光子的自旋与光波的偏振

从宏观以及微观两个方面对光子的自旋与光波的偏振态作了简要的说明,并从原子角动量的变化规律说明了角动量与光子自旋之间的关系,也为进一步研究光的本性提供了一些观点。     

原子辐射的偏振性

置于磁场中的受激原子所发射的光是偏振光,光的偏振性与发射的方向有关.沿磁场方向发射的光是左旋圆偏振光和右旋圆偏振光;沿垂直于磁场方向发射的光是在磁场方向上线偏振的光和在垂直于磁场方向上线偏振的光.我们以原子从初态L=1到末态L=0跃迁的辐射为例,说明原子辐射的偏振性. 原子的辐射过程是发射光子的过程.光子带有一定的能量、动量和自旋角动量(自旋角量子数为1).原子发射光子的过程必须满足相应的守恒定律.原子辐射的偏振性正是由角动量守恒定律所决定的. 取磁场方向为Z轴,初态L=1的原子角动量相对于Z轴有三个取向,磁量子数M一十…     

光子的态矢量函数

从广义Schr?dinger方程出发，在三个充分必要的量子化条件规范下，得到了一个新颖的光子一维态矢量函数，除了光子的能量和动量特征以外，它还包含有光子的角动量属性，完整地描述了光子作为量子力学中相对论自由粒子的行为.对一维光子态矢量函数的分析不仅定义了描述光子行为的微观参量——概率幅和相位，而且将这些微观参量与光束的宏观偏振联系了起来，具体剖析了一个人们一直感到困惑的偏振问题，得到了圆满的解释. 关键词： 光子态矢量函数 概率幅 相位 偏振     

光子高阶轨道角动量制备、调控及传感应用研究进展

光子既是经典信息也是量子信息的理想载体. 单个光子不仅可以携带自旋角动量(与光波的圆偏振相关), 还可以携带轨道角动量(与光波的螺旋相位相关). 而轨道角动量的重要意义在于可利用单个光子的量子态构建一个高维的Hilbert空间, 从而实现高维量子信息的编码. 自Allen等于1992年确认光子轨道角动量的物理存在以来, 轨道角动量在经典光学和量子光学领域展现了诸多诱人的应用前景, 目前已成为国际光学领域的研究热点之一. 本综述将着重介绍高阶轨道角动量光束的制备与调控技术, 特别是高阶轨道角动量的量子纠缠态操控、旋转Doppler 效应测量及其在远程传感和精密测量技术中的应用.     

光子飓风——具有光子横向轨道角动量的时空涡旋

众所周知,光子具有沿传播方向的线性动量。光子的线性动量在光与物质的相互作用中具有重要的作用。光子与物质的动量交换可以产生光压。2018年获得诺贝尔物理学奖的光镊技术基于微纳米颗粒对光子动量改变产生的光场梯度力。光子也具有沿传播方向的角动量,包括与圆偏振相关的自旋角动量和与涡旋相位关联的轨道角动量。近年来,研究表明在高数值孔径聚焦光场和隐失波光场中存在垂直于光束传播方向的光子横向自旋角动量[1]。那么是否存在垂直于光束传播方向的光子横向轨道角动量呢(图1)?我们最新的研究给出了肯定的答案,成果发表于《自然—光子学》[2]。     

塞曼效应中谱线的偏振

本文从量子力学关于测量的基本原理，光子的自旋状态以及原子在辐射过程中角动量守恒的角度出发，全面解释了塞曼效应中谱线的偏振现象，不仅包括了观察的纵效应和横效应，还包括了斜向效应。     

基于轨道角动量的多自由度W态纠缠系统

提出了一种制备三光子纠缠W态的方案, 该方案利用携带轨道角动量为lħ的光子(其中l可取(-∞, +∞)的任意整数)可构成无穷维向量空间的特性, 采用两种类型的参量下转换, 产生轨道角动量-自旋角动量纠缠的两对光子和一对偏振纠缠光子, 通过纠缠交换制备三光子多自由度的W态, 实现三光子体系纠缠的高维度、大容量量子信息处理. 方案采用q-plate相位光学器件和单模光纤等器件制备两个不同自由度(轨道角动量与偏振)混合的W态, 并利用计算机全息相位图改进方案制备三个不同自由度(轨道角动量、线动量和偏振)混合的W态. 本方案可稳定产生两种等概率互为对称的W态, 具有高维度、强纠缠特性与抗比特丢失能力, 信息量达log₂^m+2比特(m为l的可取值个数), 有望实现可扩容量子比特的安全通信.     

矢量涡旋光束的生成与模式识别方法

与宏观物体类似，光子等微观粒子也可携带角动量。光子的角动量包括自旋角动量和轨道角动量，两种角动量的共同作用产生了一种新型结构光束，即矢量涡旋光束。矢量涡旋光束具有各向异性的波面和偏振分布，提供了多种光场自由度，在量子技术、光通信、激光探测、激光加工、高分辨成像、光镊等前沿领域展现了巨大的应用潜力，吸引了国内外学者的广泛关注。高效地生成矢量涡旋光束，以及高精度地识别矢量涡旋光束的模式分布，是其应用的关键。本文简要回顾了国内外学者在矢量涡旋光束的生成与模式识别方面的研究工作，同时系统梳理了本文作者过去十年在该方面的研究进展，重点介绍了其相关代表性成果。     

关于光子角动量问题的来信

关于光子角动量问题的来信一编辑同志：光子角动量作为学术问题，早在３０年代已陆续得到解决［１］．然而，国内外一些教材对此问题常常叙述得不准确或不完全．《大学物理》１９９６年第１期陈印椿“光子的动量矩”［２］一文对光子角动量中轨道矩和自旋的不可区分这个原...     

双光子系统的波函数和偏振态

求出了双光子系统的所有的波函数,这些波函数所代表的态都有一定的角动量和宇称,并且有系统地分析了这些态中光子的偏振情况。指出了以前杨振宁、锡罗柯夫、夏比罗等的讨论中的缺点。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.