黏弹材料动力学参数的宽频测试

利用改进的波速法,对黏弹性材料连续宽频范围的动力学参数进行测试。利用有限元方法,对波速法的测试过程进行了仿真,验证了利用长短棒波速法测量宽频动力学参数的有效性。采用可控脉冲生成技术,在激振器上产生了用于宽频测试的短脉冲信号。黏弹性长短棒在上述宽带短脉冲激励下作纵向强迫振动,利用激光测振仪测量长短两棒自由端的纵向振动速度,从而可得两振动信号在连续宽频范围的幅值比和相位差,进而可根据波速法原理计算得到材料在连续宽频范围的储能模量和损耗因子。测试结果表明,该系统通过较少次数测试,可直接计算得到1~5 kHz连续宽频范围的动力学参数,测试结果与黏弹仪数据吻合。通过对幅值比和相位差进行线性最小二乘拟合,可以进一步拓展测量的频率范围。该方法准确可靠、简便快速,具有实际应用价值。     

黏弹细棒中直达波提取及其动态力学参数的宽频测试

黏弹性材料的动态力学参数可通过对材料样品中纵波测试并结合波速法计算得到。由于测试样品尺寸的限制,除了高损耗材料在高频范围外,不管是在样品端头或侧面都难以获得准确的直达波信号,导致参数测量不准确。针对这个问题,对一端固定一端自由的黏弹性细棒中的纵波传播过程进行了分析,提出了黏弹性细棒直达波提取的方法,并实现了黏弹性材料动态力学参数的宽频测试。采用宽带脉冲作为测试激励信号,利用两台激光测振仪对细棒的固定端和自由端的振动速度进行测试,计算得到细棒自由端处的直达波。然后,利用提取出的直达波信号进行波速法计算,得到了黏弹性细棒宽频范围内的储能模量和损耗因子,宽频脉冲测试结果与黏弹仪测试结果相吻合,验证了该方法的有效性。基于直达波提取的宽频测试方法不仅效率高,而且可以使波速法应用于更低的频段。      

高精度数字式相位差测量系统设计

在测量各种双口网络电路的频率特性时,需要对它们的输入与输出信号之间的相位差进行准确测量,针对采用示波器测量相位差误差较大的问题,提出一种能对信号相位差进行高精度测量的设计方案;系统采用过零鉴相和填充计数的测量原理,利用可编程逻辑器件的高速运算能力对高速脉冲计数,由单片机对工作电路进行协调控制和数据处理显示;同时设计高精度相位差可调的直接数字频率合成信号源对系统进行测试,实际测试结果显示,系统对相位差的测量精度高,最小测量精度可达0.1o,并实现宽频率范围的相位差测量。系统在实际应用中测量结果准确、稳定、可靠。     

声管中的宽带脉冲法的水声材料吸声系数测量

现有的水声管吸声系数测量的脉冲法,由于水声管高度的限制,存在低频限制。提出了基于"后置""逆滤波的宽带脉冲声测试方法,在测量获得系统的传递函数后,换能器发射宽频短脉冲信号,然后对接收到的标准反射体和待测样本的反射信号分别进行逆滤波处理,恢复未经传递系统"污染"的反射信号,计算待测样品的反射系数和吸声系数。仿真实验分析了"后置"逆滤波相对于传统"前置"逆滤波的在低频测试方面优势。对橡胶材料样品进行了实验测试,无论在低频段还是中高频段,宽带脉冲法和CW (Continuous Wave)脉冲法测试结果均吻合较好。宽带脉冲法是一种有效的测试方法,其低频测试能达到350 Hz,能有效拓展低频测试范围。      

水下材料声学性能宽频段测量方法

本文根据脉冲法和传递函数法的测试原理,建立水下声学材料吸声性能宽频段测量方法,在同一水声声管,相同状态下,对橡胶材料吸声性能进行测试分析。分析表明:常压及加压环境下,采用传递函数法和脉冲法测量材料的吸声性能,在重合频段(4 kHz～5.5 kHz)测试结果基本一致,测试偏差小于5%,从而验证了不同测量原理,测试材料水下声学性能的通用性。因此,采用传递函数法和脉冲法,可以实现水下材料声学性能宽频带测试。     

双横波声速法检测单向受压混凝土构件永存应力*

该文力求寻找一种高效准确检测混凝土构件永存应力的方法。基于声弹性理论提出了一种双横波声速法检测单向受压混凝土构件永存应力的方法,该方法通过测试受力构件第一波速和第二波速,以第一波速和第二波速的平方差为基础构建综合声学参数来检测单向受压混凝土构件永存应力。所述第一波速为声波传播方向与应力方向垂直、质点振动方向与应力方向平行的横波波速,第二波速为声波传播方向及质点振动方向均与应力方向垂直的横波波速。实验结果显示,该声学参数用于检测混凝土单向受压构件永存应力的效果与使用单一声速参数相比,对应力的敏感性有所提高,受混凝土黏滞性及材质离散性的影响更小,并且测试结果基本不受温度和湿度变化影响。     

脉冲调制射频功率测量中的标定及FFT分析方法研究

利用电压/电流探头和数字示波器实现了脉冲调制射频功率测量。电压/电流探头输出的电压、电流信号由数字示波器采集存储,电压、电流的幅值及相位差由FFT分析得到。在不同频率下,对电压、电流幅值及相位差进行标定,获得计算射频功率的标定参数。分析表明电压、电流相位差是影响标定系数的主要因素,FFT方法处理非稳态调幅电压、电流时存在问题,只有在零无功功率处才能获得可信的吸收功率。     

碳纤维复合材料内部缺陷深度的定量红外检测

利用脉冲红外热成像技术对碳纤维复合材料试件内部的模拟脱黏缺陷的深度进行测量, 研究在被测物热属性参数未知情况下,碳纤维增强塑料中缺陷深度的测量方法. 分析了平板材料在脉冲热源激励下的一维热传导模型;给出了内部缺陷深度的红外测量原理; 选用对数温度二阶微分峰值时刻作为特征时间测量缺陷深度; 考虑单点标定测量深度可能产生较大的随机误差,提出利用最小二乘法多项式拟合建立阶梯件中阶梯深度与其对应的对数温度时间二阶微分曲线峰值时间两者之间的标定关系式的方法, 选择在相对误差平方和最小情形下的拟合关系式作为脱黏缺陷深度测量的标定关系式. 实验结果表明,利用该方法测量脱黏缺陷深度的精度优于单点法标定测量结果, 实现了在被检测材料热属性参数未知的情况下仍能较准确地测量脱黏缺陷深度.     

轴向加速运动黏弹性梁受迫振动中的混沌动力学

研究了黏弹性轴向运动梁在外部激励和参数激励共同作用下横向振动的混沌非线性动力学行为. 引入有限支撑刚度, 并考虑黏弹性本构关系取物质导数, 同时计入由梁轴向加速度引起的沿径向变化的轴力, 建立轴向运动黏弹性梁横向非线性振动的偏微分-积分模型. 通过Galerkin截断方法研究了外部激励的频率和因速度简谐脉动引起的参数激励的频率在不可通约关系时轴向运动连续体的非线性动力学行为, 并对不同截断阶数的数值预测进行了对比. 基于对控制方程的Galerkin截断, 得到离散化的常微分方程组, 使用四阶Runge-Kutta方法求解. 基于此数值解, 运用非线性动力学时间序列分析方法, 通过Poincaré 映射, 观察到轴向运动梁随扰动速度幅值的倍周期分岔现象, 并比较了有无外部激励对倍周期分岔的影响. 分别在低速以及近临界高速运动状态下, 从相平面图、Poincaré 映射以及频谱分析的角度识别了系统中存在的准周期运动形态. 关键词： 轴向运动梁 非线性 混沌 分岔     

激光干涉光路偏振移相误差分析

成像光谱仪能够获得目标表面图像特征和频谱特性,提高目标识别分析能力,在军用、民用领域有广泛应用。红外焦平面阵列的等光程间隔采样特性是限制光谱仪分辨率的重要因素。激光干涉光路与成像系统同光路,为红外焦平面阵列提供采样触发信号,实现等光程差采样。通过搭建激光偏振移相干涉光路,对干涉信号幅值和相位差进行理论分析和实际验证,最终调试得到两路正交干涉信号,相位差范围为84.6°~93°,反射透射光强幅值比例小于1∶1.05。实验结果表明,干涉光路中1/8波片角度、偏振分光片角度、探测器位置等参数是影响干涉信号幅值和相位差的重要因素。     

Dissipation and dispersion properties of microinhomogeneous media

The propagation of a harmonic elastic wave in a microinhomogeneous (defect-containing) medium is considered in the framework of the rheological model that reperesents the medium in the form of a one-dimensional chain of masses connected by purely elastic elements and by Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic elements. Analytical expressions are derived for the dissipation and dispersion characteristics of this medium for various distributions of the parameters of the viscoelastic elements. The dissipation and dispersion properties are found to obey the Kramers-Kronig relations. It is also shown that the damping decrement of the wave is almost constant, and the phase velocity monotonically increases in a sufficiently wide range of parameters of the viscoelastic elements in a wide frequency band. The derived expressions for the dispersion and dissipation are used to simulate the propagation of broadband pulses in this kind of medium.     

Measurement of viscoelastic properties from the vibration of a compliantly supported beam

A laboratory method is presented by which the viscoelastic properties of compliant materials are measured over a wide frequency range. The test setup utilizes a flexible beam clamped at one end and excited by a shaker at the free end. A small specimen of a compliant material is positioned to support the beam near its midpoint. The deformation from gravity is minimized since the specimen is not loaded by an attached mass. Forced vibration responses measured at two locations along the beam are used to derive a transfer function from which the dynamic properties of compliant materials are directly determined by use of a theoretical procedure investigating the effects of specimen stiffness on the propagation of flexural waves. Sensitivity of the measured properties to experimental uncertainties is investigated. Young's moduli and associated loss factors are determined for compliant materials ranging from low-density closed-cell foams to high-density damping materials. The method is validated by comparing the measured viscoelastic properties to those from an alternative dynamic test method.     

Micro-vibration suppression of equipment supported on a floor incorporating magneto-rheological elastomer core

In this study, magneto-rheological elastomers (MREs) are adopted to construct a smart sandwich beam for micro-vibration control of equipment. The micro-vibration response of a smart sandwich beam with MRE core which supports mass-concentrated equipment under stochastic support-motion excitations is investigated to evaluate the vibration suppression capability. The dynamic behavior of MREs as a smart viscoelastic material is characterized by a complex modulus dependent on vibration frequency and controllable by external magnetic fields. A frequency-domain solution method for the stochastic micro-vibration response of the smart sandwich beam supporting mass-concentrated equipment is developed based on the Galerkin method and random vibration theory. First, the displacements of the beam are expanded as series of spatial harmonic functions and the Galerkin method is applied to convert the partial differential equations of motion into ordinary differential equations. With these equations, the frequency-response function matrix of the beam–mass system and the expression of the velocity response spectrum are then obtained, with which the root-mean-square (rms) velocity response in terms of the one-third octave frequency band can be calculated. Finally, the optimization problem of the complex modulus of the MRE core is defined by minimizing the velocity response spectrum and the rms velocity response of the sandwich beam, through altering the applied magnetic fields. Numerical results are given to illustrate the influence of MRE parameters on the rms velocity response and the response reduction capacity of the smart sandwich beam. The proposed method is also applicable to response analysis of a sandwich beam with arbitrary core characterized by a complex shear modulus and subject to arbitrary stochastic excitations described by a power spectral density function, and is valid for a wide frequency range.     

Vibrations of three layered damped sandwich plate composites

Theoretical and experimental results are presented and discussed for the transverse driving point mechanical impedances, as well as for the transfer impedances, of damped composite plates made up of a thin viscoelastic layer sandwiched between two elastic layers. Analytical results are determined by finite element approximations. Due to the elements used and the system to be modeled, several fundamental assumptions or restrictions usually adopted in analytical investigations are removed. The dependence on frequency and temperature of the dynamic properties of the viscoelastic materials is taken into consideration. A companion experiment was conducted, for comparison purposes, on such damped composite plates suspended in air by lightweight elastic shock cords and driven at the center by an electromechanical vibration shaker. Good correlations between the test data and analytical solutions are obtained over a wide frequency range for two configurations.     

Hypersonic relaxation in amorphous polymers

In order to more fully understand the viscoelastic properties of amorphous polymers, it is desireable to have dynamic mechanical data over as wide a range in frequency as possible. One useful technique for studying the high-frequency behavior of polymers is to measure the velocity and attenuation of sound waves in the polymer fluid. When the frequency exceeds 109Hz. the sound waves are called hypersonic acoustic phonons. The present review examines the dynamic data obtained in the GHz frequency range for amorphous polymers.     

晶体压杆式压力传感器的动力传输性质

一般晶体压杆传感器的测时间隔均受压杆长度的限制。为此,我们研究了压杆的动力学性质。结果表明,要获得正确的压力波形,应设法减弱存在于压杆顶端部的径向振动和压杆尾端反射波对入射压力脉冲的干扰。本文提出波速色散压杆的设计,从而使传感器的性能改善,其最大优点在于测时间隔不受杆长的限制。     

Ultrasonic slow waves in air-saturated cancellous bone

This paper describes preliminary observations of ultrasonic wave propagation in air-saturated defatted cancellous bone from the human vertebra. Using a broadband pulse transmission system, attenuation and phase velocity were measured over a wide frequency range (100 kHz-1 MHz). The observed behaviour was consistent with that expected for the decoupled slow wave predicted by Biot's theory. Velocity was lower than that of free air, and there was marked frequency-dependent attenuation and velocity dispersion. The tortuosity (alpha) of the trabecular microstructure was estimated from the high frequency limit of the dispersion curve, with a mean value of alpha = 1.040 +/- 0.004 obtained in five specimens. Ultrasonic measurements in air represent a valuable new approach, capable of yielding parameters that directly characterise bone structure. Furthermore, they may give useful insights into wave propagation in bone in vivo, where the trabecular framework is saturated with marrow fat rather than air.     

INSTABILITY OF A BOGIE MOVING ON A FLEXIBLY SUPPORTED TIMOSHENKO BEAM

The stability of vibration of a bogie uniformly moving along a Timoshenko beam on a viscoelastic foundation has been studied. The bogie has been modelled by a rigid bar of a finite length on two identical supports. Each support consists of a spring and a dashpot connected in parallel. The upper ends of the supports are attached to the bar, whilst the lower ends are mounted onto concentrated masses through which the supports interact with the beam. It is assumed that the masses and the beam are always in contact. It is shown that when the velocity of the bogie exceeds the minimum phase velocity of waves in the beam, the vibration of the system may become unstable. The instability region is found in the space of the system parameters with the help of the D-decomposition method and the principle of the argument. An extended analysis of the effect of the bogie parameters on the model stability has been carried out.     

冲击动力学研究中实测波信息的解读分析

分析了多点测量技术在解读和分析实测冲击波信息时的重要性和难点,提出了将Lagrange多点测量反分析与Hopkinson压杆技术相结合的新方法,解决了在同一个Lagrange位置上难以同时测量应力和质点速度波形的难题,对试样上不同Lagrange位置处实测质点速度波形进行了解读分析,由n个实测质点速度波形信息得到了各Lagrange位置处的动态应力-应变关系。以有机玻璃和水泥砂浆两种粘弹性试样为例,进行了数值计算,验证了该方法的可行性和有效性。