Power test of the separated function RFQ accelerator

The progress of the Separated Function RFQ (SFRFQ) accelerator, which can raise the field gradient of acceleration while maintaining the transverse focusing power sufficient for high current beam, is presented. In order to demonstrate the feasibilities of the novel accelerator, a prototype cavity was designed and constructed. Correspondingly, a code SFRFQCODEV1.0 was developed specially for cavity design and beam dynamics simulation. The prototype cavity will be verified as a post-accelerator for ISR RFQ-1000 (Integral Split Ring RFQ) and accelerate O+ from 1 MeV to 1.6 MeV. To inject a higher current oxygen beam for the prototype cavity, the beam current of ISR RFQ-1000 was upgraded to 2 mA. The status of high power and beam test preparation for the prototype cavity are presented in this paper.     

Design study of a radio-frequency quadrupole for high-intensity beams

The Rare isotope Accelerator Of Newness(RAON) heavy-ion accelerator has been designed for the Rare Isotope Science Project(RISP) in Korea. The RAON will produce heavy-ion beams from 660-MeV-proton to200-MeV/u-uranium with continuous wave(CW) power of 400 k W to support research in various scientific fields.Its system consists of an ECR ion source, LEBTs with 10 ke V/u, CW RFQ accelerator with 81.25 MHz and 500 ke V/u, a MEBT system, and a SC linac. In detail, the driver linac system consists of a Quarter Wave Resonator(QWR) section with 81.25 MHz and a Half Wave Resonator(HWR) section with 162.5 MHz, Linac-1, and a Spoke Cavity section with 325 MHz, Linac-2. These linacs have been designed to optimize the beam parameters to meet the required design goals. At the same time, a light-heavy ion accelerator with high-intensity beam, such as proton,deuteron, and helium beams, is required for experiments. In this paper, we present the design study of the high intensity RFQ for a deuteron beam with energies from 30 ke V/u to 1.5 MeV/u and currents in the m A range. This system is composed of an Penning Ionization Gauge ion source, short LEBT with a RF deflector, and shared SC Linac. In order to increase acceleration efficiency in a short length with low cost, the 2nd harmonic of 162.5 MHz is applied as the operation frequency in the D~+RFQ design. The D~+RFQ is designed with 4.97 m, 1.52 bravery factor. Since it operates with 2nd harmonic frequency, the beam should be 50% of the duty factor while the cavity should be operated in CW mode, to protect the downstream linac system. We focus on avoiding emittance growth by the space-charge effect and optimizing the RFQ to achieve a high transmission and low emittance growth. Both the RFQ beam dynamics study and RFQ cavity design study for two and three dimensions will be discussed.     

SSC直线注入器RFQ腔体多物理场分析

SSC-LINAC是为兰州重离子研究装置（HIRFL）设计的直线注入器,它将U34+离子加速到1 MeV/u注入到分离扇回旋加速器（SSC）中,为冷却储存环（CSR）提供10 MeV/u的U34+。该注入器可以将SSC引出的重离子流强提高一个量级以上。SSC-LINAC由一个RFQ（Radio Frequency Quadrupole）加速器和4个DTL（drift tube linac）组成,设计频率为53.667 MHz。RFQ工作在连续波模式,设计功率30 kW,如果不能有效地冷却,高频电流在电极表面产生的热量会使RFQ的腔壁和电极发生形变,从而导致腔体频率的漂移以及加速和聚焦电场的改变。因此,为了保证连续波工作的RFQ加速器稳定运行,对水冷模式和通道设计提出了很高的要求。作者用有限元软件ANSYS对RFQ进行高频电磁场、温度场、结构应力的耦合分析,验证了冷却方案设计的可行性和可靠性。Heavy Ion Research Facility at Lanzhou(HIRFL) consists of SFC, SSC, CSRm and CSRe. A new linac injector, which will increase U34+ to 1 MeV/u, is designed for SSC to increase the beam intensity to ten times higher. The new injector, whose frequency is 53.667 MHz, is composed by a RFQ (Radio Frequency Quadrupole) cavity and four DTL(Drift Tube Linac) cavities. The RFQ cavity, whose RF power is 30 kW, is operated at CW(continuous wave) mode. The heat produced by HF (high frequency) electromagnetic will cause deformation of RFQ structure, lead to the resonant frequency shift, and reduce the focusing efficiency of the cavity. An efficient cooling system is necessary to ensure that the RFQ cavity can stably be operated at the nominal frequency. A detailed multi-physics field coupling analysis of RFQ has been finished with 3D finite elements software ANSYS. The result of the analysis shows that the water cooling system can cool the RFQ cavity fully and keep the frequency drift be in a acceptable level.     

Preliminary design studies of a 100 MeV H−/H+ LINAC as injector for SNS synchrotron/ADS LINAC

It is proposed to construct a spallation neutron source (SNS) at Centre for Advanced Technology (CAT) based on a 1 GeV proton synchrotron with 100 MeV H⁻ LINAC as injector. Additionally, the LINAC can form the first 100 MeV part of a 1 GeV proton LINAC to be built in future for accelerator driven system (ADS) applications. We are exploring a configuration of the 100 MeV LINAC which will consist of an H⁻ ion source, a 4–6 MeV RFQ followed either by a 20 MeV drift tube LINAC (DTL) and 100 MeV separated function drift tube LINAC (SDTL) or a coupled cavity drift tube LINAC (CCDTL) structure. In this paper, we present the results of our preliminary physics design studies of the RFQ-SDTL, RFQ-CCDTL and RFQ-DTL-SDTL configurations. The design of the 4.5 MeV RFQ is discussed along with the matching sections between the RFQ-SDTL/DTL and RFQ-CCDTL. The choice of the accelerator configuration and that of various parameters of the individual accelerator structures under consideration are discussed. The design objectives are to arrive at a configuration which eases heat removal for CW operation and which is less prone to halo formation in order to reduce the beam loss at higher energies.     

Progress in the beam commissioning of separated function RFQ accelerator

Separated Function RFQ (SFRFQ) was proposed as a post accelerator of RFQ to accelerate heavy ions at low frequency. It introduces gap accelerating in the quadrupole electrodes, and therefore it has higher accelerating efficiency than the conventional RFQ accelerator. The first SFRFQ prototype cavity has been specially designed and constructed as a post accelerator to accelerate O+ beam from 1.03 MeV to 1.64 MeV. Based on accomplishment of low power measurement and high power test, the beam commissioning was carried out to verify its feasibility. The measured energy gain per cell of SFRFQ is 45 keV, which is about 60% higher than that of Peking University Integral Split Ring (ISR) RFQ.     

CIAE重离子加速器物理研究平台

中国原子能科学研究院正在规划中的重离子加速器物理研究平台的基本方案是在 现有的HI-13串列加速器的后端新建一台能量增益为18MeV/q的重离子超导直线加速器.超导直线加速器包括: 36个铜铌溅射型四分之一波长(QWR)谐振腔; 9个恒温柜, 及一系列等时性消色散束流传输系统. 同时配套建设一条与现有的HI-13串列加速器相并列的重离子四杆型射频四极加速器——RFQ和交叉手指型漂移管直线加速器IH-DTL接受来自ISOL的正离子束,然后直接注入到超导直线加速器.     

BNCT中子源用RFQ加速器

 分析了加速器作为硼中子俘获治疗(BNCT)中子源的优势，提出以射频四极场（RFQ）加速器作为BNCT用中子源的首选机型。对该RFQ的参数进行了选择，利用质子轰击锂靶近阈反应产生的前冲中子束能散低、散角小的优势，设定RFQ最终能量为1.9 MeV。采用“匹配均温”设计方法进行了此强流质子RFQ的束流动力学设计，并对设计方案进行了传输模拟，在入口归一化均方根发射度为0.25 mm·mrad、流强为100 mA时，束流传输效率为99.3％。选择合适厚度的锂靶，经过整形即可得到满足BNCT治疗需要的中子束。     

Studies on RFQ accelerators and its applications

Development activities of Radio Frequency Quadrupole （RFQ） accelerators in China are presented. A 1 MeV O＋ RFQ and a 3.5 MeV ADS proton RFQ have been constructed. A novel separated function RFQ is under beam test, a 2 MeV D＋ RFQ is under construction and a CSNS RFQ is going to be constructed. The RFQ dynamics and the simultaneous dual beam acceleration with positive and negative ions were investigated and related codes were developed. The applications of RFQ will be further promoted in China.     

973 RFQ 水冷调谐系统(英文)

由于束流的传输效率对射频四极场加速器(RFQ) 中射频场的分布极其敏感,所以在RFQ 的运行过程中不再采用传统的调谐器调谐RFQ。水冷调谐的方法基本上不影响RFQ 射频场的分布,所以适用于RFQ 的调谐。中国科学院高能物理研究所为C-ADS、CSNS 预研RFQ 项目开发建造了一套水冷调谐系统,使用RF 相位差作为控制量进行RFQ 水冷调谐,相位差的控制精度达到了1°运行结果显示该系统满足了RFQ 的调谐需求。介绍了该系统的水冷系统、调谐控制系统和一些运行经验。Since the beam transmission of a Radio Frequency Quadrupole(RFQ) Accelerator is very sensitive to the field profile, the ordinary frequency tuning method by the local movable tuner is no more adopted in an RFQ operation. The tuning method by controlling cooling water temperature is widely adopted to tune the RFQ due to the less affect on the RFQ field profile. A Resonance Control Cooling System (RCCS) is developed and commissioned for the 973 RFQ,which is a R&D project for C-ADS and CSNS RFQ at IHEP. This system adopts the RF phase difference as control variable to tune the RFQ. The control accuracy of the RF phase difference is about 1°. The running of the 973 RFQ shows that the RCCS works very well and fully satisfies the operation requirement of the RFQ. In this paper, the water skid, resonance control system of the RCCS and the operation experiences will be presented.     

The radio-frequency design of an iris-type coupler for the CPHS radio-frequency quadrupole

The Compact Pulsed Hadron Source (CPHS) project is a university-based proton accelerator platform (13 MeV, 16 kW, 50 mA peak current, 0.5 ms pulse width at 50 Hz) for multi-disciplinary neutron and proton applications. The CPHS linac consists of a 3 MeV radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) linac and a 13 MeV drift tube linac (DTL). Both the RFQ and DTL share a 325 MHz, 2.1 MW klystron source. A single iris-type radio-frequency (RF) coupler is used to feed 537 kW of RF power to the RFQ cavity. Three-dimensional electromagnetic models of the ridge-loaded tapered waveguide (RLWG) and the coupler-cavity system are presented, and the design process and results of the RLWG and iris plate are described in detail.     

分段共振耦合RFQ场调谐方法研究

强流质子加速器需要采用分段共振耦合RFQ作为其低能加速结构,为减少束流损失,RFQ加速器必须达到所要求的场分布.针对共振耦合结构的特殊性,在RFQ传输线模型的理论基础上,在一台RFQ冷模型上进行了场调谐的实验研究,获得了满意的实验结果.同时,也验证了作者用LabVIEW编写的RFQ场调谐程序的正确性.     

医用质子加速器注入器714MHz RFQ的设计研究

结合近几年来RFQ研究的进展,探讨了进一步提高RFQ工作频率上限的可能性.通过讨论得出了一台714MHz—0.8MeV RFQ的设计参数.动力学模拟计算表明,对医用弱流加速器,RFQ在714MHz频率仍能保持传输效率高,发射度增长小等优良性能.     

APTR质子同步加速器RFQ直线注入器的优化设计

为实现质子治疗装置的国产化和小型化,基于已完成安装调试的上海先进质子治疗装置(APTR),开展质子治疗注入器系统的升级设计研究,利用PARMTEQM设计软件和快聚束策略,针对APTR同步加速器RFQ直线注入器进行动力学设计模拟。RFQ工作频率为325 MHz,流强18 mA,对从离子源引出的低能质子束流进行匹配俘获、横向聚焦、纵向聚束和预加速,引出能量为3.0 MeV。通过优化预注入器RFQ动力学设计方案和极头参数,有效避免参数共振,减小束流损失,使其整体传输效率达到98.0%,在水平和垂直方向上的发射度增长分别为1.2%和3.3%,出口束流满足下一级腔体的注入需求,开展设计模拟验证和相关冗余度分析,为质子同步加速器的治疗设备和直线注入系统提供参照依据。     

A Particle-in-cell scheme of the RFQ in the SSC-Linac

A 52 MHz Radio Frequency Quadrupole(RFQ)linear accelerator(linac)is designed to serve as an initial structure for the SSC-Linac system(injector into Separated Sector Cyclotron).The designed injection and output energy are 3.5 keV/u and 143 keV/u,respectively.The beam dynamics in this RFQ have been studied using a three-dimensional Particle-In-Cell(PIC)code BEAMPATH.Simulation results show that this RFQ structure is characterized by stable values of beam transmission efficiency(at least 95%)for both zerocurrent mode and the space charge dominated regime.The beam accelerated in the RFQ has good quality in both transverse and longitudinal directions,and could easily be accepted by Drift Tube Linac(DTL).The effect of the vane error and that of the space charge on the beam parameters have been studied as well to define the engineering tolerance for RFQ vane machining and alignment.     

RFQ加速器中二极模稳定杆作用机理的研究

RFQ加速器中的二极模场给束流施加一个偏转力,导致束流损失在机器上.因此,必须采取降低二极模场的措施.人们提出采用二极模稳定杆使二极模频率远离四极工作模.在一台RFQ冷模上开展的实验研究中,发现了一些与二极模稳定杆作用机理相关的新现象,本文报告这些实验结果,并对其进行分析解释.根据这些结果,提出,利用非对称性地插入二极模稳定杆,可以降低非对称RFQ腔体中的二极模场分量.     

Study on shunt impedance and voltage distribution of 4-rod RFQ cavity

A high current RFQ （radio frequency quadrupole） is being studied at the Institute of Modern Physics, CAS for the direct plasma injection scheme. Shunt impedance is an important parameter when designing a ＆rod RFQ cavity, it reflects the RF efficiency of the cavity, and has a direct influence on the cost of the structure. Voltage distribution of a RFQ cavity has an effect on beam transmission, and particles would be lost if the actual voltage distribution is not as what it should be. The influence of cell length, stem thickness and height on shunt impedance and voltage distribution have been studied, in particular the effect of projecting electrodes has been investigated in detail.     

Power test of the separated function RFQ accelerator

The progress of the Separated Function RFQ (SFRFQ) accelerator, which can raise the field gradient of acceleration while maintaining the transverse focusing power sufficient for high current beam, is presented. In order to demonstrate the feasibilities of the novel accelerator, a prototype cavity was designed and constructed. Correspondingly, a code SFRFQCODEV1.0 was developed specially for cavity design and beam dynamics simulation. The prototype cavity will be verified as a post-accelerator for ISR RFQ-1000 (Integral Split Ring RFQ) and     

Study on shunt impedance and voltage distribution of 4-rod RFQ cavity

A high current RFQ (radio frequency quadrupole) is being studied at the Institute of Modern Physics,CAS for the direct plasma injection scheme. Shunt impedance is an important parameter when designing a 4-rod RFQ cavity,it reflects the RF efficiency of the cavity,and has a direct influence on the cost of the structure.Voltage distribution of a RFQ cavity has an effect on beam transmission,and particles would be lost if the actual voltage distribution is not as what it should be.The influence of cell length,stem thickness and height on shunt impedance and voltage distribution have been studied,in particular the effect of projecting electrodes has been investigated in detail.     

强流RFQ加速器的匹配设计方法研究

模拟计算和束流实验证明不匹配是直线加速器中强流束产生束晕的直接原因. 束晕的产生将导致束流品质下降和束流丢失, 也使得不匹配成为引起束流丢失的主要原因. 为了提高强流RFQ加速器中束流的传输品质和提高传输效率, 在分析了RFQ加速器中束流不匹配的原因之后, 提出了基于常规四部曲方法的匹配动力学设计方法. 该设计方法可以有效地抑制发射度增长和提高束流的传输效率.