基于条件生成式对抗网络的油藏单井产量预测模型

为克服机器学习方法在油藏单井产量预测中的过拟合问题, 提高油田生产中的产量预测精度, 提出一种基于条件生成式对抗网络(CGAN)的油藏单井产量预测模型。该模型使用长短期记忆、全连接等基础神经网络, 构建生成和判别网络模型。生成网络模型以产量影响因素为条件输入, 生成预测产量数据, 利用对数损失函数评价预测数据与真实数据之间的偏差, 通过条件生成式对抗网络的博弈训练, 并结合贝叶斯超参数优化算法, 优化模型结构, 综合提高模型的泛化能力。基于Eclipse数值模拟软件建立同一井网条件下不同地质和生产条件下的油藏单井产量数据库, 以地质与生产条件等产量影响因素作为模型的条件输入, 进行油藏单井产量预测。结果表明: 与全连接神经网络(FCNN)、随机森林(RF)以及长短期记忆神经网络(LSTM)模型的预测结果相比, CGAN模型在测试集上的平均绝对百分比误差分别提升了2.59%、0.81%以及1.72%, 并且过拟合比最小(1.027)。说明CGAN降低了机器学习产量预测模型的过拟合程度, 提高了模型的泛化能力与预测精度, 验证了所提算法的优越性, 对指导油田高效开发和保障我国能源战略安全具有重要意义。     

Research progress of femtosecond surface plasmon polariton

As the combination of surface plasmon polariton and femtosecond laser pulse,femtosecond surface plasmon polariton has both nanoscale spatial resolution and femtosecond temporal resolution,and thus provides promising methods for light field manipulation and light-matter interaction in extreme small spatiotemporal scales.Nowadays,the research on femtosecond surface plasmon polariton is mainly concentrated on two aspects:one is investigation and characterization of excitation,propagation,and dispersion properties of femtosecond surface plasmon polariton in different structures or materials;the other one is developing new applications based on its unique properties in the fields of nonlinear enhancement,pulse shaping,spatiotemporal super-resolved imaging,and others.Here,we introduce the research progress of properties and applications of femtosecond surface plasmon polariton,and prospect its future research trends.With the further development of femtosecond surface plasmon polariton research,it will have a profound impact on nano-optoelectronics,molecular dynamics,biomedicine and other fields.     

Temporal diffraction characteristics of transmitted multilayer volume holographic grating illuminated by an ultrashort pulse

Based on the coupled wave theory of Kogelnik and Fourier optics, the time-domain diffraction characteristics of tramsmitted multilayer volume holographic grating (MVHG) under an ultrashort pulse readout are investigated. It is shown that the temporal diffraction characteristics depend not only on the numbers of the grating layers, but also on the thicknesses of the grating layers and buffer layers, grating period and the refractive index modulation. Furthermore, using group velocity dispersion we give explanation on the time-delay of diffraction pulse with respect to the center of the readout pulse. Results of our discussion may find applications in optical communications, pulse shaping and processing.     

Bad behavior of Godunov mixed methods for strongly anisotropic advection–dispersion equations

We study the performance of Godunov mixed methods, which combine a mixed-hybrid finite element solver and a Godunov-like shock-capturing solver, for the numerical treatment of the advection–dispersion equation with strong anisotropic tensor coefficients. It turns out that a mesh locking phenomenon may cause ill-conditioning and reduce the accuracy of the numerical approximation especially on coarse meshes. This problem may be partially alleviated by substituting the mixed-hybrid finite element solver used in the discretization of the dispersive (diffusive) term with a linear Galerkin finite element solver, which does not display such a strong ill conditioning. To illustrate the different mechanisms that come into play, we investigate the spectral properties of such numerical discretizations when applied to a strongly anisotropic diffusive term on a small regular mesh. A thorough comparison of the stiffness matrix eigenvalues reveals that the accuracy loss of the Godunov mixed method is a structural feature of the mixed-hybrid method. In fact, the varied response of the two methods is due to the different way the smallest and largest eigenvalues of the dispersion (diffusion) tensor influence the diagonal and off-diagonal terms of the final stiffness matrix. One and two dimensional test cases support our findings.     

Diffraction-based femtosecond pulse shaping with a two-dimensional spatial light modulator

A new diffraction-based method is proposed and demonstrated for simultaneous shaping of both the phase and amplitude of femtosecond laser pulses by use of a phase-only two-dimensional spatial light modulator. The method suppresses certain types of temporal replica features ordinarily observed in femtosecond pulse shaping owing to imperfections in modulator devices and allows for multiplexed outputs suitable for use in various applications.     

Shaping of ultrashort pulses using bulk acousto-optic filter

Our paper deals with temporal shaping of ultrashort pulses by direct spectral filtering performed with bulk acousto-optic filters using noncollinear geometry. This geometry allows arbitrary optical pulse repetition rate and high diffraction efficiency at relatively large optical apertures. A theoretical model of the pulse shaper is presented, emphasizing the degrees of freedom in this shaping technique. Phase and angular dispersion effects are analyzed, and experimental results on generating controllable pulse trains are presented. PACS 42.65.Re; 42.79.J     

Photonic generation of microwave arbitrary waveforms

In this paper, techniques to generate microwave arbitrary waveforms based on all-fiber solutions are reviewed, with an emphasis on the system architectures based on direct space-to-time pulse shaping, spectral-shaping and wavelength-to-time mapping, temporal pulse shaping, and photonic microwave delay-line filtering. The generation of phase-coded and frequency-chirped microwave waveforms is discussed. The challenges in the implementation of the systems for practical applications are also discussed.     

Designing dispersion-compensating photonic-crystal fibers using a genetic algorithm

A genetic algorithm is combined with a fully vectorial finite-element solver to design photonic-crystal fibers (PCFs) for a broadband dispersion compensation in a generic stretcher-compressor system of an ytterbium fiber laser. Two types of PCFs are compared in terms of their dispersion-compensation capability, optical nonlinearity, and confinement loss. Fibers of the first type are standard PCFs where a solid core is surrounded by a triangular uniform lattice of identical air-holes. In PCFs of the second type, the solid core is surrounded by a dual-scale cladding, where the inner part comprises air-holes of different diameters, while the outer cladding consists of large-diameter air-holes. Second-type PCFs are shown to provide a much more accurate dispersion compensation. The influence of fiber-fabrication tolerances on the precision of dispersion compensation in short-pulse fiber laser systems is examined.     

超短脉冲激光光束在一维反射型体全息光栅中的衍射

基于Kogelnik的耦合波理论,研究了在色散效应的影响下,超短脉冲激光光束在反射型体全息光栅中衍射的性质.研究给出了衍射光及透射光在频谱域及时间域的振幅及强度分布、光栅的光谱宽度及衍射效率随光栅参量及入射条件的变化.数值研究的结果表明,在光栅记录介质色散效应的影响下,衍射光束的光谱宽度减小,脉冲展宽,衍射效率降低.通过适当的选取光栅参量及入射条件,可以控制衍射和透射光束的频谱和时间强度分布,得到满意的衍射和透射光束的带宽和波形,从而可以将其应用于脉冲整形等技术中.     

光学系统的时间衍射积分及其应用

对含色散光学元件和其它非线性光学元件的光学系统,引入了时间ABCD矩阵元表达的时间衍射积分,用以讨论高斯光脉冲在色散介质中的传输行为,验证了线性色散系统中光传输的时间自成像,光纤中的方波自成形.     

A k-space Green's function solution for acoustic initial value problems in homogeneous media with power law absorption

An efficient Green's function solution for acoustic initial value problems in homogeneous media with power law absorption is derived. The solution is based on the homogeneous wave equation for lossless media with two additional terms. These terms are dependent on the fractional Laplacian and separately account for power law absorption and dispersion. Given initial conditions for the pressure and its temporal derivative, the solution allows the pressure field for any time t>0 to be calculated in a single step using the Fourier transform and an exact k-space time propagator. For regularly spaced Cartesian grids, the former can be computed efficiently using the fast Fourier transform. Because no time stepping is required, the solution facilitates the efficient computation of the pressure field in one, two, or three dimensions without stability constraints. Several computational aspects of the solution are discussed, including the effect of using a truncated Fourier series to represent discrete initial conditions, the use of smoothing, and the properties of the encapsulated absorption and dispersion.     

Accurate interface-tracking for arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian schemes

We present a new method for tracking an interface immersed in a given velocity field which is particularly relevant to the simulation of unsteady free surface problems using the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) framework. The new method has been constructed with two goals in mind: (i) to be able to accurately follow the interface; and (ii) to automatically achieve a good distribution of the grid points along the interface. In order to achieve these goals, information from a pure Lagrangian approach is combined with information from an ALE approach. Our implementation relies on the solution of several pure convection problems along the interface in order to obtain the relevant information. The new method offers flexibility in terms of how an “optimal” point distribution should be defined. We have proposed several model problems, each with a prescribed time-dependent velocity field and starting with a prescribed interface; these problems should be useful in order to validate the accuracy of interface-tracking algorithms, e.g., as part of an ALE solver for free surface flows. We have been able to verify first, second, and third order temporal accuracy for the new method by solving these two-dimensional model problems.     

Acousto-optical shaping of ultraviolet femtosecond pulses

This work demonstrates a simple method for ultraviolet (UV) acousto-optical pulse shaping of both spectral amplitude and phase. A fused-silica acousto-optical modulator is used to ensure high transmission and a high damage threshold at 400-nm center wavelength. The technique eliminates complications associated with the parametric transfer of the spectral phase of near-infrared pulses through a nonlinear process out to UV wavelengths, by separating the frequency doubling and shaping processes. Three illustrative applications of phase control are presented: the compensation of material dispersion, the generation of multiple pulse trains, and the generation of arbitrarily shaped pulse trains. Self-diffraction frequency-resolved optical gating is used to characterize the success of the technique.     

An algebraic multigrid solver for transonic flow problems

This article presents the latest developments of an algebraic multigrid (AMG) based on full potential equation (FPE) solver for transonic flow problems with emphasis on advanced applications. The mathematical difficulties of the problem are associated with the fact that the governing equation changes its type from elliptic (subsonic flow) to hyperbolic (supersonic flow). The flow solver is capable of dealing with flows from subsonic to transonic and supersonic conditions and is based on structured body-fitted grids approach for treating complex geometries. The computational method was demonstrated on a variety of problems to be capable of predicting the shock formation and achieving residual reduction of roughly an order of magnitude per cycle both for elliptic and hyperbolic problems, through the entire range of flow regimes, independent of the problem size (resolution).     

群速度色散对高功率激光系统前端整形脉冲的影响

基于高功率激光系统前端全光纤脉冲整形系统输出的脉冲特性，以两路脉冲堆积为例，理论分析并讨论了光纤中群速度色散的作用，提出了分离距离的概念，得出了整形脉冲时间调制周期、瞬时频率，以及初始啁啾对脉冲波形影响的解析结果。数值模拟了脉冲波形、瞬时频率在正、负色散光纤中随时间的变化特性，以及时间调制周期与传输距离之间的关系。结果表明，堆积脉冲不同位置瞬时频率变化不同；脉冲时间调制周期与时延和初始啁啾以及色散符号有关。     

Application of modified integration rule to time-domain finite-element acoustic simulation of rooms

The applicability of the modified integration rule for time-domain finite-element analysis is tested in sound field analysis of rooms involving rectangular elements, distorted elements, and finite impedance boundary conditions. Dispersion error analysis in three dimensions is conducted to evaluate the dispersion error in time-domain finite-element analysis using eight-node hexahedral elements. The results of analysis confirmed that fourth-order accuracy with respect to dispersion error is obtainable using the Fox-Goodwin method (FG) with a modified integration rule, even for rectangular elements. The stability condition in three-dimensional analysis using the modified integration rule is also presented. Numerical experiments demonstrate that FG with a modified integration rule performs much better than FG with the conventional integration rule for problems with rectangular elements, distorted elements, and with finite impedance boundary conditions. Further, as another advantage, numerical results revealed that the use of modified integration rule engenders faster convergence of the iterative solver than a conventional rule for problems with the same degrees of freedom.     

轨迹成型法加工球面光学零件新原理的研究

针对在现行球面光学零件加工的基本工序中存在的问题，提出了用轨迹成型法加工球面光学零件的新原理，并对其进行了深入研究。轨迹成型法加工新原理是零件在自身旋转的同时，以某一设定的曲率半径摆动的复合运动与磨轮的圆周运动相互干涉，形成凸或凹的球面。此加工原理的机床能够使加工工序集中化、磨床多用化、加工范围扩大化，而且使工件的面形精度和表面粗糙度容易得到保证，并且加工效率得到了提高，加工成本得到了降低。因此，该加工原理具有广泛的推广应用价值。     

机器学习在大型粒子加速器中的应用回顾与展望

机器学习技术在近十几年发展迅猛,并被广泛地用于解决复杂的科学和工程问题。最近十年间,基于机器学习的粒子加速器相关研究也开始呈现出井喷式发展趋势。国际上许多加速器实验室开始尝试用机器学习和大数据技术处理加速器中的海量复杂数据,以期解决加速器及其子系统中的诸多物理和技术问题。不过,迄今为止,机器学习在加速器中的应用仍处于初步探索阶段,不同机器学习算法在解决具体加速器问题的效果及其适用范围尚待摸索,机器学习在实际加速器中的应用仍非常有限。因此,有必要对加速器领域中的机器学习研究做一个整体回顾和总结。将回顾机器学习在大型粒子加速器（以储存环加速器和直线加速器为主）中的加速器技术、束流物理以及加速器整体性能优化等研究方向中已取得的研究成果,并探讨机器学习在加速器领域的未来发展方向和应用前景。     

Preconditioning bandgap eigenvalue problems in three-dimensional photonic crystals simulations

To explore band structures of three-dimensional photonic crystals numerically, we need to solve the eigenvalue problems derived from the governing Maxwell equations. The solutions of these eigenvalue problems cannot be computed effectively unless a suitable combination of eigenvalue solver and preconditioner is chosen. Taking eigenvalue problems due to Yee’s scheme as examples, we propose using Krylov–Schur method and Jacobi–Davidson method to solve the resulting eigenvalue problems. For preconditioning, we derive several novel preconditioning schemes based on various preconditioners, including a preconditioner that can be solved by Fast Fourier Transform efficiently. We then conduct intensive numerical experiments for various combinations of eigenvalue solvers and preconditioning schemes. We find that the Krylov–Schur method associated with the Fast Fourier Transform based preconditioner is very efficient. It remarkably outperforms all other eigenvalue solvers with common preconditioners like Jacobi, Symmetric Successive Over Relaxation, and incomplete factorizations. This promising solver can benefit applications like photonic crystal structure optimization.     

Diffraction properties of multi-layer volume holographic gratings under an ultrashort pulsed beam with arbitrary temporal profiles

The diffraction properties of a system of multi-layer volume holographic gratings under an ultrashort pulsed beam with arbitrary temporal profiles are investigated using the multi-layer coupled wave theory. The dependence of the pulse profiles of the diffracted beams, diffraction bandwidth and the total diffraction efficiency of the multi-layer system on the temporal profiles of the input ultrashort pulse are investigated. The calculated results indicate that the temporal shape of the input pulsed beams is an important factor in the analysis of the propagation characteristics. The analysis of this paper will be valuable for the applications of pulse shaping, processing and filter.