CPU散热器换热特性的实验研究

本文对两种不同类型的CPU散热器,整体平直翅片与分段式的平直翅片,在不同加热功率、不同流速下的强迫风冷的传热性能进行了实验研究,得出换热系数主要和来流速度有关,而与加热功率关系不大的结论,并将二者的换热性能进行了对比。结果表明,翅片2的换热系数随流速的变化更强烈,在其他相同条件下,其换热系数甚至可以达到翅片1的两倍。     

车用散热器百叶窗翅片结构仿真优化

随着现代发动机技术的进步,发动机功率和性能的提升,也对发动机散热器提出了更高的要求。在兼备良好的散热性能和稳定性的同时,更要求散热器结构紧凑,以实现轻型化。通过对车用发动机管带式散热器的局部翅片和整体散热器进行三维建模,分析百叶窗翅片角度、翅片波距、翅片波高对空气侧压降影响,并对影响散热器散热性能主要因素进行分析。然后采用了多孔介质代替翅片的方法,模拟整体散热器的散热性能,并对比实验结果验证仿真模型准确性。最后拟合仿真数据的总传热系数和空气侧压降系数,建立粒子群算法优化数学模型。在不改变散热器外形尺寸和空气侧压降符合设计标准的情况下,优化散热器的翅片结构。翅片结构优化后,空气侧压降基本不变,散热量提升了11.6%。     

基于导热塑料的新型LED灯散热器设计与优化

以某中等功率LED灯具为例,设计了塑料散热器的基本构型。采用数值仿真的办法对散热器的性能进行分析,并根据分析结果进行结构改进与优化。结果表明,在同样构型下塑料散热器散热性能低于铝合金散热器;与传统铝合金散热器不同,当肋片高度达到30 mm后,塑料散热器的散热能力趋于稳定;虽然导热塑料的红外发射率较高,仿真分析表明通过热辐射散出的热能只占总热很小的一部分,所以塑料散热器的设计应以增加对流换热面积为主,增加肋片与环境的视角系数是次要考虑因素。改进优化后的塑料散热器达到了和铝合金散热器相近的散热性能,总质量较铝合金散热器减轻了30%,验证了塑料散热器在降低产品重量方面的优越性。     

CPU热管散热器的实验研究

为探究热管散热器的散热性能,选取使用热管数量分别为两根、四根、六根的三种重力式热管散热器为研究对象进行实验。这三种热管散热器热管与翅片的结构型式相同,翅化比均接近13.5,因此具有较高的可比性。在风速为1.7 m/s的工况下,测得了两热管散热器最大散热功率为78 W,总热阻为0.57 K/W;四热管散热器最大散热功率为116 W,总热阻为0.36 K/W;六热管散热器最大散热功率为240 W,总热阻为0.19 K/W。六管散热器蒸发端与冷凝端均温性较好,三种热管散热器达到热平衡的时间约为17 min。     

加装导流罩的大功率LED强化换热特性研究

针对大功率LED光源存在的散热问题,在风冷散热条件下,对加装导流罩的大功率LED散热器进行优化设计。在肋片结构参数固定的条件下,利用流体分析软件对导流罩的内径、高度、进气口直径以及散热器肋片夹角进行优化。通过改变这些参数来改变散热片表面气体流体的流形、风速等值,最终改变肋片表面对流换热系数。获得的导流罩和肋片夹角参数:导流罩高度85 mm,进气口直径76 mm,出气口直径83 mm,散热器肋片夹角9。通过优化使散热器温度有一定程度的降低,为大功率LED灯具散热设计提供了一种优化方案。     

LED散热器三角槽扩展表面散热性能

对大功率LED太阳花散热器肋片三角槽扩展表面的散热性能进行了数值模拟与分析,并对肋片长度方向的温度分布进行了实验验证。在考虑自然对流和辐射模型的条件下,研究了肋片表面三角槽的顶角α、槽宽s和槽深d对散热器肋片顶部最高温升ΔTmax、平均对流换热系数h和对流换热热阻R的影响。结果表明:顶角α在90°～120°范围内、向肋片根部倾斜的三角槽在增加散热面积的同时,改善了流场分布,从而显著地增强了太阳花散热器的散热性能;相比于槽宽s,槽深d对平均对流换热系数h影响更为显著,较小或较大的槽深会因平均对流换热系数h的大幅降低而恶化散热效果。     

大功率LED热管散热器的热设计研究

给出了一种应用于大功率LED散热的新型热管翅片散热器,该散热器能够有效利用自然风和垂直对流,建立了散热器结构模型,采用Icepak软件分析了散热器参数对大功率LED芯片结温的影响规律.结果表明,热管导热系数、直径以及自然风风速对芯片结温有显著影响,芯片结温随热管导热系数、直径以及自然风风速的增加而降低,翅片导热系数和表...     

梳状散热器结构和角度对大功率LED结温的影响

利用计算流体力学(CFD)软件Fluent模拟了梳状肋片散热器的大功率LED灯的温度场分布。从散热器肋片高度、肋片间距以及灯具的照射角度三方面分析了散热器的散热效果。通过对比分析不同散热器的速度流场与温度场分布,得知当肋片高度为10mm、间距为4.1mm时散热器散热效果最佳。灯具的照射角度也会影响到散热器的散热性能,当照射角为90°时散热器性能最佳。     

弧形通道散热器流动与传热的数值模拟研究

以某航空电子元器件的散热器为研究对象,建立了弧形翅片散热器微流道单元流域的三维模型。根据高空运行温度和压力设置边界条件,利用计算流体力学数值模拟方法对散热器弧形翅片的流场、传热性能等进行分析研究。通过实验数据拟合的关联式对模拟结果进行验证,对其强化传热效果与平板翅片进行比较。结果表明,弧形翅片具有很好的换热效果,雷诺数在780～1 450范围内,弧形翅片的传热效果比平板翅片提高8.43%～18.06%。相同工况下,弧形翅片的散热量较多、散热性能较好、传热效率较高。     

格芯夹层结构散热性能的数值计算评估

为评估格芯夹层结构的传热性能以及代替传统的板式肋片结构应用于汽车散热系统中的可能性,文章对几种典型的格芯夹层结构（如kagome lattice,tetrahedral lattice和pyramidal lattice）和板式肋片（corrugated plate）结构实施了一系列的三维数值计算评估.通过对比相同Reynolds数下的传热系数和相同泵功率下的局部Nusselt数来评估各组结构的传热性能.结果显示,相同Reynolds数条件下,各组格芯夹层结构的传热系数较板式肋片结构均有提高,同时摩擦阻力也大幅度增大.在相同泵功率条件下,由于板式肋片结构所受形阻基本可以忽略,因此在较低泵功率范围内（< 1 500 W）,板式肋片的局部Nusselt数最大.随着泵功率的增长,当泵功率提高到3 000 W,tetrahedral的Nusselt数与板式肋片持平并进一步增大,显示出了格芯夹层结构的应用潜力.高传热性能而低摩擦阻力的格芯夹层结构完全有潜力代替传统的板式肋片结构应用于新型高效紧凑的散热系统中.      

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.