Exchange bias effect in multiferroic Eu0.75Y0.25MnO3

The exchange bias phenomenon has been investigated in multiferroic Eu_0.75Y_0.25MnO₃. The material shows a weak ferromagnetism with cone spin configuration induced by external magnetic field below 30 K. Consequently, the electric polarization coming from the cycloid spin order below 30 K can be suppressed by external magnetic fields. The magnetic hysteresis loops after cooling in a magnetic field exhibit characteristics of exchange bias below the spin glassy freezing temperature (T_g)∼16 K. The exchange bias field, coercivity field, and remanent magnetization increase with increasing cooling magnetic field. The exchange bias effect is ascribed to the frozen uncompensated spins at the antiferromagnetism/weak ferromagnetism interfaces in the spin-glass like phase.     

简单的方法制备°-Fe2O3纳米粒子及其磁性质和电化学性质

报道了制备磁性Fe2O3纳米粒子的一种简单易行的方法．利用部分还原共沉淀法， 以Na2S2O4作为还原剂， 用FeCl3先制备出Fe2O3纳米微粒， 再在空气中直接煅烧， 成功地制备出粒径较均匀(约13 nm)的磁性Fe2O3微粒． 实验发现Na2S2O4在部分还原共沉淀法中起到了去氧剂兼还原剂的特殊作用．研究表明， 样品在室温下具有铁磁性， 其饱和磁化强度和矫顽力分别为70 emu/g和164 Oe； 产物具有好的电化学性质，在3.0?0.3 V(相对于金属锂)、0.2 mA/cm2时，样品的首次放电容量可达到933 mAh/g．同时还讨论了放电过程中金属锂与Fe2O3的反应机理．     

Temperature of the Magnetic Ordering of the Trivalent Iron Oxide ε-Fe2O3

Physics of the Solid State - The trivalent iron oxide ε-Fe2O3 is a fairly rare polymorphic iron oxide modification, which only exists in the form of nanoparticles. This magnetically ordered...     

Increased surface spin stability in γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles with a Cu shell

γ-Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles were coated with a Cu shell in situ during synthesis. An interfacial monolayer of CuO in the Cu-coated γ-Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles was discovered that stabilized the disordered surface spins of γ-Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles. Element-specific x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the L-edges for Cu and Fe indicated the magnetic moment of the Cu in the shell interacted with the γ-Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticle's surface magnetic moments. This exchange interaction between the Fe and Cu at the interface permitted an overall Cu moment in CuO (an antiferromagnet typically) that altered the γ-Fe(2)O(3) nanomagnetism. Increasing the Cu shell thickness also increased the total Fe magnetism of the nanoparticles.     

Weak Ferromagnetism and Field-Induced Spin Reorientation in K2V3O8

Magnetization and neutron diffraction studies of the 2D S = 1/2 antiferromagnet, K2V3O8, indicate an ordered state exhibiting weak ferromagnetism and field-induced spin reorientations. Of particular interest is the behavior in a basal plane magnetic field where a unique spin reorientation is observed in which the spins rotate from the easy c axis to the basal plane while remaining normal to the applied field. The experimental observations are well described by a two spin exchange model incorporating Heisenberg and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions with an additional c-axis anisotropy.     

Origin of ferromagnetism in iron implanted rutile single crystals

⁵⁷Fe doped titanium oxide monocrystals, prepared by ion implantation at different temperatures and subsequent thermal treatment, were characterized by conversion electron Mössbauer spectrometry, synchrotron radiation x-ray diffraction and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry. After implantation at room temperature Fe is present in divalent state. Upon annealing in high vacuum Fe^2?+? is reduced to metallic Fe for the most part. After implantation at 623 K most iron is in metallic state. During annealing on air Fe is gradually oxidized from Fe^2?+? to Fe^3?+?. Depending on preparation conditions and thermal treatment the role of different nanosized secondary phases is discussed in terms of their influence on the magnetic properties of Fe:TiO₂. α-Fe nanoparticles are found to be responsible for ferromagnetism observed in TiO₂.     

TiO_2对α-Fe_2O_3纳米微粒拉曼散射效应的影响

选取α Fe2O3和TiO2研究一种氧化物对另一种氧化物的拉曼散射效应。采用Sol gel方法制备纳米α Fe2O3/TiO2复合微粒,α Fe2O3粒径及含量分别为20nm、150nm和3%、6%、12%。制备过程中调节水解时的pH值和热处理温度,得到掺杂α Fe2O3粒子的不同晶型的TiO2纳米颗粒。Raman测量结果显示,α Fe2O3粒径越小、含量越高,TiO2对其散射效应的影响越大。不同的TiO2晶型对α Fe2O3纳米粒子的拉曼增强效应也不同。锐钛矿型及金红石型TiO2对α Fe2O3有一定的拉曼增强作用,当水解pH值较小时,得到板钛矿型TiO2,由于部分板钛矿型TiO2振动声子模的峰位与α Fe2O3的重叠,所以尚难观察它对α Fe2O3的拉曼增强效应。     

The role of 3d electrons in the appearance of ferromagnetism in the antiferromagnetic Ru2MnGe Heusler compound: a magnetic Compton scattering study

The antiferromagnetism in Ru(2)MnGe can be suppressed by the substitution of V by Mn and ferromagnetism appears. Synchrotron-based magnetic Compton scattering experiments are used in order to investigates the role of 3d electrons in the indirect/direct exchange interactions for the appearance of ferromagnetism. A small spin moment for the itinerant electron part on the magnetic Compton profile indicates that the metallic ferromagnet Ru(2)Mn(0.5)V(0.5)Ge has a weak indirect exchange interaction between the d-like and sp-like (itinerant) electrons. This suggests that the appearance of ferromagnetism is caused by the enhancement of the direct exchange interactions between d-d electrons in the Ru(2)MnGe Heusler compound. These findings indicate that the indirect exchange interaction between itinerant electrons and localized electrons is a significant key point for the appearance of ferromagnetism in this system.     

α-Fe_2O_3纳米粒子Morin相变的Raman光谱研究

本文首次用Raman光谱法研究了粒子尺寸和Co2 +包附对α-Fe2 O3纳米粒子Morin相变温度TM的影响机制。测量结果显示纳米粒子α -Fe2 O3的振动模相对大块样品发生了红移和宽化 ,粒子愈小红移和宽化愈显著。表明表面Fe3+离子与配位氧离子的键距增大 ,键长呈从体相Fe-O键长过渡到表面Fe -O键长的某种分布。这种小尺寸引起的键长改变导致α -Fe2 O3粒子的单离子各向异性能减小 ,因此降低了样品的TM。分析显示Co2 +包附导致α -Fe2 O3粒子TM 的大幅下降可能是由单离子各向异性的减小和Co2 +与Fe3+之间的磁偶极子相互作用各向异性共同作用的结果     

Magnetic properties of electron-doped La0.23Ca0.77MnO3 nanoparticles

Magnetic properties of electron-doped La_0.23Ca_0.77MnO₃ manganite nanoparticles, with average size of 12 and 60?nm, prepared by the glycine?Cnitrate method, have been investigated in the temperature range 5?C300?K and magnetic fields up to 90?kOe. It is suggested that weak ferromagnetic moment results from ferromagnetic shells of the basically antiferromagnetic nanoparticles and from domains of frustrated disordered phase in the core. Assumption of two distinct sources of ferromagnetism is supported by the appearance of two independent ferromagnetic contributions in the fit of the T ^3/2 Bloch law to spontaneous magnetization. The ferromagnetic components, which are more pronounced in smaller particles, occupy only a small fraction of the nanoparticle volume and the antiferromagnetic ground state remains stable. It is found that the magnetic hysteresis loops following field cooled processes, display size-dependent horizontal and vertical shifts, namely, exhibiting exchange bias effect. Time-dependent magnetization dynamics demonstrating two relaxation rates were observed at constant magnetic fields upon cooling to T?<?100?K.     

准立方体α-Fe_2O_3纳米薄膜的紫外和红外光谱研究

采用浸渍提拉法制备了准立方体α-Fe2O3纳米薄膜,利用XRD、AFM、UV-Vis和FT-IR对其表面形貌和谱学性质进行了表征。结果表明,α-Fe2O3单层膜是由粒径约为58nm的粒子排布而成,在568、482和386cm-1处有特征红外吸收峰,在紫外区375nm处存在明显的吸收,为Fe-O间的电子跃迁,其吸光度值与膜层数间的较好线性关系说明在一定的速度下挂膜,可以将氧化铁溶胶中的纳米粒子较好地转移到基片上。     

Room-temperature ferromagnetism and optical properties of Zn1−xMnxO nanoparticles

The room-temperature ferromagnetism is observed in Zn_0.98Mn_0.02O nanoparticles, which is related to the host-lattice defects induced by doping Mn. The ferromagnetism in Zn_0.95Mn_0.05O nanoparticles can be suppressed by Mn clusters. The additional peak at 519 cm^?1 is observed in Raman scattering spectra of the Zn_1?xMn_xO nanoparticles associated with intrinsic host-lattice defects, which become activated due to the Mn doping. The decrease in band gap and the weak intensity of absorption peak in the nanoparticles may be due to the sp–d interaction between transition metal and Zn anions.     

Surface properties of clean and Au or Pd covered hematite (α-Fe(2)O(3)) (0001)

The structure and electronic properties of different terminations of the α-Fe(2)O(3)(0001) surface were studied with spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) and the DFT + U method accounting for the effect of strong on-site Coulomb correlations. The results for lattice relaxation, electronic and magnetic properties are presented and discussed. Though the DFT and DFT + U methods provide qualitatively very similar surface geometries they differ very much in the prediction of the electronic and magnetic properties, and the surface energetics of the clean α-Fe(2)O(3)(0001). The most stable single iron terminated (0001) surface and the oxygen-rich termination were chosen to study Au and Pd atom adsorption. The results show that both Au and Pd bind strongly to hematite surfaces and induce large changes in their geometry. The DFT + U bonding is weaker by 0.3-0.6 eV than DFT on the iron terminated surface and about 2 eV stronger on the oxygen terminated one. The binding is stronger for Pd than Au and for both adsorbates is distinctly stronger at the oxygen than at the iron terminated surface. On the iron terminated surface the adsorption binding energy per adatom increases both with Au and Pd coverage, whereas for the oxygen terminated one the opposite trend is observed.     

High-temperature XRD study of thermally induced structural and chemical changes in iron oxide nanoparticles embedded in porous carbons

Magnetic carbon-based nanomaterials have promising applications in many fields owing to their biocompatibility and thermal/mechanical stability. This study describes a high-temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) study of the chemical and structural transformations suffered by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles embedded in porous carbons. The nanoparticles were prepared from the decomposition of iron pentacarbonyl over porous carbons, resulting in nanometer-sized iron oxides homogeneously dispersed into the carbon matrix. The thermally induced changes in these materials were followed by in situ high-temperature XRD, using synchrotron radiation. The growing of the nanoparticles and of the carbon crystallites were first observed, followed by the reduction of the iron oxides to form α-Fe (at temperatures as low as 400 °C in some cases) and γ-Fe(C). The temperatures at which these chemical reactions occurred were dependent on the total time spent on heating and on the nature of the iron oxides formed in the as prepared materials. A noticeably large thermal expansion coefficient was also observed for the iron oxide nanocrystals. The formation of austenitic iron, stabilized by the presence of carbon, was found to be only partially reversible upon cooling.     

Structural, static and dynamic magnetic properties of dextran coated γ-Fe(2)O(3) nanoparticles studied by (57)Fe NMR, M?ssbauer, TEM and magnetization measurements

The structural and magnetic properties and spin dynamics of dextran coated and uncoated γ-Fe(2)O(3) (maghemite) nanoparticles have been investigated using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), (57)Fe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), M?ssbauer spectroscopy and dc magnetization measurements. The HRTEM observations indicated a well-crystallized system of ellipsoid-shaped nanoparticles, with an average size of 10 nm. The combined M?ssbauer and magnetic study suggested the existence of significant interparticle interactions not only in the uncoated but also in the dextran coated nanoparticle assemblies. The zero-field NMR spectra of the nanoparticles at low temperatures are very similar to those of the bulk material, indicating the same hyperfine field values at saturation in accord with the performed M?ssbauer measurements. The T(2) NMR spin-spin relaxation time of the nanoparticles has also been measured as a function of temperature and found to be two orders of magnitude shorter than that of the bulk material. It is shown that the thermal fluctuations in the longitudinal magnetization of the nanoparticles in the low temperature limit may account for the shortening and the temperature dependence of the T(2) relaxation time. Thus, the low temperature NMR results are in accord with the mechanism of collective magnetic excitations, due to the precession of the magnetization around the easy direction of the magnetization at an energy minimum, a mechanism originally proposed to interpret M?ssbauer experiments in magnetic nanoparticles. The effect of the surface spins on the NMR relaxation mechanisms is also discussed.     

Phase Transformations in Iron Oxide under the Action of Microwave Radiation

Technical Physics - It has been shown that microwave radiation induces structural and, as a consequence, magnetic phase transformations in iron oxide α-Fe2O3 (hematite). After microwave...     

Magnetic behavior of iron and iron-oxide nanoparticle/polymer composites

An inert gas condensation technique was used to prepare nanometer-sized particles of metallic iron and iron oxide. The particles were passivated by the controlled oxidation of the particle surface leading to an Fe-oxide shell-Fe core structure. Nanoparticle–polymer composites were obtained by spin casting mixtures of nanoparticles and polymethylmethacrylate films. The magnetic properties of the nanoparticles compressed into pellets and dispersed in the composites were both studied. The particles were observed to exhibit increased coercivity and exchange bias. The exchange bias was observed to increase with oxide shell thickness. The magnetism in the nanoparticle composites was studied as a function of nanoparticle loading. It was observed that when the particles were dispersed into the nanocomposite the coercivity was increased, suggesting a heightened anisotropy barrier. Similarly, the magnetic relaxation results indicate that the composites exhibit significantly reduced relaxations through the entire temperature range, as compared to the compressed pellet. This observation supports the possibility of heightened anisotropy barriers due to reduced dipolar interactions.     

单一晶相氧化锰纳米颗粒的交换偏置效应

本文利用高温油相法制备出尺寸、形状均一的 MnO纳米颗粒, X射线衍射图 (XRD) 和透射电子显微镜 (TEM) 照片清晰表明MnO纳米颗粒为单一的面心立方岩盐晶体结构, 尺寸为15nm, 粒径分布很窄. 通过零场冷却 (ZFC) 和带场冷却 (FC)的磁滞回线发现MnO纳米颗粒具有明显的交换偏置效应, 而且磁滞回线同时表现出横向和纵向偏移. 横向偏移说明纳米颗粒中两相复合的存在, 纵向偏移说明了存在自旋玻璃相或者超顺磁相. 进而通过不同频率下随温度变化的交流磁化率的测定, 根据Mydosh的经验数值确认 MnO纳米颗粒表面层为自旋玻璃相, 并得到 MnO纳米颗粒表面自旋玻璃相的转变温度为T_SG=32K. 关键词： 纳米颗粒 氧化锰 交换偏置 自旋玻璃     

Synthesis of monodisperse In2O3 nanoparticles and their d0 ferromagnetism

Monodisperse indium oxide (In₂O₃) nanoparticles (NPs) with the average diameter of 11 nm were prepared by a solvothermal method. The In₂O₃ NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman and transmission electron microscopy. The intrinsic nature of ferromagnetism in In₂O₃ NPs has been established with the experimental observation of magnetic hysteresis loop. Photoluminescence and UV–visible studies were employed to evidence the presence of oxygen vacancies and revealed that the oxygen vacancies contribute to the ferromagnetism. The origin of ferromagnetism in In₂O₃ NPs may be due to exchange interactions among localized electron spin moments resulting from oxygen vacancies.     

Phase states and magnetic properties of iron nanoparticles in carbon nanotube channels

The structure, phase composition, and magnetic properties of carbon nanotubes filled with iron nanoparticles and obtained by thermolysis of a mixture of ferrocene and C₆₀ fullerene or ferrocene and orthoxylene at a temperature of 800°C are investigated. Electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Mössbauer spectroscopy data lead to the conclusion that carbon nanotubes are multilayer systems partially filled with iron nanoparticles and/or nanorods. Metallic inclusions in nanotube channels form α-Fe, γ-Fe, and Fe₃C phases. The concentration of each phase in the samples is determined. It is shown that 10–20-nm iron clusters in nanotubes exhibit magnetic properties typical of bulk phases of iron. High elasticity of carbon nanotube walls facilitates stabilization of the high-temperature γ-Fe phase; the relative concentration of this phase in a sample can be increased by lowering the concentration of ferrocene in the initial reaction mixture.