操作参数对PEM燃料电池中水迁移的影响

质子膜内水分和阴极多孔电极中液态水含量是PEM燃料电池正常运行的控制因素。本文给出了一个用于研究PEM燃料电池内水迁移的稳态、等温、两相流模型。模型耦合了连续方程、动量守恒方程和物质守恒方程,以及水在质子膜中传递方程。运用试验结果验证了模型的有效性。分析模拟结果表明,增大系统操作压力、升高电池操作温度和降低加湿温度将会使质子膜中水的净迁移通量增大;增大操作压力、降低操作温度和升高加湿温度会增加阴极CTL与GDL界面上液态水含量。     

透过多孔介质板的热湿传递的实验研究

本文以透过燃料电池增湿系统中多孔介质板的热湿传递过程为研究对象,建立了实验系统,测量并比较了高温高湿气体(增湿气体)透过多孔介质板对低温低湿气体(被增湿气体)进行加热加湿时,气体的相对流向、温度与相对湿度等对多孔介质板热湿传递特性的影响。结果表明,在使用相同的多孔介质板的前提下,使用逆流流向、提高增湿气体进口温度和相对湿度对多孔介质板两侧的换热和水分传递量的提高更加有利;同时,使用逆流流向、提高增湿气体进口温度以及降低其相对湿度有助于水分回收率的提高。     

PEM燃料电池内液态水和温度分布特性

水和热的管理对PEM燃料电池的性能具有决定性的作用.本文建立了一个两相流模型,对PEM燃料电池换质子交换膜和阴极中的水分和温度进行了模拟,分析了燃料电池阴极中液态水和质子交换膜中水分,以及阴极催化剂层和质子交换膜中温度的分布状态.模拟结果显示:升高加湿温度,电池阴极中的液态水和质子交换膜中的含水量显著增加;沿着气体流动方向,燃料电池内的温度降低,水分含量升高;从质子交换膜阳极侧到阴极催化剂层中,温度先升高,达到最大值后,渐渐降低.     

自呼吸式DMFC电堆构建与电池性能研究

本文报道了一种能驱动风扇工作的自呼吸式DMFC小型电堆,电堆主要南燃料储罐、膜电极(MEA)、集流体等组成.文中针对影响该电池性能的主要参数,如电堆的活化过程、甲醇浓度等因素进行了研究.同时,本文还对电堆的恒电流放电时的电流曲线特点以及阴极水的生成规律进行了初步考察和探讨.     

质子交换膜燃料电池动态启动特性的实验研究

实际应用时燃料电池的运行条件会随时间不断地变化,因此是一个非稳态过程.本文研究了在不同的加湿条件以及反应气流量下电池的启动特性.结果表明:随着气体流量的增大,电池启动速度加快;对电池加湿有利于提高电池的启动性能.     

喷嘴-平板直流电晕放电中的OH(A2Σ+→X2Π,0-0)光谱研究

为更深入地认识电晕放电低温等离子体中自由基的生成机理,以发射光谱测量为基础并结合背景气体淬灭率影响,研究了常压下喷嘴-平板电晕自由基簇射过程中放电参数、背景气体、电极气成分等因素对OH(A2Σ →X2Π,0-0)发光的影响。结果表明:在放电参数影响中,放电电压及放电电流都会影响OH生成量,OH发光随功率增加而大大增强;在加湿氮气直流电晕放电中有明显的OH(A2Σ →X2Π,0-0)光谱存在,但加湿空气条件下OH生成较少;载气增湿后OH生成量明显增多,而Ar和O2的存在分别增强和减弱了OH(A2Σ →X2Π,0-0)发光,可能的原因是这两种物质影响了放电和OH(A2Σ )的淬灭。     

低温透平膨胀机技术在双氧水尾气回收中的应用

蒽醌法生产双氧水是目前国内外广泛采用的方法,氧化塔排空尾气中含有大量的芳烃溶剂,如果不能恰当处理,不但会导致芳烃溶剂的大量损失增加原料成本,还会造成环境污染。根据氧化塔尾气特性,分析透平膨胀机制冷液化法和活性炭纤维吸附法配合使用的工艺,探讨尾气芳烃回收系统的节能及环保改造的可行性。从设计结果可以看出:采用透平膨胀机制冷技术处理双氧水氧化尾气,具有良好的效果,该技术与蒽醌法生产双氧水的工艺技术配套具有良好的发展前途。     

高恢复压力氟化氘增益发生器技术研究

增益发生器是影响高能氟化氘(DF)化学激光器恢复压力的核心组件,采用传统增益发生器的DF激光器尾气恢复压力约为6.7 kPa。设计了一种紧凑化TRIP型增益发生器,突破了高腔压运转、主气流气幕和激射腔边壁回流抑制等关键技术,实现了DF激光器尾气恢复压力的大幅提高。实验结果表明,在面积比流量为1.3~3.3 g·s-1·cm-2的范围内,随着增益发生器面积比流量的提高,激光器尾气恢复压力有效提高,面积比功率持续增加;在面积比流量为3.3 g·s-1·cm-2条件下,DF激光器可以实现26.7 kPa背压(海拔10 km大气压)下的高效运行。     

航空发动机尾气静电带电机理分析与试验研究

航空发动机工作时燃烧室内发生复杂的物理化学变化,生成大量带电粒子,导致发动机尾气静电带电;理论分析了发动机喷流尾气中带电粒子产生演化过程和带电影响因素,讨论对比了多种测试原理与传感器方案,确立了非接触式静电感应测试方案,研制了共轴喇叭状静电传感器和静电监测系统,开发了自动测试软件并对某型航空发动机进行了机载尾气静电带电试验研究,验证了测试平台的有效性,成功获得了大量喷流尾气静电信号;研究结果表明:航空发动机正常工作时喷流尾气中带电粒子总体显正极性,平均体电荷密度约为0.077 nC/m³,发动机等效充电电流为2.26 nA。     

超声波加湿空调器加湿装置的设计与试验

为了研究管道式超声波加湿装置的工作特性,提高加湿空调器加湿系统的加湿速率,搭建空调器加湿系统试验平台并研究水雾输送管开孔尺寸、水箱内液面高度、水雾输送管管材、水雾输送管材管径、水雾超声波电压、水雾输送风扇电压、水雾输送管开孔数量七种因素对加湿速率的影响。结果得出,水雾输送管管径、水雾超声波电压、水雾输送管开孔数量、水雾输送管材质、水箱内液面高度、水雾输送风扇电压、水雾输送管开孔尺寸对加湿速率依次减小;在开孔尺寸8 mm、液面高度3 cm、管材铝管、管径尺寸为16 mm、超声波电压36 V、风扇电压7.5 V、开孔数量为5孔时,加湿速率最高,加湿一小时相对湿度由36%升至69.1%。综合考虑确定开孔尺寸8 mm、液面高度3 cm、管材铝管、管径尺寸为16 mm、超声波电压36 V、风扇电压7.5 V、开孔数量5孔为加湿空调加湿装置的最优参数组合。     

关于"太阳在银河系中所受引力与到银心距离r的关系"的讨论

讨论了银道面内的引力场强分布和太阳在银河系中所受引力与到银心距离r的关系，指出引力场强g并不是与r的平方成反比，这是由于银河系的大小和形状不能忽略造成的．强调了万有引力定律的适用条件．     

On the predictability of the positions of the convergence zones in the ocean

The disagreement between the experimental and calculated positions of the first convergence zone are known from many publications. The most probable cause for such a disagreement, namely, the incorrect specification of the input data for the calculations, is considered. The lack of simultaneity between the hydrological surveys of the region and the acoustic experiments is emphasized. The experimental data obtained by the author in five ocean regions are presented. These data characterize the diurnal variability of the distance from the source to the nearest boundary of the convergence zone. The relations proposed by different researchers for calculating the sound speed from the temperature, salinity, and hydrostatic pressure are analyzed. It is shown that these relations lead to a substantial difference in the estimated depth dependence of the hydrostatic gradient of the sound speed. The position of the first convergence zone is calculated for the propagation conditions determined by vertical temperature and salinity profiles with the subsequent recalculation of these profiles into sound speed profiles by using eight different formulas known from the literature. It is shown that different formulas lead to different values of the distance to the first zone; this difference is substantially greater than that between the calculations and experiment. The necessity of improving the recalculation relations in view of the experimental data on sound propagation in natural oceanic waveguides, including the data on the actual positions of the convergence zones, is emphasized.     

On the calculation of the bremsstrahlung in the region of the plasma frequency

On the basis of the classical theory of radiation produced in incomplete Coulomb interaction, a formula is derived for the coefficient of the bremsstrahlung of fully ionized plasma. In the region of rectilinear approximation a comparison is made with the results of the quantum formula derived from the Born approximation. Furthermore, the influence of dispersion upon the emission coefficient is taken into account; some relations for the region of dispersion are given.     

Dependence of the Intensity of the Spectral Lines and the Composition of the Sample and the Plasma Parameters of the Unipolar Arc

The investigation was made of the dependence of the intensity of Tl, Ga, Mo, Mg, Mn, Sn, Bi, Ni, Zn, Pt and Au spectral lines and the plasma parameters (temperature T, electron concentration n_e, degree of 6 ionnization α) from concentration of lithium additive.     

Extracting the wavefunction of the LSP at the LHC

We consider associated production of squarks and gluinos with the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP), or states nearly degenerate in mass with it. Though sub-dominant to pair production of color SU(3)-charged superpartners, these processes are directly sensitive to the wavefunction composition of the lightest neutralinos. Exploiting event-shape variables - including some introduced here for the first time - we are able to identify the composition of the LSP by selecting events involving a single high-pT jet recoiling against missing transverse energy. We illustrate the proposed technique on a set of benchmark cases and propose methods for applying these results in more realistic experimental environments.     

Set the controls for the heart of the Sun

In this paper we describe experiments conducted with high-power lasers that are attempting to replicate, for a very short time and in miniature, conditions found in the Sun. Experiments to date have reached conditions in the outer part of the Sun. To reach the Sun's centre requires compression of material to very much greater than solid density and heating to over ten million degrees. To achieve this, a new class of experiments and a new generation of high-power lasers are required.     

On the Question of the Source of the Apokamp

Technical Physics - The object of this work is the apokamp—a new type of plasma jet, which is formed from a bright offshoot emerging at the bending point of a channel of a high-voltage...