HTS电力技术应用中的氮气绝缘特性研究

近年来,随着高温超导电力技术的快速发展,超导电力装置的电压等级也不断提高,目前已由配电级发展到110k V以上输电级。液氮作为超导绕组等超导电力装置核心部件的制冷剂,同时起到超导装置的高电压绝缘介质的作用。文中针对短路故障、短时脉冲过电流、瞬时过电压等极端情况下,由于液氮瞬间汽化,引发的超导电力装置绝缘水平退化问题,通过实验系统研究了氮气的绝缘与击穿特性,并重点研究了电极形状、电极间距和气体压力等因素对气体的击穿特性的影响规律,为高温超导电力装置,特别是电阻型超导限流器的设计与运行,提供理论与实验依据。     

液氮温区浸渍树脂材料电气性能研究

实现超导电力装置的低温高压绝缘,是保证超导系统和电网安全稳定运行的关键,绝缘材料在液氮中的电气性能将直接影响到超导电力装置的安全稳定运行.本文以中国电力科学研究院研制的液氮环境中使用的浸渍树脂材料为研究对象,针对不同的试验要求设计浸渍树脂材料的固化模具,并根据固化工艺流程制备所需的试验样品.对浸渍树脂材料在常温和液氮温区下的工频击穿、雷电冲击、相对介电常数、介质损耗角正切值进行了测试,为超导电力装置用低温高压绝缘材料提供依据和参考.     

环氧树脂基PET复合材料超导应用可行性研究

在超导电物理装置中,超导磁体系统绝缘在极低温条件下由于脆性增大容易损坏,因此发展低温抗疲劳、易导热和介电性能优良的绝缘材料十分必要。为了探索电工用途的PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)纤维在超导绝缘领域应用的可行性,以PET增强双酚A环氧树脂复合材料制作的样品为研究对象开展了电阻率、介电常数、介质损耗测试,电阻率测试表明,PET增强双酚A环氧树脂复合材料具有优良的绝缘性能,而纤维的空间布局及环境温度是影响复合材料介电性能的主要因素。此外,针对室温和液氮浸泡的PET增强双酚A环氧树脂复合材料进行了微观组织分析,观察发现:经过增韧的环氧树脂复合材料微观结构平滑,在低温下具有更强的抗疲劳性能,而未经过增韧的复合材料容易产生微裂纹,导致抗疲劳性能和低温绝缘性能下降。初步的研究结果表明,PET增强双酚A环氧树脂复合材料在超导绝缘方面具有应用的可行性。     

两种聚合物在液氮中的冲击沿面闪络电压测量

随着超导电力装置研制水平的提高,绝缘材料在低温环境中的电气性能研究越来越重要重要.本文对环氧树脂(E51)和聚四氟乙烯在液氮中的冲击沿面闪络电压进行了测量.本实验采用环-环电极测量了不同间距下的冲击沿面闪络电压,用韦伯概率分布的方法对实验结果进行了分析,得出1%闪络概率的冲击沿面闪络电压与爬电距离的关系,可为超导电力装置的绝缘设计提供参考.     

高温超导直接冷却的氮化铝与无氧铜接触界面热阻的实验研究

氮化铝(AlN)具有高热导性、高电绝缘性,是超导二元电流引线热截流结构中常用的材料之一。根据稳态导热法建立低温真空实验装置,实验研究了超导冷却系统热截流结构中,界面温度和接触压力对AlN块材与无氧铜(OFHC-Cu)块材间接触界面热阻的影响。在实验温度(90K-210K)和压力(0.273MPa-0.985MPa)条件下,AlN/OFHC-Cu接触界面热阻随接触压力的提高而降低,而当界面温度上升时界面热阻由于热载子热运动的强化而降低,温度较高时,接触界面热阻随压力变化的速率趋缓。低温下AlN/OFHC-Cu间的接触界面热阻是直接冷却超导系统的设计和超导系统的热稳定性方面必需解决的问题。     

0.12mm不锈钢薄板光纤激光回转法打孔工艺优化分析

利用光纤激光加工系统对厚度为0.12mm的SUS304材料进行回转法打孔。通过正交实验方法分析了激光功率比、占空比、切割速度、重复频率、辅助气压等参数对打孔质量的影响。实验结果表明,激光打孔工艺最优参数组合是:切割速度为12mm/s,占空比为8%,重复频率为1.5kHz,功率比为85%,辅助气压为0.8MPa。在此优化参数下得到的最小打孔锥度为0.05°,且微小孔边缘热影响区较小,孔真圆度较好,可以保证较高的打孔质量。     

冷绝缘超导电缆的结构及技术简介

超导电缆具有传输容量大、传输损耗低、占用通道小和环境友好等特性,备受电力行业的关注.随着超导电缆技术的不断进步,它将很有可能在未来电网的主干线路、城市电力负荷集中区、大型工矿厂区等电能传输密集的线路中得到广泛应用.冷绝缘是超导电缆的一种结构形式,在交流电传输上具有一定的优势.目前,冷绝缘超导电缆在国际上有多个已完成和进行中的示范性项目,是超导电缆技术发展的一个重要方向.本文介绍了冷绝缘超导电缆的基本结构,与热绝缘超导电缆的区别,并根据10kV/1500A单相冷绝缘超导电缆的研发实践,对其制作技术进行简要介绍.     

YBCO高温超导带材大电流冲击特性实验研究

随着第二代高温超导带材的性能不断提高和商业化供应,基于YBCO材料的超导电力技术应用研究也在逐步向多领域深入进行。超导带材的大电流冲击性能对于超导电缆的短路电流冲击耐受能力、电阻型限流器的限流性能等有着直接的影响。以不锈钢加强型超导带材样品为研究对象进行了实验研究,并对常压液氮浸没环境中,不同冲击时长、不同冲击电压条件大电流冲击过程中温升、冷却时长等特性开展了实验研究,总结了温升与冲击时长、冷却时间的关系和规律。实验是以超导限流器用超导带材为研究对象进行的。超导带材在故障电流下的发热量及其散热结构设计将成为超导电缆、超导限流器等超导电力装置设计成功与否的关键。     

YBCO高温超导带材大电流冲击特性实验研究北大核心

随着第二代高温超导带材的性能不断提高和商业化供应,基于YBCO材料的超导电力技术应用研究也在逐步向多领域深入进行。超导带材的大电流冲击性能对于超导电缆的短路电流冲击耐受能力、电阻型限流器的限流性能等有着直接的影响。以不锈钢加强型超导带材样品为研究对象进行了实验研究,并对常压液氮浸没环境中,不同冲击时长、不同冲击电压条件大电流冲击过程中温升、冷却时长等特性开展了实验研究,总结了温升与冲击时长、冷却时间的关系和规律。实验是以超导限流器用超导带材为研究对象进行的。超导带材在故障电流下的发热量及其散热结构设计将成为超导电缆、超导限流器等超导电力装置设计成功与否的关键。     

冷绝缘超导电缆绝缘设计及测试方法的简介

超导电缆主绝缘的设计在整个超导电缆的设计中占有十分重要的地位。文中介绍了冷绝缘HTS电缆主绝缘的设计方法和绝缘性能的检测方法;对于超导电缆耐受电压、设计场强和绝缘厚度的确定以及超导电缆主绝缘的性能检测都做了详细的总结;同时也介绍了由于失超引起的局放对绝缘设计的影响。该文所介绍的设计方法和性能检测方法能够为超导电缆主绝缘的设计和绝缘性能检测提供一些参考。     

Spiral resonator manufactured on AlN ceramics to filter the coupled wave between patch antennas

The objective of this paper was to present an alternative technique of manufacturing the unit cells of spiral-shaped resonators (SR) on the aluminium nitride (AlN) ceramics. In this technique the AlN plane surface is irradiated by the Yb:glass medium-power laser (1.06 µm). As a result of the irradiation by a focused laser beam (a laser beam power up to 20 W), the rupture of the aluminium and nitrogen physical bonds occurs. Under such circumstances the conductive aluminium “paths” are formed on the originally insulating ceramic surface. Upon obtaining low ohmic conductive paths, this method makes for the feasible manufacturing of metamaterial structures. In carried out studies, the usage of such structures to suppress the coupling between pairs of patch antennas has been examined. The improvement of the mutual coupling at the level of 10 dB has been obtained. One of the advantages of the demonstrated method is a possibility to perform the selective and direct metallization of the AlN ceramics surface without using any mask as opposed to photolithography. It greatly reduces the implementation time of the projected metamaterial structures.     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of the drilling of alumina ceramic using Nd:YAG pulsed laser

Alumina ceramics have found wide range of applications from semiconductors, communication technologies, medical devices, automotive to aerospace industries. Processing of alumina ceramics is rather difficult due to its high degree of brittleness, hardness, low thermal diffusivity and conductivity. Rapid improvements in laser technologies in recent years make the laser among the most convenient processing tools for difficult-to-machine materials such as hardened metals, ceramics and composites. This is particularly evident as lasers have become an inexpensive and controllable alternative to conventional hole drilling methods. This paper reports theoretical and experimental results of drilling the alumina ceramic with thicknesses of 5 mm and 10.5 mm using milisecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Effects of the laser peak power, pulse duration, repetition rate and focal plane position have been determined using optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images taken from cross-sections of the drilled alumina ceramic samples. In addition to dimensional analysis of the samples, microstructural investigations have also been examined. It has been observed that, the depth of the crater can be controlled as a function of the peak power and the pulse duration for a single laser pulse application without any defect. Crater depth can be increased by increasing the number of laser pulses with some defects. In addition to experimental work, conditions have been simulated using ANYS FLUENT package providing results, which are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

温度对聚酰亚胺直流击穿特性与闪络特性影响的研究

随着超导技术的迅速发展,高温超导电力设备的工作温度已经可以控制在液氮温度附近,绝缘材料的电气特性是影响电力设备工作性能和运行可靠性的重要因素。聚酰亚胺由于其优异的电气性能和力学性能,广泛应用于常温下电力设备绝缘,而其作为低温绝缘材料应用的研究目前鲜有报道。因此,在液氮温度下聚酰亚胺的绝缘性能研究具有十分重要的意义。文中选取室温附近(300K)和液氮温度(78K)两个温度点,对聚酰亚胺的直流击穿性能和沿面闪络特性进行了测试。研究结果表明温度对聚酰亚胺绝缘材料的直流击穿场强和沿面闪络强度均有一定影响。     

Alcohol-assisted photoetching of silicon carbide with a femtosecond laser

Femtosecond lasers have proved to be effective tools for micromachining silicon carbide material. In the drilling process, however, when the debris around the hole was not removed efficiently, the depth of hole would not increase further. In this paper, alcohol-assisted photoetching of 6H silicon carbide was investigated using a femtosecond laser. Machining in the presence of alcohol was beneficial to the debris ejection from the hole. The alcohol flow and volatilization was also helpful to further carry away the ablation debris and reduce the ablated material redeposition. The experiment showed that photoetching assisted by alcohol produced cleaner ablation effect and deeper hole than in ambient air. Moreover, alcohol assistance would not produce additional thermal damage around the hole. Vias were formed in a 250 μm thick wafer with alcohol-assisted photoetching technique using a femtosecond laser, which demonstrated the potential for this processing technique.     

Optodynamic study of multiple pulses micro drilling

This paper describes an analysis of pulsed lasers micro-drilling of different metals. Study focuses to an optodynamic phenomenon which appears as thermal effects induced by laser light pulses and leads to dynamic process manifested as ultrasonic shock waves propagating into the sample material. The shock waves are detected by a non-contact optical method by using arm compensated Michelson. Monitoring of the main parameters of the micro drilling such as material ablation rate and efficiency was realized by analysis of the optodynamic signals. The process is characterized by decreasing ablation rate that leads to the finite hole depth. The experimental part of study comprehends a comparison between various metals. In order to describe decreasing ablation rate a theoretical model based on the energy balance is proposed. It considers the energy/heat transfer from the laser beam to the material and predicts a decreasing drilling rate with an increasing number of successive laser pulses. According to the proposed model, the finite depth of the hole appears as a consequence of the increasing surface area through which the energy of the laser beam is conducted away to the material around the processed area. Decreasing ablation rate and the finite hole depth predicted by model were in good agreement with the experimental results.     

电火花放电通道蚀除绝缘工程陶瓷的热力学特性研究

 研究开发出一种绝缘工程陶瓷电火花加工新技术,它是利用电火花放电通道流经绝缘工程陶瓷表面时产生的瞬时高温作用进行蚀除加工的。建立了电火花放电通道热蚀除加工绝缘工程陶瓷的温度场和热应力场数学模型,对绝缘工程陶瓷表面上的温度梯度和热应力场进行了数值模拟,给出了火花放电通道在绝缘工程陶瓷表面上形成的温度梯度和热应力分布规律。模拟结果为揭示绝缘工程陶瓷的电火花微观去除机理、预测绝缘工程陶瓷表面的微观形貌和电加工参数的选择等奠定了理论基础。     

High rate deep channel ablative formation by picosecond-nanosecond combined laser pulses

Temporally profiled pulsed radiation of the Nd:YAG laser was applied to drilling and micromachining of ceramics, steel, and CVD diamond, demonstrating one or two orders of magnitude enhancement of ablation rates compared to conventional pico- and nanosecond-pulsed ablation at the same energy density. The developed laser system delivered combined pulses consisting of a picosecond pulse train followed by a nanosecond pulse train. The combination of picosecond and nanosecond components within one laser shot turned out to be especially beneficial for high-aspect-ratio channel formation. Polarization dependence of the ablated deep crater morphology was observed in AlN samples. Waveguide radiation propagation in self-made deep channels as well as the influence of high-temperature laser-produced plasma on this phenomena are discussed.     

Influence of inserting AlN between AlSiON and 4H-SiC interface for the MIS structure

A control of interface between gate insulating film and semiconductor is required to achieve high-power field effect transistors (FET) using SiC. To improve the interface between the high-k layer and SiC, we propose inserting an AlN layer as an interfacial layer. The reason for selecting AlN film is that it has a wide bandgap, as well as almost the same lattice constant as that of 4H-SiC. The insertion of AlN film between 4H-SiC and the insulating film effectively reduces the interfacial roughness. The roughness of the interface between AlN and SiC can be suppressed compared with that of the thermal oxidized SiC. Moreover, the AlSiON film was deposited on the AlN layer as a high dielectric gate insulating film with low leakage current at high temperature and low space charge. The C-V characteristics of the AlSiON/AlN/SiC MIS structure with an AlN buffer layer are improved by increasing the deposition temperature of the AlN film. This demonstrates that AlSiON/AlN/SiC is one of attractive MIS structures for SiC devices.     

The effect of laser peak power and pulse width on the hole geometry repeatability in laser percussion drilling

In this work, the two main factors that influence the repeatability of the laser percussion drilling process are identified. Experimental parametric analysis was carried out to correlate the laser parameters with the repeatability of a laser percussion drilling process. The experiment was conducted using a flash lamp pumped Nd:YAG laser to drill 2 mm thick mild steel sheets. The relationship between the percentage standard deviation (PSD) of entrance hole diameter, hole circularity and the operating parameters is established. Thirty-five holes were drilled and analysed for each set of identical laser parameters. The PSD of entrance hole diameter ranges between 1.47% and 4.78% for an operating window of 3.5–7 kW peak power, and 1–3 ms pulse width. The circularity of the entrance hole (defined as the ratio between the minimum and maximum diameters of the hole) ranges from 0.94 to 0.87, and is found to correlate with repeatability. The work shows that higher peak power, and shorter pulse width gives better hole geometry repeatability. The effect of melt ejection on hole geometry repeatability is also investigated. Melt ejection and spatter formation have been found to contribute to the poor repeatability of the process.