延迟线位置偏差对太赫兹时域光谱系统的测量不确定度影响分析

太赫兹时域光谱技术可以快速准确地提取材料在太赫兹波段的光学常数。然而,其各组成部分在控制精度、响应误差、系统噪音以及实验操作、数据处理等方面的误差,将影响系统对材料光学常数提取的准确性。基于透射式太赫兹时域光谱系统的测量原理,分析了系统延迟线位置偏差对提取材料复折射率准确度的影响,建立了误差在样品测量过程中的传递模型,并利用MATLAB仿真了误差对提取样品复折射率影响。结果表明,样品折射率和消光系数的不确定度受到了系统延迟线位置偏差的影响,且系统延迟线位置偏差越大,样品的复折射率提取的不确定度也就越大。同时,相比消光系数,延迟线位置的偏差对样品折射率的不确定度具有更大的影响。该模型具有一定的实际意义和理论参考价值,可分析系统延迟线位置偏差对太赫兹时域光谱系统提取材料光学常数不确定度的影响,为优化太赫兹时域光谱系统提供理论指导。     

太赫兹波段火焰碳黑的光学特性研究

火焰碳黑是碳氢燃料不完全燃烧的重要固体产物,对于一些污染物的生成具有重要影响,其光学特性是光学燃烧诊断的基础。利用太赫兹时域光谱技术研究了0.2～1.6 THz火焰碳黑的光学特性,通过傅里叶变换得到了碳黑的频域光谱,利用定点迭代法获得了太赫兹波段火焰碳黑的复折射率,把太赫兹波段的复折射率与热辐射波段的复折射率进行了比较,此外还对比了两种光学参数提取方法所得到的结果,结果表明,碳黑在太赫兹波段的吸收性较强,其折射率在太赫兹波段与在热辐射波段的差别不是很大,而吸收率在热辐射波段变化更大一些,两种参数提取方法得到的复折射率差别不是很大,研究结果可为太赫兹波技术应用于光学燃烧诊断提供基础性数据,扩展了光学燃烧诊断应用的范围。     

基于太赫兹时域光谱技术的光学参数提取方法的研究进展

光学参数是宏观上表征材料光学性质的物理量,间接反映了材料的微观特性,对光学参数准确的提取可以研究材料的微观性质和机理。近年来,太赫兹时域光谱技术作为一种新兴的光谱分析手段已经成为研究的热点。由于太赫兹辐射能量低并且脉冲宽度窄(皮秒量级),太赫兹时域光谱技术在提取光学参数方面具有无损伤和高时间分辨率的特点。本文总结了基于太赫兹透射和反射时域光谱技术的光学参数提取方法的研究进展,着重阐述了几种经典方法,分析了每种方法的优缺点,并讨论了太赫兹时域光谱技术用于提取材料光学参数的挑战。研究结果表明,透射法适用于对太赫兹波吸收较弱的物质,而反射法则适用于对太赫兹波有强烈吸收的材料。     

基于衰减全反射式太赫兹时域光谱技术的食用油光谱特性研究

食用油是人类营养和能量的重要来源,为人体提供必需的脂肪酸,研究食用油在太赫兹波段光学特性,对食用油成分分析及品质评价具有重要价值。衰减全反射式太赫兹时域光谱技术是一种新型的太赫兹时域光谱技术,通过样品与倏逝波的相互作用,获取样品的太赫兹光谱。与透射式或反射式太赫兹时域光谱技术相比,该技术能有效地避免测量食用油等液体样品时样品池对光学参数的影响,并能获得样品的精确光学参数。分别利用透射式太赫兹时域光谱技术和衰减全反射式太赫兹时域光谱技术测量了大豆油的吸收光谱。结果表明,与透射式太赫兹时域光谱技术相比,衰减全反射式太赫兹时域光谱技术能更有效地提取大豆油的吸收系数、吸收峰分布等光学特性。进一步利用衰减全反射式太赫兹时域光谱技术研究了大豆油、核桃油、葡萄籽油在太赫兹波段的光学特性,获得了三种食用油在1~1.8 THz范围内的折射率谱和吸收光谱。利用密度泛函理论计算了食用油中四种主要成分(软脂酸、硬脂酸、油酸和亚油酸)在太赫兹波段的振动、转动模式,理论计算结果同实验测量结果吻合较好。研究表明,在太赫兹波段食用油的吸收峰与所含脂肪酸分子种类与含量有关,其主要来源为脂肪酸分子的低频振动和转动。研究成果对食用油成分定性定量分析及品质检测等具有指导意义。     

玉米油光学参数的太赫兹波精确测定研究

利用太赫兹电磁波时域光谱（THz-TDS）技术对玉米油进行了测量.考虑容器对参数测量的影响,使用传输函数逼近方法来计算分析玉米油的折射率、吸收系数等重要的光学参数.与传统的太赫兹电磁波数值计算方法比较,传输函数逼近方法在分析玉米油的光学参数方面具有很高精度.结果表明,该测量分析方法对植物油品质检测具有重要指导意义. 关键词： 太赫兹时域谱 玉米油 光学参数 吸收系数     

有机硅胶受力特性的太赫兹时域光谱表征方法

为探究有机硅胶黏结剂的受力特性，提出了一种基于太赫兹时域光谱特征进行无损表征的方法，利用太赫兹时域透射光谱对有机硅胶胶膜的应力光学系数进行表征，分别以胶膜折射率及时域光谱相位延迟作为参量开展了实验研究，两种方法获得的应力光学系数均为0.18 MPa^-1。利用反射式太赫兹时域光谱系统对不同受力状态下的有机硅胶胶膜进行实验研究，分别给出了胶膜厚度为2 mm和3 mm条件下太赫兹时域光谱延迟时间差与拉应力的变化关系，实验结果与理论规律相一致。研究结果表明，太赫兹时域光谱可有效地对有机硅胶等粘接材料的受力特性进行定量化表征，从而为胶接结构在受力状态下的粘接强度的评估提供一种新的方式。     

利用太赫兹反射式时域光谱系统测量有机溶剂的光学参数

采用太赫兹反射式时域光谱系统,测量了包括正己烷、液状石蜡、无水酒精和水在内的四种有机溶剂的反射式时域光谱,并根据实验模型设计了两种计算方法提取液体样品的光学参数.此外,还将反射算法得到的样品光学参数与透射算法的结果进行比较,验证了反射式系统对应算法结果的正确性,解决了透射系统无法准确测量和提取对太赫兹吸收很强的样品的光...     

Kamers-Kronig关系在反射太赫兹时域光谱测量中的应用

太赫兹时域光谱技术是材料介电参数测量的重要方法,是材料研究、鉴别和分析的重要工具。太赫兹时域光谱技术是一种太赫兹频段的相干探测技术,可以同时获得太赫兹波的幅度和相位信息,通过透射测量、反射测量可获得材料的复透射率或复反射率来反演材料的电磁参数。在实际中,大多数被测材料太赫兹波无法穿透,或者不满足透射材料参数反演需要的弱吸收近似,因此反射测量更具应用价值。在已发表的研究结果中,研究人员仍普遍采用透射测量的方案,很少见使用反射测量方案获取材料参数。究其原因,在反射测量时,由于样品和参考板位置的放置误差很难消除,从而导致无法准确提取反射相位。将光学领域广泛使用的Kamers-Kronig关系应用于太赫兹时域光谱系统反射测量中,以解决反射测量中无法准确获得相位信息从而无法提取介电参数的问题。为了验证Kamers-Kronig关系的准确性,一方面,通过透射、反射方法分别测量硅材料的复透射率、复反射率并反演了其材料参数,两者的反演结果一致性较好。另一方面,利用同一组硅的反射测量数据分别用Kamers-Kronig关系和最大熵法对其材料参数进行反演,两种处理方法也可以实现相互印证,进一步确保了提取数据的可靠性。对Kamers-Kronig关系和最大熵方法所取得的结果进行了对比讨论,通过Kamers-Kriong关系和最大熵法获得的折射率、消光系数以及复介电参数结果一致性较好,且基于Kamers-Kriong反演了一种精神药物的吸收谱,与透射结果做了比对。结果表明,Kamers-Kronig关系非常适合提取材料光学参数和吸收谱,且相比最大熵法其普适性更强,甚至对于无法获取相位信息的非相干测量系统依然适用,但该方法需要整个频段的反射率幅度信息,对于没有测量的频率需要进行外推,对于反射率随频率变化不大的物质更加适用。该研究成果对于利用反射式太赫兹时域光谱系统获取材料太赫兹波段的光学参数提供了一种有效方法,可解决绝大数情况下反射测量参数提取问题,对太赫兹时域光谱技术的实际应用具有重要意义。     

小波变换在太赫兹时域光谱分析中的应用

随着超快激光技术的发展及其人们对太赫兹(THz)电磁波波段与脉冲光源认识的进一步深入,太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)技术作为一种新的、快速发展的光谱分析方法在许多领域备受关注。利用太赫兹时域光谱技术在空气环境下测量样品时,样品的太赫兹光谱会因空气中水蒸气的影响而出现振荡现象。文章利用太赫兹时域光谱分析技术分别在氮气和空气环境下测量了七种样品在0.2～1.9太赫兹波段的光谱,并以氮气环境下的太赫兹光谱为参考,利用小波变换对空气环境下测量的数据进行了处理,消除了太赫兹光谱中水蒸气吸收造成的影响,实验结果证明了该方法的可行性,在此基础上,还对其中四种样品做了成像和识别,并得到了较好的结果。     

Zernike矩在橡胶添加剂太赫兹光谱定量分析中的应用研究

近年来,“绿色轮胎”发展备受关注。在绿色轮胎制造过程中需要多种橡胶添加剂,而橡胶添加剂的含量与绿色轮胎能否达标密切相关,因此,对轮胎橡胶中相关橡胶添加剂的定量检测具有重要意义。太赫兹时域光谱（THz-TDS）技术已经成功应用于物质定量分析领域,但当定量分析对象为多组分混合物时,由于混合物光谱出现重叠和失真等原因,会导致定量分析结果不理想。针对此问题,将Zernike矩作为一种光谱预处理技术引入到橡胶添加剂多组分混合物的太赫兹光谱定量分析中,提出了基于Zernike矩结合支持向量回归（Zernike moment-support vector regression, ZM-SVR）的太赫兹光谱定量分析方法。首先,以影响绿色轮胎质量能否达标的三种橡胶添加剂氧化锌、白炭黑和2-巯基苯并噻唑（MBT）为定量检测对象,将3种橡胶添加剂与丁腈橡胶构成多组分混合物实验样本,并通过太赫兹时域光谱系统测得样本的太赫兹光谱;然后,对太赫兹光谱进行分析与处理,得到其吸收系数、消光系数和折射率3种光学参数后,将3种光学参数构建为样本的太赫兹三维光谱,并利用Zernike矩提取太赫兹三维光谱灰度图的特征信息;最后,利用支持向量回归建立样本太赫兹三维光谱灰度图特征信息和目标成分含量之间的定量模型,从而对混合物样本中目标成分含量进行分析。利用该方法得到的定量模型预测集相关系数均大于等于0.952 2,均方根误差均小于等于2.267 2%。为进一步验证该方法的有效性,将定量分析结果与常规方法PLS和SVR的结果进行了对比。对比发现,相比常规方法得到的定量分析结果,Zernike矩结合支持向量回归方法所得结果的准确性和稳定性均得到了明显提升。因此,Zernike矩结合支持向量回归方法为橡胶添加剂多组分混合物的太赫兹光谱定量检测提供了新思路,在绿色轮胎及橡胶的质量检测领域具有广阔应用前景。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.