基于模糊C均值聚类的天文光谱特征线软离散化

连续数值属性离散化是天文光谱数据预处理中的主要研究内容之一。针对天文光谱特征线,提出了一种基于改进模糊C均值聚类的天文光谱特征线软离散化算法。该算法首先利用样本的密度值选取特征线的候选初始模糊聚类中心,有效地克服了对噪声数据敏感的缺陷;其次采用决策表中的相容性作为评判标准,动态的调节聚类参数,以达到优化的光谱特征线离散化效果;最后采用晚型星、类星体、高红移类星体SDSS天文光谱特征线数据集。实验验证了该算法具有较高的识别率,为天文光谱特征线数据预处理提供了一种新途径。     

基于稀疏子空间的类星体光谱异常特征并行提取与分析

类星体是人类所观测到的最遥远天体,对于了解早期宇宙的演化具有重要科学意义。由于类星体距离地球较远,其红移一般较大,导致在光学观测窗口中只有很少的特征（发射线）,且难以识别。类星体光谱的异常特征提取与分析可对未知类星体的识别,提供有效的判别依据。离群检测作为数据挖掘领域的一个主要研究内容,旨在发现那些稀有、特殊数据对象及异常特征,可作为从海量类星体光谱数据中,发现特殊、未知类星体的一种有效途径和手段。Spark作为新一代大数据分布式处理框架,可为海量天体光谱的有效分析和处理,提供一个高效且可靠的并行编程平台。本文充分利用集群系统和Spark编程模型的强大数据处理能力,提出一种基于稀疏子空间的类星体光谱异常特征并行提取与分析方法,其工作由三个模块组成,即类星体光谱特征约减、类星体光谱的稀疏子空间构造和搜索、类星体光谱异常特征提取并行算法设计与分析。类星体光谱特征约减模块,通过属性相关性分析来识别呈现聚类结构的类星体光谱特征线,这些特征线通常会聚集在稠密区域且对类星体光谱异常特征检测毫无意义。光谱特征约减旨在运行异常特征检测算法之前剪枝类星体光谱的冗余特征线,缩小光谱数据检测范围。类星体光谱的稀疏子空间构造和搜索模块,通过设定的稀疏系数阈值来测量类星体光谱的子空间密度,并采用粒子群优化方法作为稀疏子空间的搜索策略,从而快速、高效地获取类星体的异常特征。在第三个模块中,提出了一种MapReduce框架下的类星体光谱异常数据并行检测算法,该算法由并行化数据约减策略、稀疏子空间并行搜索技术两个MapReduce构成,达到适应海量光谱数据的处理目标。最后对检测出的部分类星体异常特征进行了理论分析、测量及人眼证认,充分说明稀疏子空间可为识别特殊、未知类星体候选源,提供有效支持和有力证据。     

基于约束FP树的天体光谱数据相关性分析系统研究

从海量天体光谱数据中挖掘光谱数据特征和物理化学性质之间内在的、隐含的相关性,是人类探索天文规律的一种有效方法。利用基于约束FP树的关联规则挖掘方法作为天体光谱数据相关性分析手段,采用VC++和Oracle9i作为开发工具,设计与实现了天体光谱数据相关性分析系统,给出了其系统的软件体系结构和模块功能,并对光谱数据预处理、背景知识表示、CFP树构造、频繁模式提取及关联规则生成等关键技术以及关键模块的实现技术,进行了详细描述。系统运行结果表明,利用关联规则来描述、分析天体光谱数据特征和物理化学性质之间存在的相关性,是可行的和有价值的,从而为寻找天体规律提供了一种有效手段。     

一种晚型天体光谱离群数据挖掘系统

探索海量的M型恒星中具有磁活动、巨星等较特殊、稀有的天体,对于后续观测、银河系结构、演化等科学研究具有重要的意义,针对M型恒星光谱特征线出现在子空间中的局部偏离,设计并实现了晚型恒星离群数据挖掘系统。首先采用稀疏因子和稀疏度系数度量样本在属性空间上的分布特征,并在此基础上对M型恒星光谱特征线进行离散化、降维等预处理,获得光谱子空间;然后采用微粒群算法搜索离群子空间,并证认子空间内光谱是否离群;此外,选择SDSS M型光谱特征线指数集为样本,实验分析了稀疏因子和稀疏度系数的设置对离群结果的影响,并将离群挖掘结果与SDSS提供光谱型等参数对照,表明利用该系统实现晚型恒星光谱特征线局部离群数据挖掘是可行并有价值的。     

基于网格聚类分析LAMOST恒星光谱与理论模型的差异

随着天文大数据时代计算科学的蓬勃发展,我国具备自主知识产权的国际天文界口径最大、光谱获取率最高的大视场望远镜LAMOST,已率先在国际上开拓并实现了同时观测几千个天体光谱的大规模巡天工作。自2011年巡天至2015年6月所获得的DR3光谱数据集目前已获取世界上最大的恒星参数星表。针对LAMOST第三期发布FGK恒星光谱的流量定标等相关数据,利用Kurucz模板光谱对应的参数空间划分网格,基于开源高效的数据处理R语言程序软件平台,设计了有监督的聚类中心,便于验证其理论参数网格的差异。处理LAMOST实测光谱经归一化后,选择距离量直接描述属性,采用欧氏距离分析判别光谱之间的相似度,选取相应的属性向量构造函数判断观测光谱和理论光谱差别的量级。实验表明：比对LAMOST实测FGK型恒星光谱数据与Kurucz理论模板库数据一致性以及参数测量的准确性,结果显示相同参数的光谱间特征谱线具有较好的一致性,从而得出LAMOST光谱测量物理参数质量较高,具备极好的可靠性,为后续恒星大气模型的改进提供相应的论证依据。     

基于XGBOOST的恒星光谱分类特征数值化

恒星光谱分类是研究恒星的基础性工作之一,常用的光谱分类是基于20世纪70年代Morgan和Keenan建立起来的并逐步完善的MK分类系统。然而基于MK规则的交互式决策分类系统对处理海量天文光谱数据存在着一定的困难。目前光谱巡天一般采用的自动化分类则是模版匹配方法而忽略对谱线特征的测量。怎样自动、客观地提取海量光谱中的分类特征并应用这些特征进行分类可以对天体的物理化学性质的统计分析至关重要。针对此问题,通过机器学习和计算光谱的谱线指数结合的方法,提取光谱特征,并通过大数据分析定量地确定对光谱特征谱线的分类判据（数值化）,确定每一类光谱具有物理意义的特征谱线的强度分布。首先对LAMOST DR4恒星光谱测量其谱线指数作为输入,光谱的分类标记采用官方发布的分类结果。使用XGBoost算法进行自动分类及特征排序,从而获得已知或未知的对于分类决策最为敏感的谱线。首先,选取高信噪比（S/N>30）、被LAMOST标记为B,A,F和M的恒星光谱数据,总计约414万个。然后,对光谱数据计算谱线指数从而使其得到降维处理,过滤冗余信息。其次,将处理后的恒星光谱数据随机划分为训练集和测试集,通过适当调整算法参数,用训练集得到所需要的分类决策树模型,用测试集测试其稳定性和可用性,以防止出现过拟合,同时使用算法自带函数进行提取分类特征。最后,输出并整理实验中算法所得的决策树模型,并挑选其概率比较大的分支作为最终的决策树模型。通过实验,可以发现在固定参数下,XGBoost所得的模型有一定的自适应性,较少受数据集影响,总体准确率可达88.5%;同时其所输出的分类决策树与已知的特征较为吻合,而且可以获得基于大数据的、数值化的特征谱线对应分类的范围,为完善基于特征的分类提供定量的规则。     

基于谱线检测的发射线星自动识别方法

针对我国即将建成的大型巡天项目(LAMOST),给出了一种基于谱线检测的发射线星自动识别方法.主要步骤:1)通过获取谱线特征匹配值进行恒星谱线整体估计;2)利用提取出的恒星谱线特征检测恒星的巴耳末(Balmer)线;3)对获取的特征匹配值采用阈值法,并结合恒星Balmer线的检测结果,进行发射线里判别.通过对SDSS DR4所有光谱进行识别,共获得了242条具有恒星发射线的特殊天体.根据星表查询结果,这些天体包括发射线星、激变变星和一些未知特殊天体等.大量真实光谱数据实验表明,本文方法可有效识别发射线星.     

SKLOF:一种新的超新星候选范围约减算法

超新星是宇宙学中的"标准烛光",其在星系中爆发的概率很低,是一种特殊、稀少的天体,只有在大量观测的星系数据中才有机会遇到,而正处于爆发期的超新星会照亮其整个星系从而在观测获得的星系光谱中具有较明显的特征。但是,目前已发现的超新星数量相对于大量的天体而言又是非常稀少的,搜寻它们所用的计算时间成为能否进行后续观测的关键,因此需要寻找高效率的超新星搜寻方法。对超新星候选范围进行约减的LOF算法的时间复杂度较高,计算量大,不适用于大规模数据集。为此通过对LOF算法进行改进,提出了一种在海量星系光谱中快速约减超新星候范围的新方法(SKLOF)。首先对光谱数据集中离中心点近的数据点进行数据剪枝,剪掉那些肯定不是超新星候选体的光谱数据对象,然后利用改进的LOF算法计算剩余的光谱数据的孤立性因子并降序排列进行离群搜索,最后获得超新星候选体的较小的搜索范围以便进行后续的证认。实验结果表明,该算法十分有效,不仅在精确度上有所提高,而且相比于LOF算法还进一步缩短了算法的运行时间,提高了算法的执行效率。     

LAMOST离群光谱J140242.45+092049.8特征分析

LAMOST巡天已获取超过100 000条星系光谱,为探索珍贵、稀有的天体从而完善现有科学理论提供了重要的数据条件。研究采用基于相关子空间的离群挖掘方法,从LAMOST DR3星系光谱数据中获得的离群数据挖掘结果中,针对呈现出多种稀有特征的光谱J140242.45+092049.8进行了深入分析。首先利用特征光谱线进行红移测量并交叉SDSS同源光谱提供的红移信息,测量并证认了该光谱的两套红移系统：吸收线系统z₁=0.020 95、发射线系统z₂=0.069 5。从整体上,通过交叉现有文献及SDSS图像特征,分析了该“吸收+发射”模式的双红移系统属于透镜星系的可能性,而红移间隔Δz=0.048远大于Keel指出的双星系具有物理关系的临界0.008,意味着该目标前景与背景星系之间只是视向重叠,即视向星系对,没有相互的物理作用;对于前景星系(吸收线系统),通过测量光谱中呈现的特殊的特征线强度,分析了属于E+A星系的可能性;对于背景星系(发射线系统)光谱中呈现的双峰特征,分析了该光谱来自双峰发射线星系的可能性;此外,初步分析了该光谱中背景星系发射线强度关系异常的原因。     

SKLOF:一种新的超新星候选范围约减算法

超新星是宇宙学中的“标准烛光”, 其在星系中爆发的概率很低, 是一种特殊、稀少的天体, 只有在大量观测的星系数据中才有机会遇到, 而正处于爆发期的超新星会照亮其整个星系从而在观测获得的星系光谱中具有较明显的特征。但是, 目前已发现的超新星数量相对于大量的天体而言又是非常稀少的, 搜寻它们所用的计算时间成为能否进行后续观测的关键, 因此需要寻找高效率的超新星搜寻方法。对超新星候选范围进行约减的LOF算法的时间复杂度较高, 计算量大, 不适用于大规模数据集。为此通过对LOF算法进行改进, 提出了一种在海量星系光谱中快速约减超新星候范围的新方法(SKLOF)。首先对光谱数据集中离中心点近的数据点进行数据剪枝, 剪掉那些肯定不是超新星候选体的光谱数据对象, 然后利用改进的LOF算法计算剩余的光谱数据的孤立性因子并降序排列进行离群搜索, 最后获得超新星候选体的较小的搜索范围以便进行后续的证认。实验结果表明, 该算法十分有效, 不仅在精确度上有所提高, 而且相比于LOF算法还进一步缩短了算法的运行时间, 提高了算法的执行效率。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.