球形破片侵彻多层板弹道极限的量纲分析

为了研究Q235钢多层板的抗侵彻性能,进行了直径为9.45 mm的钨合金球形破片侵彻7.2 mm和(3.6+3.6)mm厚Q235钢双层板试验,获得了相应的弹道极限。在此基础上,建立数值仿真模型,研究了钨合金球侵彻接触式等厚3层、4层、5层、6层板的弹道极限。通过量纲分析方法,分析了分层数对靶板弹道极限的影响。结果表明:对于球形破片,总厚度为7.2 mm的等厚双层板的抗侵彻性能高于单层板;当分层数大于2时,接触式多层等厚靶板的弹道极限随着层数的增加而减小,即分层数越多,靶板的抗侵彻性能越低,通过量纲分析方法得到了靶板分层数与破片弹道极限的关系。研究结果可为未来装甲防护设计提供一定的参考。     

一种长杆弹超高速贯穿陶瓷/金属复合靶板的简化模型

基于合理简化假设建立快捷实用的工程分析模型是研究复合靶板抗弹体冲击能力的重要方法。已有弹体冲击陶瓷/金属复合靶板理论模型的形式及计算过程复杂,并且缺少弹体超高速(弹体初速大于1 500m/s)贯穿复合靶板的实验验证。综合考虑弹体侵彻破碎陶瓷锥体过程中破碎陶瓷强度的下降、弹体初速对破碎陶瓷锥半锥角取值的影响,以及金属背板挠曲变形对弹体侵彻破碎陶瓷锥的影响,基于半流体动力学Alekseevskii-Tate(A-T)模型建立了预测弹体超高速贯穿陶瓷/金属复合靶板残余速度的简化分析模型。通过与实验数据以及基于LS-DYNA有限元分析软件开展的钨合金长杆弹(初速1 800~2 600m/s)贯穿Al_2O_3陶瓷/RHA钢复合靶板数值模拟结果对比,验证了简化分析模型、数值模型及其相应参数的正确性和适用性。进一步基于简化模型,在总厚度或总面密度一定的条件下,讨论了4种陶瓷面板(Al_2O_3、AlN、SiC、B4C)和两种金属背板(RHA钢、铝)复合靶板的弹道性能。     

射流侵彻陶瓷/橡胶/钢复合靶的数值仿真与实验研究

运用LS-DYNA动力学分析软件,对具有不同橡胶夹层厚度的陶瓷/橡胶/钢复合靶在30°和60°倾角下的射流侵彻情况进行了数值模拟。采用聚能装药基准弹,进行了剩余穿深实验,研究了射流侵彻陶瓷/橡胶/钢复合靶后射流速度、靶板变形和剩余穿深,分析了倾角和橡胶夹层厚度对复合靶抗射流侵彻性能的影响机理。结果表明:射流侵彻陶瓷/橡胶/钢复合靶的性能受倾角的影响很大,尤其是在大倾角下影响更为显著;橡胶夹层对射流侵彻性能有一定的影响,但其厚度的变化对射流侵彻性能的影响很小。     

聚脲涂层复合结构抗侵彻机理实验研究

为研究聚脲涂层复合靶板的抗侵彻性能,利用球形弹丸开展了相近面密度下的钢质靶板与喷涂聚脲涂层复合结构的弹道冲击实验,得到了钢靶与采用不同涂覆方式制备的聚脲涂层复合结构的抗侵彻性能,分析了失效模式和吸能机理。结果表明:冲击过程中,前聚脲涂层能有效缓冲弹体与钢靶之间的撞击载荷,使钢靶产生预变形,降低弹体的相对侵彻速度,延缓钢靶绝热剪切破坏的发生,提高复合结构的弹道极限;后聚脲涂层可与钢靶协调变形,形成冲塞质量块吸能,吸收弹体动能,在弹速较高时有较好的吸能能力。     

约束对陶瓷/钢复合靶板抗侵彻性能的影响

为探究施加约束对陶瓷破碎位移规律和陶瓷复合装甲抗侵彻性能的影响，采用光滑粒子流体动力学-有限元法（SPH-FEM）对柱状弹侵彻陶瓷/钢复合靶板进行了数值模拟，根据陶瓷复合装甲的破坏响应特性和弹体运动、受力变化，对侵彻过程进行了阶段划分，并在此基础上分析了自约束、侧向约束、面板约束3种约束方式对陶瓷破碎位移的影响，并对靶板防护性能进行了改进。结果表明：通过施加约束限制陶瓷锥的位移是充分发挥陶瓷复合装甲防护能力的关键，施加3种约束方式均能够减小破碎陶瓷的横向位移或纵向位移，从而在一定范围内有效提升陶瓷复合靶板的抗侵彻能力。     

碳化硼陶瓷复合靶板抗侵彻性能实验研究

为研究碳化硼陶瓷的抗侵彻性能,开展了?12.7 mm钢球侵彻碳化硼陶瓷及复合靶板、12.7 mm长杆弹侵彻超高分子量聚乙烯纤维(UHMWPE)约束碳化硼陶瓷复合靶板实验,讨论了碳化硼陶瓷的破坏模式,研究了约束方式对碳化硼陶瓷抗侵彻性能的影响。结果表明:在钛合金/UHMWPE背板约束作用下,弹丸与陶瓷的相互作用时间更长,产生更细的陶瓷粉末,大尺寸碎片含量减少,吸收的能量更多,陶瓷的抗侵彻性能进一步提高;背板在弹体和陶瓷锥的共同冲击下,造成钛合金的花瓣形卷边破坏,UHMWPE层合板伴随着较大范围的层间分层,形成"X"形隆起现象;采用纤维约束陶瓷,使碳化硼陶瓷板在子弹侵彻时能够保持完整,增强了对弹体的磨蚀作用,提高了抗弹性能,具有一定的抗多次打击能力。通过分析碳化硼陶瓷复合装甲的抗侵彻机理,为今后复合装甲的优化设计提供了参考依据。     

大孔径双向聚能射孔弹的研究

 设计了一种双锥药型罩与双向装药结构相结合的聚能射孔弹模型,通过数值模拟方法研究其射流成型机理,并计算其射流参数。结果显示：双锥药型罩的小锥角部分形成聚能射流,大锥角部分形成翻转弹丸,射流头部和弹丸的速度分别为6 250 m/s和1 620.9 m/s,弹丸长度和平均直径分别为26.1 mm和8.6 mm。结合数值模拟结果,对射流侵彻公式进行了修正,并利用修正公式预测该射孔弹侵彻钢靶的深度,计算结果为69.6 mm。最后,按照该模型进行侵彻实验,实验回收弹丸的长度和平均直径分别为28.1 mm和8.8 mm,侵彻钢靶的深度和孔径分别为70 mm和17 mm。实验表明：数值模拟与理论计算方法相结合是可行的,能够有效地计算射孔弹的射流参数并预测其侵彻深度;该射孔弹侵彻性能优越。     

弹头形状对刚性动能弹丸垂直穿透钢板的影响

为了研究弹头形状对穿甲性能的影响,对直径20mm的刚性动能弹丸垂直穿透12mm厚度的Weldox 460E钢板进行了数值模拟。保持弹丸的质量和直径不变,锥头弹丸的锥角θ变化范围为10°~180°,卵头弹丸的曲径比ψ变化范围为0.5~4.0,考虑摩擦效应,研究了177~500m/s速度范围内弹头形状的变化对靶板弹道性能与破坏模式的影响。研究结果表明:锥头弹丸的锥角变化对靶板的弹道极限速度有明显影响,当锥角增加到大于临界锥角时,靶板的破坏模式从延性扩孔破坏转变为冲塞破坏;ψ≥3.0时,卵头弹丸的曲径比变化对靶板的弹道极限速度有明显影响,ψ≥1.0时,靶板的破坏模式均为延性扩孔破坏;弹头的尖锐程度越大,摩擦效应的影响越大。     

破片模拟弹侵彻船用钢靶板的计算模型

为研究破片模拟弹侵彻钢板的过程,将模拟弹冲击钢装甲的侵彻过程分为初始接触、弹体侵入、剪切冲塞和穿甲破坏4个阶段进行理论分析。当靶板剩余厚度的剪切冲塞抗力小于延性扩孔抗力时,靶板的破坏模式完全转变为剪切冲塞;剪切塞块速度与剩余弹体速度相同时,推导出破片模拟弹侵彻钢靶板的能量转化及剩余速度公式,与实验及有限元分析结果吻合较好。研究结果对于破片侵彻钢靶板威力设计具有一定实用价值。     

不同形状DU合金破片侵彻性能研究北大核心CSCD

为研究不同形状贫铀(Depleted Uranium,DU)合金破片的侵彻性能,首先进行了终点弹道实验,得到了圆柱形DU破片侵彻20 mm厚Q235B钢靶的终点弹道相关参数.然后通过AUTODYN软件进行了相应终点弹道仿真模拟,结果表明,仿真与实验结果基本一致,验证了仿真结果的正确性.随后又在原仿真的基础上增加了圆柱形、立方形和球形破片以不同着靶姿态侵彻靶板的数值仿真.结果表明,在相同质量和相同初速的条件下,棱角着靶姿态的立方体、楞线着靶姿态的立方体和球形破片的侵彻能力依次减弱,圆柱形和平行着靶姿态的立方形破片侵彻能力最差.若均以垂直姿态着靶,圆柱形破片侵彻能力要强于立方体,以棱角或楞线着靶姿态着靶的立方体具有更强的侵彻能力.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.