的起始电位达到最大值;(iv)在氢析出时,CO_(ad)的减少与CO_2吸附和还原所必需的的中间产物(H_(ad))有限的可用位点和停留时间相关.     

直接热氧化制备氧化钛薄膜电极的研究Ⅱ.光电性能

采用电化学阻抗谱和光电响应等手段对在光照下热氧化制备的氧化钛膜的阻抗和光电性质进行了研究 .结果表明 ,随氧化温度升高 ,界面电荷转移电阻减小 ,光电流逐渐增大 ,苯胺的光电催化速率降解增大 .温度大于6 0 0℃后 ,电极的光电性能急剧降低 .热氧化制备的氧化钛膜电极的结构、界面电荷转移电阻、光电流和光电催化降解苯胺的速率之间存在良好的相关性     

酸蚀对微通道板电性能的影响

采用扫描电镜（SEM）、卢瑟福背散射谱（RBS）、原子力显微镜（AFM）、能量色散谱仪（EDS）、照度计、微通道板测试台等分析表征手段,从微通道板皮料玻璃表面的成分、形貌和结构上,研究了酸蚀时间对微通道板电子增益、体电阻、噪声电流和电子图像等电性能的影响。研究结果表明：酸蚀时间显著影响微通道板的电性能,经酸蚀120min后微通道板的电子增益和图像亮度达到最高值;随着酸蚀时间的增加,噪声电流相应增加,而体电阻降至一定值后保持相对的稳定。     

金电极上氢析出反应的温度效应

用循环伏安法研究了多晶金电极在0.1 mol/L HClO₄和0.1 mol/L KOH中氢析出反应的温度效应．在278～333 K时,随温度和电位的增加氢析出反应电流显著增加, 在酸性溶液中Tafel斜率从118 mV/dec增加到146 mV/dec,超电势从0.2 V增加到0.35 V时,其活化能从37 kJ/mol降低至30 kJ/mol,反应的指前因子比在碱性溶液中的高出一个数量级．在碱性溶液中Tafel斜率约为153±15 mV/dec,且未呈现明显随温度变化的趋势．平衡电位的反应活化能在酸性和碱性溶液中分别约为48和34 kJ/mol．当超电势增加时,在碱性溶液中的指前因子单调增加,在酸性溶液中指前因子不随电位而变化．还讨论了金电极上氢析出反应在酸性和碱性溶液中具有不同的随电势变化的动力学参数的原因及其与反应机理的联系．     

3.4% NaCl介质中铁点蚀行为的表面拉曼光谱成像研究

本文利用共焦拉曼光谱技术结合对铁电极的合适的粗糙化预处理,现场研究了３．４％ＮａＣｌ腐蚀介质听电极的点蚀行为,获得了点蚀坑内腐蚀产物的表面增强拉曼光谱,成功地将表面增强拉曼光谱技术拓宽至铁的腐蚀行为的研究中,利用共焦拉曼光谱仪的成像技术研究了位于６６０ｃｍ＾－１处点蚀产物的二维分布图。研究表明：在校正电位铁表面发生点蚀后,点蚀坑内腐蚀产物不是以单一物种存在,而是多种铁氧化合物共存,且这些铁的氧化腐蚀产物的点蚀坑内的分布也极不均匀。     

金纳米粒子修饰ITO玻璃电极对多巴胺的测定

利用自组装的方法制备了一种金纳米粒子修饰的ITO导电玻璃电极,采用扫描电镜、紫外可见光谱对该电极进行表征,用循环伏安法研究了该电极对多巴胺电化学行为的影响,得到该修饰电极能分开多巴胺和抗坏血酸的氧化峰.     

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of α-nickel hydroxide codoped with Al3+ and Ca2+

α-Nickel hydroxide codoped with Al³⁺ and Ca²⁺ was prepared by chemical coprecipitation method. The phase structure and surface morphology of the prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The electrochemical performances of the prepared samples were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and charge/discharge tests. XRD and SEM tests reveal that the Al³⁺/Ca²⁺ codoped α-nickel hydroxide has a relatively good crystallization and a very coarse surface. Electrochemical tests show that the Al³⁺/Ca²⁺ codoped α-nickel hydroxide has higher proton diffusion coefficient, lower electrochemical reaction resistance, and higher discharge capacity (395.3 mAh g^?1 at 0.2 C) than the Al³⁺ singly doped α-nickel hydroxide, which indicates its potential application as an electrode material for secondary alkaline batteries.     

Poly(o-anisidine) coatings on brass: Synthesis,characterization and corrosion protection

Poly(o-anisidine) (POA) coatings were synthesized on brass by electrochemical polymerization of o-anisidine in aqueous salicylate solution by using cyclic voltammetry. These coatings were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The corrosion protection aspects of POA coatings on brass in aqueous 3% NaCl solution were investigated by potentiodynamic polarization technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The potentiodynamic polarization measurements show that the POA coating has ability to protect the brass against corrosion. The corrosion potential was about 0.204 V versus SCE more positive for the POA coated brass than that of uncoated brass and reduces the corrosion rate of brass almost by a factor of 800. The corrosion behavior of the POA coatings was also investigated by EIS through immersion tests performed in aqueous 3% NaCl solution. The evolution of the impedance parameters with the immersion time was studied and the results show that the POA acts as a protective coating on brass against corrosion in 3% NaCl solution. The water uptake and delamination area were also determined to further support the corrosion protection performance of the POA coating.     

Electrochemical study and electrodeposition of copper in the hydrophobic tri-n-octylmethylammonium chloride ionic liquid media

The electrodeposition of metallic Copper in binary mixture ionic liquid/organic solvent (tri-n-octylmethylammonium chloride (TOMAC))/chloroform (CHCl₃) was investigated. The electrochemical behavior of Cu(II) in TOMAC/CHCl₃ at glassy carbon working electrode at room temperature was studied by cyclic voltammetry and spectroscopy impedance. The results from the cyclic voltammetry showed that the electrodeposition of metallic Cu in the binary mixture ionic liquid/organic solvent was an irreversible process and was controlled by the diffusion of Cu(II) on a glassy carbon working electrode. The average value of αn_α was found to be 0.23 at 25 °C and the diffusion coefficient (D₀) of Cu(II) was calculated to be 7.12 10^− 9 cm²/s at room temperature. The performance of TOMAC ionic liquid such as internal resistance has been investigated with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs was used to observe that the copper plating was moderately dense and contains fine crystallites with average sizes of about 1 μm at room temperature. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) profile showed that the obtained film was copper.     

Ti/Sn（1-x）IrxO2电极制备及电生活性氯特性

通过热分解法制备了Ti/Sn(1-x)IrxO2电极,应用SEM观察了电极的表面形貌,通过线性伏安法、循环伏安法等实验方法测试了电极的电化学性能。实验结果表明,Ti/Sn0.7Ir0.3O2电极具有较好的析氯活性;电解产生的活性氯浓度随电流密度的增加先增加后降低;升高电解温度不利于活性氯的产生。     

Influence of tetraborate anions on manganese electrodeposition in an anion-exchange membrane electrolysis reactor

The influences of tetraborate anions on manganese electrodeposition in an anion-exchange membrane electrolysis reactor were investigated. The experimental results of manganese electrodeposition indicate that a certain amount of tetraborate anions can increase cathode current efficiency and initial pH 7.0–8.0 is suitable for high cathode current efficiency. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis show the nanocrystalline structure and impact morphology of electrodeposited manganese. The purity of electrodeposited manganese is above 99.88 %. The tests of tetraborate anions on buffer capacity (β) and pH value of the electrolyte near the cathode surface confirm that tetraborate anions facilitate manganese electrodeposition. Tetraborate anions can improve concentration polarization of Mn²⁺ ions and then increase the overpotential of hydrogen evolution reaction. Therefore, ammonium tetraborate can reduce the hydrogen embrittlement, pore, and pitting negative effect on electrodeposit surface, to improve the corrosion resistance of electrodeposited manganese. After tetraborate anions being added in electrolyte, weight loss measurement indicates that the corrosion resistance of electrodeposited manganese is improved. Electrochemical measurements testify that corrosion resistance of electrodeposited manganese containing tetraborate anions in electrolyte is reflected by less negative corrosion potential and higher impedance.     

Preparation and physical/electrochemical characterization of carbon nanotube-chitosan modified pencil graphite electrode

In this work, preparation and characterization of single-walled carbon nanotube-chitosan (SWNT-chitosan) modified disposable pencil graphite electrode (PGE) was carried out. Firstly, commercial single-walled carbon nanotube was purified and characterized using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDX) for this purpose. Purified SWNT was mixed with chitosan polymer for preparing their composite. Then, PGE was modified with this composite. The characterization of the modified electrode was carried out using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The electrochemical behaviour of the obtained electrode was investigated and compared with the electrochemical behaviour of chitosan modified and unmodified PGEs using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and alternative current (AC) impedance spectroscopy. In order to obtain more sensitive electrochemical signals, the effect of SWNT concentration was studied. This modified electrode also showed electrocatalytic effect for hydrogen evolution.     

Influence of ferric iron on the electrochemical behavior of pyrite

The electrochemical behavior of a pyrite electrode in a sulfuric acid solution with different concentrations of ferric iron (Fe³⁺) was investigated using electrochemical techniques including measurements of open circuit potential, cyclic voltammetry, Tafel polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that the pyrite oxidation process takes place via a two-step reaction at the interface of the pyrite electrode and the electrolyte, and that a passivation film composed of elemental sulfur, polysulfides, and metal-deficient sulfide is formed during the process of the first-step reaction. Ferric iron plays an important role in the dissolution of pyrite by enhancing the direct oxidation. The Tafel polarization curves indicate that the polarization current of the pyrite electrode increases with an increase in Fe³⁺ concentration. It has also been shown that the higher concentration of Fe³⁺, the more easily the pyrite can be transformed into the passivation region. Moreover, the EIS response is found to be sensitive to changes in Fe³⁺ concentration.     

Tea polyphenols as a novel reaction-type electrolyte additive in lithium-ion batteries

In this study, we reported tea polyphenols (TP) as a novel, cheap, environment-friendly and easy dissolution in common electrolytes reaction-type electrolyte additive for the graphite anode of the lithium-ion batteries. The TP can capture less stable radical anions that are harmful to oxidation stability of ethylene carbonate (EC) to form stable polymer. To a certain extent, it improved the electrochemical performance of the graphite electrode such as reversible capacity and cyclic stability by charge-discharge test, cyclic voltammetry (CV), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and electrochemical impedance microscope (EIS). The first charge capacities of the graphite electrodes in electrolytes without and with TP were 327.1 and 349.1 mAh g^?1, respectively. The charge capacities were 306.8 and 344.2 mAh g^?1 after 100 cycles and the capacity retention were 93.79 and 98.60%, respectively. The improvement was benefited from the effective scavenging the less stable radical anions and improvement the oxidation stability of EC and formation of a stable, compact and thin solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film with lower resistance.     

Fine grain growth of nickel electrodeposit: effect of applied magnetic field during deposition

The electrodeposition of nickel from a nickel sulphamate bath in the presence of a magnetic field applied at an angle of 45° to the cathode surface produces a nickel deposit with a fine grain structure. The sizes of grains vary from 17 to 25 nm. We have used scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to characterize the surface morphology of the deposit. The SEM pictures show the formation of domain growth of nickel in which the nickel nanoparticles are mostly concentrated at domain boundaries while STM and XRD analysis show the existence of individual nanoparticles. From the chronopotentiometry studies during magnetoelectrolysis of nickel, we find a significant lowering of overpotential with time and large negative shift in electrode potential in the presence of a magnetic field. We believe from these results that magnetic field induced convection increases the mass transfer rate, reduces the concentration polarisation and leads to the growth of fine grain deposit. The large shift in electrode potential on the application of magnetic field is attributed to the field-induced shift in chemical potential of the ferromagnetic nickel electrode. We have used cyclic voltammetry (CV) to determine the roughness factor and steady state current-potential plots to study the hydrogen evolution reaction on the nickel-electrodeposited surface.     

In Situ Synthesis and Characterization of Polypyrrole/Graphene Conductive Nanocomposites via Electrochemical Polymerization and Chemical Reduction

Polypyrrole/graphene sheets (PPy/GNs) nanocomposite electrodes were in- situ synthesized via electrochemical polymerization and chemical reduction from pyrrole (Py) and graphene oxide (GO). The surface morphologies of the nanocomposites were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM results showed graphene sheets (GNs) scattered on the surface of the polypyrrole (PPy), and the morphologies of PPy/GNs nanocomposites manufactured by pulse current (PC-PPy/GNs) or direct current (DC-PPy/GNs) were smoother than that of PC-PPy. The electrochemical capacitance properties of the nanocomposite films were measured by cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge and discharge (GC), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques in 3 mol·L^?1 KCl aqueous solutions. The results indicated that the specific capacitance of the DC-PPy/GNs nanocomposite was 13.5% higher than that of a PC-PPy electrode. Comparison of the electrochemical performance of the nanocomposites indicated that the PC-PPy/GNs nanocomposite had higher specific capacitance and better charging/discharging capability than that of the DC-PPy/GNs nanocomposite. The specific capacitance of the PC-PPy/GNs nanocomposite could reach to 280 F·g^?1 at a scanning rate of 100 mV·s^?1.