加速器质谱技术及其在教学科研中的应用

加速器质谱（AMS）技术是上世纪70年代末发展起来的一种分析微量核素和探测稀有粒子的新方法。因其具有排除分子离子干扰以及鉴别同量异位素等多方面优势,故比常规分析技术和普通质谱计具有更高的灵敏度（丰度灵敏度可达到10-15）。自发展起来以来,这种技术己广泛应用于不同的研究领域。本文对AMS的基本原理、装置、技术发展以及其在核物理及核天体物理、地质年代学、生物医学示踪、环境监测等领域中的教学科研应用进行了详细阐述。     

第二讲散裂中子源和高功率质子加速器

文章介绍了与散裂中子源相关的高功率（几十千瓦到几兆瓦）质子加速器的发展状况,比较了不同类型的加速器组合的优缺点和它们的应用范围,并着重介绍该类型加速器所研究的主要加速器物理和加速器技术问题,其中很多都是当今国际粒子加速器领域的前沿问题.文中还简单地介绍了中国散裂中子源（CSNS）计划的加速器概念设计方案.     

引张线技术在加速器准直测量中应用概述

为研究引张线技术在加速器准直测量中的应用和发展,首先简介了引张线技术原理,然后回顾了引张线准直法在加速器工程中的发展历史,接着介绍了引张线在加速器准直测量中的最新发展动态。最后讨论了各种引张线准直法的优缺点及其适宜环境,比较了国内外引张线准直法的发展与区别。指出引张线准直法的发展方向,给出了加速器准直测量的努力方向。     

所长致辞

2013年2月1日,中国科学院高能物理研究所将迎来40周年华诞。历经40年的发展,高能所逐步形成了粒子物理与天体物理、先进加速器物理和技术以及先进射线技术和应用3个重点研究领域,具有依托大科学装置、多学科交叉的综合优势,成为具有国际影响的大型研究基地,在国家创新体系中占有重要地位。     

机器学习与物理专题编者按

正机器学习,尤其是深度学习,在很多方面取得了令人瞩目的成就,是当前科学技术领域最为热门、发展最快的方向之一.其与物理的结合是最近几年新兴的交叉前沿领域,受到了广泛关注.一方面,运用机器学习的方法可以解决一些复杂的、传统方法很难或无法解决的物理问题;另一方面,物理中的一些概念、理论和方法也可以用于研究机器学习.二者的交叉融通带来了新的机遇与挑战,将极大地促进两个领域的发展.     

冷落的物理技术重获青睐现象浅谈

在物理应用技术发展上,加速器、远距离输电、火器等技术的发展经过一波三折,开始某一方向发展较快,后来受到相关条件、技术的制约,朝着另一方向发展,在发展中又遇到难以解决的新问题,而原技术的瓶颈随着相关技术的突破,得到解决,从而原来被冷落的技术又受到青睐,重新成为此类技术的主流．     

《强激光与粒子束》刊物简介北大核心CSCD

《强激光与粒子束》(High Power Laser and Particle Beams)是由中国工程物理研究院、中国核学会和四川核学会主办的科技期刊,主要依托国家高新技术领域重点科研计划和工程,报道我国高能激光与粒子束技术领域理论、实验与应用研究的最新成果和进展。内容涉及高功率激光、惯性约束聚变、高功率微波、等离子体物理、高能量密度物理、粒子物理,以及脉冲功率技术、加速器技术、太赫兹技术、核科学技术等。主要栏目:高功率激光与光学、ICF与激光等离子体、高功率微波、太赫兹技术、复杂电磁环境、粒子束技术、加速器技术、脉冲功率技术、核科学与工程等。     

回旋加速器的应用

回旋加速器在核物理研究中发挥过重要的作用,现在和将来仍然是核物理研究领域的主要工具之一,随着核科学,核技术及核医学等高新技术的发展,回旋加速器在这些领域中的应用空间和发展前景已引起人们的关注,文章介绍了回旋加速器发展概况及其在核物理,核医学与核技术等领域的主要应用。     

机器学习方法在量子多体物理中的应用

机器学习方法近年来在许多不同的领域受到广泛的关注,文章回顾了机器学习方法在量子多体物理中的应用的几个有代表性的例子,着重讨论了机器学习方法对于解决量子多体物理中"指数墙"困难的可能的潜在意义。除此以外,量子多体物理中的若干方法和思想反过来可能对理解机器学习领域面临的核心问题有重要的启发作用。     

非加速器实验物理的复兴

 非加速器实验,顾名思义,包括所有不使用加速器手段进行的粒子物理实验。如果从1912年发现宇宙线算起,它的历史已相当长久,加速器出现以前,宇宙线实验有过一段辉煌时期,在30年代发现了正电子和μ子,在40年代发现了π介子和K介子,对粒子物理学的建立与发展作出了重大贡献。50年代出现加速器以后,使用高流强人工束流的加速器实验成为粒子物理实验研究的主流,有力地推动着粒子物理的迅速发展,而“靠天吃饭”、流强极低的宇宙线实验仅在加速器当时达不到的“超高”能区起补充作用。但应指出,70年代初著名的大型³⁷Cl太阳中微子地下实验不仅获得重要物理发现,而且在实验方向与技术上作出了有意义的探索,堪称后来新一代非加速器实验的先驱。     

Attention Mechanisms and Their Applications to Complex Systems

Deep learning models and graphics processing units have completely transformed the field of machine learning. Recurrent neural networks and long short-term memories have been successfully used to model and predict complex systems. However, these classic models do not perform sequential reasoning, a process that guides a task based on perception and memory. In recent years, attention mechanisms have emerged as a promising solution to these problems. In this review, we describe the key aspects of attention mechanisms and some relevant attention techniques and point out why they are a remarkable advance in machine learning. Then, we illustrate some important applications of these techniques in the modeling of complex systems.     

Electron beam brightness in linac drivers for free-electron-lasers

Linear accelerators delivering high brightness electron beams are essential for a number of current and proposed accelerator applications, such as free electron lasers (FELs). In this kind of facilities the charge density is high enough to drive collective effects (wakefields) that, notwithstanding the high beam rigidity at energies up to the GeV range, may increase the beam emittance relative to the injection level, eventually degrading the nominal beam brightness. New theoretical developments and experimental capabilities, driven by the recent construction of vacuum-ultra-violet and X-ray linac-driven FELs, have advanced the present knowledge. This article describes the progress in the field of ultra-relativistic electron beam manipulation to maximize the final beam brightness, with a focus on the most recent techniques including optics design, pulse shaping and brightness optimization strategies. The theoretical models are supported by a review of the experimental results in now-running FEL facilities.     

脉冲感应加速在环形加速器中的应用

环形加速器将射频加速单元替换为高重复频率连续运行的脉冲感应加速组元后,将具备新的性能特点和应用领域。日本高能加速器研究机构(KEK)在脉冲感应加速与环形加速器的结合方面开展了大量的研究和实验工作,通过对其相关研究的详细调研,结合在感应同步加速器实验研究中所遇到的具体问题,针对脉冲感应加速组元的固有特性对该类加速器的优势和局限进行了分析,对环形加速器中感应加速组元的发展方向提出了建议。     

射频超导技术与ERL技术新进展

射频超导谐振腔可以工作在连续波或长宏脉冲模式. 射频超导技术已发展为加速各种带电粒子束的重要手段. 射频超导技术发展的前期受材料性能、腔的处理以及加工安装水平等的限制. 经过几十年的不断改进, 射频超导技术获得了重大突破. 射频超导腔应用到超导加速器上并成功运行, 积累了腔的质量控制工艺和工业化制备的大量经验. 近期国际上面对未来大科学装置项目, 在射频超导技术方面进行了大量的研发工作, 主要包括提高超导腔加速梯度的新腔型研究和采用新型材料(大晶粒铌材)超导腔的研究. 能量回收直线加速器(ERL)技术是近年来获得发展的重要加速器技术. ERL具有高效、节能、稳定性好、低辐射水平等优势, 被越来越多地应用到先进光源和自由电子激光装置中.     

基于机器学习的轨道校正方法

轨道校正是加速器束流调节最基本的步骤之一,也是目前各加速器实验室共同面对的问题之一。在传统方法中,线性代数工具被应用于各种类型的响应矩阵,以解决响应矩阵的奇异性等问题。提出一种基于机器学习的加速器轨道校正方法,可以避免处理响应矩阵的问题通过直接读取BPM数据和校正磁铁强度值实时构建机器学习模型快速地对轨道进行修正。对机器学习的轨道校正方法进行了介绍,并从数学公式、算法模型、在模拟和真实数据上的测试等方面对该方法进行了讨论。结果表明,在误差范围内该方法能有效的对加速器束流轨道进行校正。     

A deep view in cultural heritage—confocal micro X-ray spectroscopy for depth resolved elemental analysis

Quantitative X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) techniques have been developed mostly for the elemental analysis of homogeneous bulk or very simple layered materials. Further on, the microprobe version of both techniques is applied for 2D elemental mapping of surface heterogeneities. At typical XRF/PIXE fixed geometries and exciting energies (15–25 keV and 2–3 MeV, respectively), the analytical signal (characteristic X-ray radiation) emanates from a variable but rather extended depth within the analyzed material, according to the exciting probe energy, set-up geometry, specimen matrix composition and analyte. Consequently, the in-depth resolution offered by XRF and PIXE techniques is rather limited for the characterization of materials with micrometer-scale stratigraphy or 3D heterogeneous structures. This difficulty has been over-passed to some extent in the case of an X-ray or charged particle microprobe by creating the so-called confocal geometry. The field of view of the X-ray spectrometer is spatially restricted by a polycapillary X-ray lens within a sensitive microvolume formed by the two inter-sectioned focal regions. The precise scanning of the analyzed specimen through the confocal microvolume results in depth-sensitive measurements, whereas the additional 2D scanning microprobe possibilities render to element-specific 3D spatial resolution (3D micro-XRF and 3D micro-PIXE). These developments have contributed since 2003 to a variety of fields of applications in environmental, material and life sciences. In contrast to other elemental imaging methods, no size restriction of the objects investigated and the non-destructive character of analysis have been found indispensable for cultural heritage (CH) related applications. The review presents a summary of the experimental set-up developments at synchrotron radiation beamlines, particle accelerators and desktop spectrometers that have driven methodological developments and applications of confocal X-ray microscopy including depth profiling speciation studies by means of confocal X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The solid mathematical formulation developed for the quantitative in-depth elemental analysis of stratified materials is exemplified and depth profile reconstruction techniques are discussed. Selected CH applications related to the characterization of painted layers from paintings and decorated artifacts (enamels, glasses and ceramics), but also from the study of corrosion and patina layers in glass and metals, respectively, are presented. The analytical capabilities, limitations and future perspectives of the two variants of the confocal micro X-ray spectroscopy, 3D micro-XRF and 3D micro-PIXE, with respect to CH applications are critically assessed and discussed.     

Phase motion in a synchronous accelerator with tilted accelerating gap

A theory of phase motion in a synchronous circular accelerator is derived for the case that, in addition to the accelerating component of a high-frequency field, a component acts on a particle which deforms the path of the particle. For an accelerator with constant period of revolution and fixed magnetic field the result is asymptotic focusing of the particles to a certain phase _s.In conclusion the author thanks Dr. M. Seidl for suggesting this paper and for many remarks during its elaboration. He also thanks members of the seminary of the sector of accelerators for criticisn and, last but not least, L. Krlín for friendly cooperation.     

Realizing a laser-driven electron source applicable for radiobiological tumor irradiation

Laser-accelerated electron pulses have been used to irradiate human tumors grown on mice’s ears during radiobiological experiments. These experiments have been carried out with the JETI laser system at the Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics in Jena, Germany. To treat a total of more than 50 mice, a stable and reliable operation of the laser-electron accelerator with a dose rate exceeding 1 Gy/min was necessary. To achieve this, a sufficient number of electrons at energies in excess of 5 MeV had to be generated. The irradiation time for a single mouse was a few minutes. Furthermore, the particle pulses’ parameters needed to remain achievable for a time period of several weeks. Due to the online detection of the radiation dose, the unavoidable shot-to-shot fluctuations, currently still typical for laser-based particle accelerators, could be compensated. The results demonstrate that particle pulses generated with laser-based accelerators have the potential to be a future alternative for conventional particle accelerators used for the irradiation of tumors.     

On the theory of stochastic acceleration of high energy particles in cyclic accelerators

The existing results on the theory of stochastic cyclic accelerators are extended using the methods of difference equations and random-walk theory. The theoretical guidelines provided by this paper should be sufficient to allow an evaluation of the feasibility of making a practical machine using the principle of stochastic acceleration. It is found that the average time required for the acceleration of a particle to its final energy is approximately one-third of that in the existing results. It is shown that the diffusion constant in energy space can be very simply expressed in terms of the meansquare voltage applied at the accelerator gap and the bandwidth of the applied-field spectrum for the practical case of interest. The required power input and the resistive input impedance for the accelerator are calculated taking particle losses into account.