声速测量装置的改进

采用低频数字信号源推动小型扬声器做声源,用静电式驻极体传感器做拾音器,对传统的声速测量装置进行了改进.改进后的装置不仅能测量不同频率的声速,而且又降低了成本.本文详细介绍了电路的组成及测量结果.     

利用光锁相环路实现40 Gb/s时钟恢复

提出并建立了一种新型的基于光纤四波混频效应和压控光脉冲源的光锁相环路(OPLL),用于光时分复用系统(OTDM)中的时钟恢复过程。从理论上分析了其工作原理,及各模块结构和功能。利用高非线性光纤中的四波混频效应实现全光鉴相器,有效缩短了光纤长度,减小了光纤色散引起的脉冲走离,鉴相器消光比超过30 dB。采用再生锁模光纤激光器实现压控光脉冲源,在保证脉冲质量的前提下,重复频率调节范围达到380 kHz。在40 Gb/s时钟恢复实验中,获得脉宽为7.2 ps、接近变换极限的时钟脉冲,时间抖动(RMS)为152 fs,超模抑制比大于60 dB。实验证明,输入信号幅度波动和码型效应对环路影响很小。     

Resolution improvement in vertical-cavity-surface-emitting-laser diode interferometry based on linear least-squares estimation of phase gradients of phase-locked fringes

A frequency scanning interferometer using a vertical-cavity-surface-emitting-laser diode (VCSEL) capable of wide-frequency scanning has been constructed for precise distance measurements. The frequency scanning velocity of the VCSEL has been stabilized by the phase-locked loop technique, which enables us to precisely determine the phase gradient of the scanned interference fringe by linear least-squares fitting. In our test measurements, the absolute lengths from 8 to 14mm have been measured with a resolution of nearly sub-micrometer. Compared with a conventional frequency scanning interferometer using a Fabry-Perot laser diode, the resolution of length measurement has been improved by two orders of magnitude.     

Aeroacoustics of the swinging corrugated tube: voice of the Dragon

When one swings a short corrugated pipe segment around one's head, it produces a musically interesting whistling sound. As a musical toy it is called a "Hummer" and as a musical instrument, the "Voice of the Dragon." The fluid dynamics aspects of the instrument are addressed, corresponding to the sound generation mechanism. Velocity profile measurements reveal that the turbulent velocity profile developed in a corrugated pipe differs notably from the one of a smooth pipe. This velocity profile appears to have a crucial effect both on the non-dimensional whistling frequency (Strouhal number) and on the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations. Using a numerical model based on incompressible flow simulations and vortex sound theory, excellent predictions of the whistling Strouhal numbers are achieved. The model does not provide an accurate prediction of the amplitude. In the second part of the paper the sound radiation from a Hummer is discussed. The acoustic measurements obtained in a semi-anechoic chamber are compared with a theoretical radiation model. Globally the instrument behaves as a rotating (Leslie) horn. The effects of Doppler shift, wall reflections, bending of the tube, non-constant rotational speed on the observed frequency, and amplitude are discussed.     

Measurement of the flow and its vibration in Japanese traditional bamboo flute using the dynamic PIV

All wind instruments produce sound due to the vibration of air inside of the instrument. In the case of a trumpet or a clarinet, the mouth or a reed helps to generate variable tones. In the case of a flute, there is no mechanical vibration. Additional detail about the flow and the sound vibration inside and outside of the flute are investigated in order to understand the mechanism of the wind instrument and to aid in the manufacture of quality instruments. In this report, a traditional Japanese bamboo flute was investigated experimentally. The dynamic PIV technique was applied to measure the vibration. Two kinds of experiments were performed. Argon-gas flow containing an oil mist as tracer particles both inside and outside the bamboo flute was measured using a high frequency pulse laser. The periodical flow near a hole of the bamboo flute was successfully measured. The flow was found to go into and out from the flute and the balance of a mass flow rate and the averaged velocity were almost zero at the hole. Then, the flow in the bamboo flute was visualized when a human played the instrument, using a CW-laser and water-mist as the tracer. It was discovered that the two instructors had unique methods for playing the flue instrument.     

Phase Noise Analysis and Estimate of Millimeter Wave PLL Frequency Synthesizer

Phase noise is an important index in evaluating the performance of millimeter wave (MMW) frequency source. Because of the high frequency, it is difficult to measure its phase noise directly. So it is very necessary to find new methods for estimating it effectively and easily. In this paper, the main factors affecting phase noise of MMW PLL frequency source are analyzed, and then a new method to estimate the phase noise is presented, which is based on the comparison of the phase noise of microwave phase-locked frequency source with phase-locked intermediate frequency in MMW phase-locked loop. In order to demonstrate the validity of this method of phase noise estimate, it is applied to estimate the phase noise of 95GHz double PLL frequency synthesizer. The result shows that the theoretical estimate value is well coincident with the experimental value.     

脉冲发电机电源宽频变化情况下锁相技术仿真

针对在基波频率变化情况下传统锁相环无法进行正确锁相的问题,提出了基于同步参考坐标系的追踪型三相软件锁相环。三相电压信号(V_a、V_b、V_c)经同步坐标变换后,得到两相静止坐标(V_α、V_β)信号,再经过旋转坐标变化后获得(V_d、V_q)信号;V_q信号经过低通滤波后,进行动态信号延迟,其延迟的时间由输出的频率信号获得;把延迟前后的信号做差,经过PID调节后输出为角频率,对角频率积分后获得稳定基波正序相位。为了验证该算法,基于matlab建立了仿真模型。仿真结果表明,该锁相环在电源基波频率线性变化情况下其相移时间小于0.2ms,在脉冲发电机电压基波频率非线性变化情况下需要经过一个周波也能获得精准地锁相,其运用于有源电力滤波器有效地抑制了脉冲发电机的输出谐波。     

System for determination of ultrasonic wave speeds and their temperature dependence in liquids and in vitro tissues

An interferometric technique capable of accurately measuring wave speed in liquids is reported. The hardware is adapted from a design to measure nonlinear responses of biological tissues to pressure changes (pressure derivatives) and temperature changes (temperature derivatives). It is used with the highly sensitive variable frequency pulsed phase-locked loop (VFPPLL) instrument. The system uses well-understood and well-characterized components and systems. The apparatus covers a temperature range from below 5 degrees C to above 45 degrees C. The system with the high-sensitivity VFPPLL is capable of measurement of wave speed to an uncertainty of less than 0.1%, and changes in wave speed to better than 0.001%. The transducer is an undamped temperature-characterized PZT-5A 500-kHz plate, whose output is corrected for off-resonance operation and for diffraction effects. To test the accuracy of the technique, measurement of ultrasonic compressional wave speed in water at temperatures from 10 degrees C to 45 degrees C are reported, with an estimated uncertainty of 0.07% and a temperature uncertainty of 0.15 degrees C. The agreement between mean values and literature values is better than 0.05%.     

黏弹材料动力学参数的宽频测试

利用改进的波速法,对黏弹性材料连续宽频范围的动力学参数进行测试。利用有限元方法,对波速法的测试过程进行了仿真,验证了利用长短棒波速法测量宽频动力学参数的有效性。采用可控脉冲生成技术,在激振器上产生了用于宽频测试的短脉冲信号。黏弹性长短棒在上述宽带短脉冲激励下作纵向强迫振动,利用激光测振仪测量长短两棒自由端的纵向振动速度,从而可得两振动信号在连续宽频范围的幅值比和相位差,进而可根据波速法原理计算得到材料在连续宽频范围的储能模量和损耗因子。测试结果表明,该系统通过较少次数测试,可直接计算得到1~5 kHz连续宽频范围的动力学参数,测试结果与黏弹仪数据吻合。通过对幅值比和相位差进行线性最小二乘拟合,可以进一步拓展测量的频率范围。该方法准确可靠、简便快速,具有实际应用价值。      

使用脉冲声和矢量传声器的现场测量吸声系数*

使用不同声源利用矢量传声器对毛毡材料进行现场吸声系数测试,研究了不同背景下不同声源的抗噪能力。矢量传声器可以同时测得声压和质点振速信号,进而可计算得到阻抗,利用自由空间和材料表面的阻抗可计算得到材料的吸声系数。在此次试验中,使用不同声源分别在无干扰和有一白噪声干扰源的两种情况下进行测试。结果表明,使用对数扫频脉冲和巴特沃斯脉冲测试所得的吸声系数曲线更平滑,说明脉冲声可以有效降低环境反射的影响,在高噪声背景下使用对数扫频脉冲测试所得的结果基本没有受到背景噪声的影响,说明对数扫频脉冲的抗噪能力更强。因此,使用对数扫频脉冲作为声源进行测试可有效减弱环境反射和背景噪声的影响。     

Sound propagation and relaxation processes in the isotropic phase of cholesteryl miristate

The propagation and absorption of high-frequency sound in the isotropic phase of cholesteryl miristate is studied in a wide frequency range using the data of both Brillouin spectroscopy and acoustooptic measurements. The parameters of the relaxation process associated with the volume viscosity relaxation are calculated using the experimental data on the velocity and absorption of sound.     

Neuron-like dynamics of a phase-locked loop

Dynamics of two coupled phase-controlled generators based on phase-locked loop systems with a high frequency filter in the control loop was studied. It was found that beating modes are synchronized in the systems and shown that different synchronization states form an overlapping structure in parameters space of the coupled systems. Usage of the phase-locked loop as a neuron-like element is proposed.     

Measurement of acoustic particle velocities in enclosed sound field: Assessment of two Laser Doppler Velocimetry measuring systems

The performances of two Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) systems adapted for measuring the acoustic particle velocities are assessed in enclosed sound field. This assessment is performed by comparing the acoustic velocities measured by means of LDV to reference acoustic velocities estimated from sound pressure measurements. The two LDV systems are based on a single optical bench which delivers an optical signal called Doppler signal. The Doppler signal, which is frequency modulated, is analyzed by means of two signal processing systems, the BSA (Burst Spectrum Analyser from Dantec) on the one hand, and a system specifically developed for the estimation of the acoustic velocity on the other hand. Once the experimental setup has been optimized for minimizing the errors made on the reference velocities, the assessment is performed and shows that both systems can measure the acoustic velocity in enclosed field in two the frequency ranges [0-4 kHz] and [0-2 kHz] respectively for acoustic velocity amplitudes of 10 mm/s and 1 mm/s.     

Method for digital measurement of phase-frequency characteristics for a fixed-length ultrasonic spectrometer

One of the most accurate methods for measuring the compressibility of liquids is resonance measurement of sound velocity in a fixed-length interferometer. This method combines high sensitivity, accuracy, and small sample volume of the test liquid. The measuring principle is to study the resonance properties of a composite resonator that contains a test liquid sample. Ealier, the phase-locked loop (PLL) scheme was used for this. In this paper, we propose an alternative measurement scheme based on digital analysis of harmonic signals, describe the implementation of this scheme using commercially available data acquisition modules, and give examples of test measurements with accuracy evaluations of the results.     

Inducing chaos by resonant perturbations: theory and experiment

We propose a scheme to induce chaos in nonlinear oscillators that either are by themselves incapable of exhibiting chaos or are far away from parameter regions of chaotic behaviors. Our idea is to make use of small, judiciously chosen perturbations in the form of weak periodic signals with time-varying frequency and phase, and to drive the system into a hierarchy of nonlinear resonant states and eventually into chaos. We demonstrate this method by using numerical examples and a laboratory experiment with a Duffing type of electronic circuit driven by a phase-locked loop. The phase-locked loop can track the instantaneous frequency and phase of the Duffing circuit and deliver resonant perturbations to generate robust chaos.     

Fourier synthesis of 1.8-THz optical-pulse trains by phase locking of three independent semiconductor lasers

Fourier synthesis of ultrafast optical-pulse trains was demonstrated based on optical phase locking of three independent continuous-wave semiconductor lasers. Pulse repetition frequencies as high as 1.81 THz were limited by the gain bandwidth of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier. The waveforms of the pulse trains were maintained over a long period by use of an auxiliary optical phase-locked loop. The repetition frequency could be tuned continuously over a range of 100 MHz.     

Optical phase locking of two extended-cavity diode lasers with ultra-low phase noise for atom interferometry

We present a phase coherent laser system with ultra-low phase noise with a frequency difference of 6.9 GHz. The laser system consists of two extended-cavity diode lasers that are optically phase-locked with electrical feedback to the injection current of a slave laser. The bandwidth of the optical phase-locking loop is extended up to 8 MHz. We achieve the residual phase noise of two phase-locked lasers of below ?120 dBrad²/Hz in the offset frequency range of 100 Hz–350 kHz and a flat phase noise of ?127 dBrad²/Hz from 700 Hz to 20 kHz. These results are, to the best of our knowledge, the lowest phase noise level ever reported with two extended-cavity diode lasers.     

Detection of chemical damage in concrete using ultrasound

This research deals with a non-destructive method for characterizing the degraded cover of concrete structures using high-frequency ultrasound (0.5-1 MHz). Although such a frequency range is unusual in civil engineering, it is well suited to the kind of defect to be detected, as it corresponds to a thin near-to-surface layer with increased porosity and density of microcracks. In order to assess the feasibility of detecting concrete cover degradation, velocity and attenuation measurements were made on both halves of a concrete slab. One half was immersed into an acid solution for 15-45 days, while the other half remained sound. These measurements were made for longitudinal, transverse and surface waves. The results obtained show a 23% decrease of ultrasonic pulse velocity and a 1000% increase of attenuation in the degraded material relative to the sound material. It is thus possible to detect and characterize concrete cover degradation using high-frequency ultrasound. Although attenuation measurements in heterogeneous media are difficult, their sensitivity to degradation is very high.     

Sound velocity determination in gel-based emulsions

Sound velocity is a main parameter in non destructive characterization, closely related to the elastic properties and to the microstructure of heterogeneous materials.The accurate determination of the sound velocity using pulse-echo technique relies on the ability to reduce pulse distortion and to measure specimen dimensions with a high precision. In the field of bio-mimetic materials and biological tissues, the nature of the specimen makes this last requirement highly difficult or inappropriate.The present work, using a through-transmission configuration, allows, in a stress free environment, to access the sound velocity in soft, low acoustic contrast materials without requiring the specimen dimensions. The specimen sound velocity is obtained from the echo time-of-flights through a Z-scan process providing the absolute medium sound velocity as reference.The technique uses an excitation burst at a frequency below the transducer resonance to ensure a significantly reduction in pulse distortions and improve signal-to-noise ratio. The accurate determination of the echo time-of-flight relies on a highly efficient cross-correlation/Hilbert transform signal processing.The method has been applied to gel-based emulsions of different microstructures considered as biomimetic phantoms, as well as to their constituents: pure gelatin and vegetable oil.     

Negative dispersion in bone: the role of interference in measurements of the apparent phase velocity of two temporally overlapping signals

In this study the attenuation coefficient and dispersion (frequency dependence of phase velocity) are measured using a phase sensitive (piezoelectric) receiver in a phantom in which two temporally overlapping signals are detected, analogous to the fast and slow waves typically found in measurements of cancellous bone. The phantom consisted of a flat and parallel Plexiglas plate into which a step discontinuity was milled. The phase velocity and attenuation coefficient of the plate were measured using both broadband and narrowband data and were calculated using standard magnitude and phase spectroscopy techniques. The observed frequency dependence of the phase velocity and attenuation coefficient exhibit significant changes in their frequency dependences as the interrogating ultrasonic field is translated across the step discontinuity of the plate. Negative dispersion is observed at specific spatial locations of the plate at which the attenuation coefficient rises linearly with frequency, a behavior analogous to that of bone measurements reported in the literature. For all sites investigated, broadband and narrowband data (3-7 MHz) demonstrate excellent consistency. Evidence suggests that the interference between the two signals simultaneously reaching the phase sensitive piezoelectric receiver is responsible for this negative dispersion.