TDLAS气体浓度反演的状态空间方法

 针对基于可调谐激光二极管吸收光谱技术（TDLAS）的气体浓度测量系统,建立了气体状态空间模型,并将卡尔曼滤波算法应用于TDLAS浓度反演中。实验表明卡尔曼滤波可以很好地消除测量噪声和模型误差对实验结果的影响,与最小二乘拟合的方法相比,在相同信噪比下反演精度可以提高1倍以上。     

基于涂层材料散射光偏振度的复折射率反演

基于微面元P-G模型,结合涂层材料的表面特征,对半经验遮蔽函数进行了改进,推导了一种基于散射光偏振度反演复折射率的方法,开展了中绿涂层材料偏振散射实验,讨论了相关参量对偏振度和反演误差的影响。研究表明,入射角对偏振度和反演误差的影响较大,其次为折射率实部、虚部和探测角;反演结果能客观地反映涂层材料的复折射率,反演误差小于2%,可作为一种涂层材料复折射率反演的新方法,在目标识别领域有着重要的应用价值。     

投影栅相位法轮廓测量的非线性误差分析

分析了投影栅相位法三维轮廓测量系统的非线性误差。建立了几何光学模型,从理论上推导出被测点的相对高度与像点坐标的关系,研究了系统结构参数改变引起的高度误差的变化。详细阐述了像点坐标误差和系统非线性误差对系统精度的影响,并给出了高度误差补偿方法。据此提出修正的非线性高度拟合公式,实验结果证明新拟合公式的优越性。     

基于白光干涉的光学薄膜物理厚度测量方法

设计了一套利用白光干涉理论测量薄膜厚度的系统,主要包括迈克耳孙白光于涉系统和光纤光谱仪.对干涉信号进行频域分析,结合拟合测试与理论能量曲线的方法并选择合适的目标函数,进一步精确反演得到待测薄膜样品的物理厚度,使用上述方法对多组不同厚度的薄膜样品进行计算,并对结果进行了详细的精度及误差分析.将本实验装置测试所得到的数据与传统的光度法相比较,结果表明使用该测试方法测量光学薄膜物理厚度的误差可以小于1 nm.与传统的光度法和椭偏法相比,提供了一种测量光学薄膜厚度的较为简单、快速的解决方案,同时保证了较高的精度.     

外腔镜非线性运动对激光回馈应力测量系统精度的影响及修正

基于激光的回馈效应可实现光学材料应力分布的测量, 而系统外腔镜的非线性运动会引起测量结果的误差, 影响系统的精度. 利用高精度Nd:YAG激光回馈干涉仪对外腔镜的位移随时间的变化进行测量, 采用高次拟合的方式得到位移与时间函数关系, 并利用三镜腔等效模型的调谐曲线方程, 对非线性运动引入的应力测量误差进行计算, 实现对系统精度的修正. 结果表明: 外腔镜运动方向不同, 引起的误差呈现相反的变化趋势; 将不同方向的测量结果进行平均, 可减小系统的测量误差. 分析了外腔镜非线性运动带来的误差对系统测量精度的影响, 提出了测量误差修正方法, 对提高系统的测量精度具有重要意义.     

固体马赫-曾德尔成像光谱仪反演模型及误差分析

基于一种固体马赫-曾德尔(Mach-Zehnder)成像光谱仪,从理论上严格推导了其光谱反演模型,通过该光谱反演模型着重分析了反射面平移误差对系统光谱反演带来的影响。运用Zemax软件建立了成像光谱仪的仿真模型,并运用该仿真模型对固体马赫-曾德尔成像光谱系统光谱反演及平移误差推导结果进行了仿真验算。理论推导及仿真结果表明,固体马赫-曾德尔成像光谱仪中反射面的平移误差将对系统的光谱反演结果带来影响,并且光谱的反演误差与两路剪切分光光路中反射面平移误差的总和相关。因此,在固体马赫-曾德尔成像光谱仪的研制过程中,需要严格控制两路平移误差的总和,或通过适当的补偿遏制其对测量结果的影响,提高系统的光谱测量精度。     

单缝衍射实验的改进

本文介绍用双光路方法测量相对于中央极大值的归一化单缝衍射光强分布．以中央极大值光强为基准，对被测点的光强进行实时比较，降低了Ｈｅ－Ｎｅ激光光源的不稳定、环境变化、测试系统漂移等因素引入的误差，提高了实验的精度和稳定性．同时，其结果可直接数字显示，或用ｘ－ｙ记录仪描绘．     

小范围回转轴系测角误差测试方法

为了提高小范围回转轴系测角误差的测量精度,用自准直经纬仪测量测角误差的原理和方法,对影响测量结果的误差源进行了分析,仿真结果表明被测轴系轴线倾斜角度是最主要的误差源.基于误差模型提出了利用最小二乘估计辨识失调参数进而分离引入误差的方法,以实现测角误差的高精度测量.以精度为2″的单轴位置转台为受检对象进行实验验证,相比常规方法的测试结果-309.1″~428.6″,本文方法的测试结果为-0.89″~1.01″和-1.01″~0.93″,测试误差为0.70″和0.78″,消除了设备失调引入的测试误差.该方法具有设备简单、操作便捷,可实现小范围回转轴系测角误差的高精度测试,解决小范围回转轴系工程测试难题.     

红外地平仪地球模拟器光学校准精度分析

针对适用于双圆锥扫描红外地平仪地面检测体积相对较大的地球模拟器,使用两台电子经纬仪建立三维坐标测量系统,采用全测角的方法计算并实时显示被测点的三维坐标值,可以大大提高光学校准精度。基于坐标值的计算以及地球模拟器的模拟原理,首先对地球模拟器进行精密校准,然后基于误差传递公式计算直角坐标的校准测试误差,对光学校准精度进行分析,最终实现红外地球敏感器姿态角测量的误差分析。计算与实际测量结果表明,通过使用实时三维测量系统对地球模拟器进行精密校准后,双圆锥扫描红外地平仪的姿态角模拟测试误差可降低到0.01°以下。验证了该测量系统在大型航天地面检测设备中的有效性与实用性。     

红外滤光片截止波段等效发射率反演方法

为了实现对红外滤光片辐射特性的量化分析,研究了一种红外滤光片截止波段等效发射率反演方法,并建立了反演方法的基本数学模型。在有、无红外滤光片的情况下,分别对红外成像系统进行辐射定标,并基于定标结果计算红外滤光片截止波段的自身辐射;基于极坐标系下的有限面源至微面源辐射模型,反演红外滤光片截止波段的等效发射率。根据基本数学模型开展了反演实验,在积分时间为0.8ms与4.0ms两种实验条件下对中波红外滤光片进行反演,取两次实验结果的算术平均值(0.420)为等效发射率反演结果,则其等效反射率约为0.580;两次实验结果的相对差异较小,约为1.9%。开展了中波红外滤光片的反射成像实验,证明了其在截止波段具备较强的反射辐射特性,定性地验证了反演实验的结果。     

Development of a laser-based measurement system for evaluation of the scraping workpiece quality

A laser-based measurement system for evaluation of the scraping workpiece quality that can eliminate contact-induced measurement errors and increase measurement accuracy is proposed. The laser-based measurement system comprises a light-scattering-type triangulation laser, a computer numerical control (CNC) machine tool, and an analog-to-digital (A/D) card. The triangulation laser measures the depth of the scraping spots and the CNC machine tool locates their position. The 3D data of the scraping workpiece is then drawn using the least squares method. Cast iron and Turcite workpieces can be measured. Five parameters of the scraping workpiece, namely peak points per square inch, percentage of points, distribution of heights of points or depth of surroundings, edge shape of the grooves, and flatness, can be evaluated. The scanning rate and sampling rate of the laser-based measurement system are 100 mm/s and 10 KHz, respectively. In the future, an appliance machine based on the proposed system will be designed for the on-line detection of scraping workpieces.     

3D coordinate measurement based on inverse photogrammetry and fringe analysis

A method based on inverse photogrammetry and fringe analysis is presented for 3D coordinate measurement. Measurement system mainly consists of a micro-camera fixed on one end of a measuring rod, a measuring probe on the other end and a liquid crystal display screen for displaying 2D fringe pattern in the measurement. In the measurement process, the probe contacts the surface of the measured object, and the CCD camera captures the stripes image on displays screen. The coordinates of camera principal point in the world coordinate system may be determined by the phase information carried in the fringe pattern. The coordinate relations between the principal point of the camera and the measuring probe can be determined with a least square optimization technique in camera coordinate system. This method has the advantage of large measurement range, good flexibility, and portable, which is suitable for field measurement. A result of our method is compared with that of the Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM), which shows that the measurement accuracy of this method can meet accuracy requirement of the field measurement in large dimension.     

Moiré topography in odontology

For several decades, measurement of optical techniques has been used in different branches of science and technology. One of these techniques is the so-called moiré topography (MT) that enables the accurate measurement of different parts of the human body topography. This investigation presents the measurement of topographies of teeth and gums using an automated system of shadow moiré and the phase shift method in an original way. The fringe patterns used to compute the shape and the shape matrix itself are presented in the article. The phase shift method ensures precisions up to the order of microns. Advantages and disadvantages of using the MT are included. Besides, some positive and negative aspects concerned with the implementation of this technique in odontology are shown in the article.     

Numerical simulation of electromagnetic acoustic transducers using distributed point source method

In spite of many advances in analytical and numerical modeling techniques for solving different engineering problems, an efficient solution technique for wave propagation modeling of an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) system is still missing. Distributed point source method (DPSM) is a newly developed semi-analytical technique developed since 2000 by Placko and Kundu (2007) [12] that is very powerful and straightforward for solving various engineering problems, including acoustic and electromagnetic modeling problems. In this study DPSM has been employed to model the Lorentz type EMAT with a meander line and flat spiral type coil. The problem of wave propagation has been solved and eddy currents and Lorentz forces have been calculated. The displacement field has been obtained as well. While modeling the Lorentz force the effect of dynamic magnetic field has been considered that most current analyses ignore. Results from this analysis have been compared with the finite element method (FEM) based predictions. It should be noted that with the current state of knowledge this problem can be solved only by FEM.     

频域反射法光纤延时精密测量

本文提出了一种应用于光纤延时系统中实现光纤延时精密测量的新方法,用以提高光纤延时测量的精度和准确性.该方法以1064 nm激光调制信号作为光源,通过测量回波信号的幅值和相位信息得到被测通道的频率响应,采用快速傅里叶逆变换得到被测目标的延时信息,实现光纤延时测量.本文通过理论分析和延时测量实验对频域反射法与传统的时域测量方法进行对比,使用频域反射法在调制频率范围10—200 MHz,采样频率间隔0.5 MHz的实验条件下,实现了3.3 ps延时测量分辨率,并证明了该方法具有比时域方法更高的测量精度,测量结果的准确性更好.     

光学CT中的图像重建算法

从理论上研究了利用正向模型求解逆问题的迭代算法，特别是其中Ｊａｃｏｂｉ矩阵的有限元解法，引入了图像恢复了领域广泛采用的规则化方法用于处理逆问题中的奇异性问题；作为总结，最后给出了ＦＥＭ法求解光学ＣＴ问题的完整步骤。     

Displacement measurements in structural elements by optical techniques

Speckle metrology and holographic interferometry (HI) have been used in several civil engineering applications. We present the results obtained by applying speckle photography (SP) to the study of two quadratic shearwalls with different boundary conditions, and the potential of the technique in the study of this kind of structures is described. The analysis of Young's fringes obtained with this technique at certain points on each shearwall provides the whole field of displacement measurements. HI has been used to measure the three components of absolute displacement, verifying that the bulging phenomenon does not affect the in-plane components when the applied load remains on the same plane as the shearwall. A qualitative analysis is carried out following an electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) technique. The results obtained by optical techniques are compared to the numerical results obtained by the finite element method (FEM), finding good correlation between them in all the cases.     

39Ar detection at the 10(-16) isotopic abundance level with atom trap trace analysis

Atom trap trace analysis, a laser-based atom counting method, has been applied to analyze atmospheric 39Ar (half-life=269 yr), a cosmogenic isotope with an isotopic abundance of 8×10(-16). In addition to the superior selectivity demonstrated in this work, the counting rate and efficiency of atom trap trace analysis have been improved by 2 orders of magnitude over prior results. The significant applications of this new analytical capability lie in radioisotope dating of ice and water samples and in the development of dark matter detectors.     

两种多光谱高温计无源温区标定方法抗随机误差能力研究

两种多光谱高温计无源温区标定方法,即依据图形相似性原理的标定方法和依据高温计传递函数的标定方法。为验证两种方法的实用性,通过对黑体辐射出度加入不同大小的随机误差模拟不同测量精度的多光谱高温测量系统,对这两种方法的抗干扰能力进行了研究。实验结果证明,依据图形相似原理的标定方法具有强抗随机误差能力,适用于随机误差较大的测量系统。当随机误差很小时,其精度低于依据传递函数的标定方法,但当随机误差增加到一定范围,其精度远高于后者。基于高温计传递函数的标定方法虽在一定的随机误差范围内具有高的外推标定精度,但抗随机误差能力较弱,适用于随机误差小的测量系统。