中药掺伪的二维相关红外光谱法分析

旨在建立基于二维相关红外光谱(2D IR spectra)的分析技术,以进行中药中是否掺杂化学药物的判别。以减肥药盐酸芬氟拉明(fenfluramine hydrochloride, FH)、盐酸西布曲明(sibutramine hydrochloride, SH)为待检化合物,确定二者同步相关谱中的特征相关峰。首先通过比较掺杂中药与盐酸芬氟拉明的同步谱中特征相关峰的相似性,初步对掺杂化合物盐酸芬氟拉明进行判定,而后利用掺杂中药异步谱能确认相关峰来源的特性,进一步确证盐酸芬氟拉明的存在;此外,根据掺杂中药同步谱中未出现与盐酸西布曲明同步谱相似的特征相关峰,可以直接判别其中未掺杂盐酸西布曲明。实验所建立的方法无需样品分离,速度快,成本低,为快速简便地进行复杂体系中是否存在化学药物的判别提供了一种新的可能的方法。     

TLC-SERS法快速检测降压类中药中非法添加的四种化学成分

建立了薄层色谱(TLC)与表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)联用方法对降压类中药中四种非法添加的化学成分,即盐酸尼卡地平、甲磺酸多沙唑嗪、盐酸普萘洛尔及氢氯噻嗪进行快速检测的新方法。利用TLC法将掺杂成分与中药基质进行简单分离,采用SERS法对薄层板上的微量物质进行定性检测。实验中通过优化银胶浓度和薄层展开体系,并考察掺杂成分的最低检测限,初步建立可用于降压类中药非法添加化学成分的TLC-SERS检测方法。结果表明,该方法用于检测这四种化学成分时专属性较好,检测限低可至0.005 μg,最终检测出十种降压类中药中有两种非法添加了化学成分。本方法简便快速,能实现降压类中药中非法添加化学成分的快速检测,有望成为中药掺杂化学成分的现场检测的新方法。     

基于二维红外相关谱欧氏距离判别掺杂牛奶

基于纯牛奶、掺杂牛奶样品间二维红外相关谱欧氏距离,依据未知样品与校正集中“极值样品”欧氏距离平均值、组内、组间样品欧氏距离平均值,提出了一种掺杂牛奶判别的新方法。分别配置掺杂尿素牛奶(0.01～0.3 g·L-1)和掺杂三聚氰胺牛奶(0.01～0.3 g·L-1)样品各16个,采集纯牛奶及掺杂牛奶样品的红外光谱。以牛奶中掺杂物浓度为外扰,构建纯牛奶与掺杂牛奶的同步二维红外相关谱,并计算了各样品相关谱矩阵间的欧氏距离。在此基础上,分别建立掺杂尿素牛奶、掺杂三聚氰胺牛奶与纯牛奶的判别模型,确定模型中的“极值样品”,组内、组间样品欧氏距离平均值。利用所建模型,计算未知样品与“极值样品”的欧式距离,并依据判别规则,对未知样品进行判别。研究结果表明： 基于样品红外相关谱矩阵间欧氏距离可实现掺杂牛奶的判别,其判别正确率为100%,验证了该方法的有效性。该研究为掺杂牛奶的检测提供了一种新的可能方法。     

概率神经网络在胃镜样品红外光谱检测中的应用

将人工神经网络方法应用于人体胃镜样品红外光谱检测,以克服常规线性判别分析方法的局限性,从而提高了胃镜样品判别的准确率。概率神经网络是一种适用模式分类的径向基神经网络,采用样本的先验概率和最优判定原则对新的样本进行分类,具有识别率高、训练速度快、不会陷入局部极值等优点。文章采用概率神经网络进行胃镜样品红外光谱模式识别,将预处理后的胃镜样品光谱进行主成分分析,将得分值作为输入,建立概率神经网络判别模型。文中选取118例胃镜离体样品进行红外光谱判别分析,其中正常胃组织19例,胃炎组织64例,胃癌35例,选取其中59例样品建立概率神经网络校正模型,其余样品作为预测集来检验模型。实验结果表明,正常、炎症及癌症胃镜样品检测的总体准确率达到81.4%,对胃镜样品的判别取得了较好的结果。     

中药黄柏主要活性成分的光谱成像检测技术

为了实现中药主要活性成分的在体检测,运用光谱成像技术检测中药活性成分.使用自行开发的液晶光谱成像装置对中药黄柏的主要活性成分盐酸小檗碱进行了在体检测,选取紫外光源波长254 nm,获取了检品480～700 nm之间的连续荧光光谱图像.在分析检品光谱剖面图的基础上,以中国药品生物制品检定所提供的盐酸小檗碱标准品的光谱剖面图为依据,设计了高通滤波器得到了检品的特征光谱数据.对八种不同来源的市售黄柏饮片特征光谱,以及黄柏与其同科植物黄皮特征光谱的比较显示,使用本方法对中药进行定性、定量的检测,样品无需特殊处理,可在原生态的情况下进行;检测过程无损、实时;检测结果指纹特征明显.     

应用振动光谱技术检测鉴定微生物的研究进展

振动光谱（红外光谱和拉曼光谱）技术与化学计量学相结合的方法对微生物进行分类、鉴定和无损检测,该方法快速简便、准确度高、仅需微量样品和少量化学试剂、对样品本身没有损害。介绍了振动光谱技术在微生物鉴定检测中的工作原理、关键技术和应用,并对该方法存在的问题和研究前景进行了分析和展望。     

SIMCA法在中红外癌症检测技术中的应用

人体肿瘤的中红外光谱法早期检测是生物医学领域的前沿课题之一。研究了中红外FTIR光谱技术与化学计量方法 (模式识别技术 )相结合对人体恶性肿瘤进行检测的方法 ,并讨论了如何通过采用光谱预处理方法以及波长范围的选择来提高模式识别技术 (SIMCA法 )分类判别效果。研究了 6 3个胃癌病人的癌变组织和癌旁正常组织光谱 ,选择有代表性的 4 0个样品作为训练集 ,剩余的 2 3个样品作为预测集 ,该方法的准确率为 91%。这一研究结果表明傅里叶变换红外光谱法与化学计量学方法相结合可以对良、恶性组织进行鉴别诊断 ,有希望发展成为一种肿瘤快速诊断的新方法。     

HPLC-ESI-MS和FTIR方法鉴别不同产地中药肉苁蓉的研究

采用HPLC-ESI-MS和傅里叶红外光谱法对五种不同产地中药肉苁蓉进行了分析,采用HPLC-ESI-MS检测了中药肉苁蓉中荒漠肉苁蓉苷A、松果菊苷、毛蕊花糖苷、异毛蕊花糖苷、2’-乙酰基毛蕊花糖苷、荒漠肉苁蓉苷C、管花苷B七种有效成分的含量。采用傅里叶红外光谱法,以五种药用植物样品的红外指纹图谱为依据,计算出所测样品的共有峰率和变异峰率。建立了五种药用植物的共有峰率和变异峰率双指标序列。结果显示两种方法对药材评价结果基本一致。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法亦可区分肉苁蓉的常见伪品锁阳。HPLC-ESI-MS具有高通量、高灵敏度、分析快速等优点,可以通过主要化学成分含量的测定对肉苁蓉进行质量评价。傅里叶红外光谱法可以对样品进行无损处理,不需要对药材进行复杂的提取分离过程即可获得肉苁蓉红外光谱特征,其光谱的吸收峰强度与峰形是各种官能团互相作用的结果,是肉苁蓉多组分红外光谱的叠加。我们能从整体水平分析谱图特征峰,具有分析速度快,重现性好,非破坏性和样品量小,制样简单,专属性强,节约成本,保护环境等优点,符合中药向综合分析和整体分析的发展趋势。HPLC-ESI-MS和傅里叶红外光谱法联合应用,两种方法互为补充,为鉴别中药的真伪,探讨中药质量评价提供了一种新方法。     

抗疲劳类保健品中非法添加药物的拉曼检测法

本文采用拉曼光谱方法研究抗疲劳类保健品中非法添加化学药物的快速筛查方法。该方法结合拉曼光谱初筛、光谱叠加分析和增强拉曼光谱以获取样品的特征拉曼信息,通过分析样品和化学药物的拉曼信息的匹配程度,判断抗疲劳类保健品中是否非法添加了化学药物。采用这种方法对北京公安在市场上抽样送检的上百种保健品进行了测试,检测的准确性大于95%,这表明拉曼光谱方法可用于快速筛查抗疲劳类保健品中是否非法添加药物。     

红外光谱结合最小二乘支持向量机掺杂牛奶判别方法研究

基于红外光谱和最小二乘支持向量机建立掺杂牛奶与纯牛奶的判别模型。分别配置含有葡萄糖牛奶(0.01~0.3gL-1)和三聚氰胺牛奶(0.01~0.3gL-1)样品各36个,采集纯牛奶及掺杂牛奶样品的红外光谱。采用最小二乘支持向量机分别建立掺杂葡萄糖、掺杂三聚氰胺、两种掺杂牛奶与纯牛奶的判别模型,并利用这些模型对未知样品进行判别,其判别正确率都为95.8%。研究结果表明:与线性的偏最小二乘判别建模方法相比,最小二乘支持向量机方法具有更强的预测能力。     

Enhancements in intensity and thermal stability of Raman spectra based on roughened gold substrates modified by underpotential deposition of silver

In this study, electrochemically roughened gold is modified with underpotential deposition (UPD) silver to investigate the effects on enhancements in the intensity and the thermal stability of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The SERS of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) adsorbed on the UPD Ag‐modified Au substrate exhibits a higher intensity by six‐fold of magnitude, as compared with that of R6G adsorbedon the unmodified Au substrate. Moreover, the SERS enhancement capabilities of UPD Ag‐modified Au and unmodified Au substrates are seriously depressed at temperatures higher than 200 and 150 °C, respectively. It indicates that the modification of UPD Ag can significantly depress the thermal destruction of SERS‐active substrates. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

拉曼光谱研究Pt电极上欠电位沉积Sn对甲醇氧化的影响

本文采用拉曼光谱研究Ｐｔ电极上欠电位沉积（亚）单原子层的Ｓｎ对甲醇氧化的影响,初步的结果表明,欠电位沉积Ｓｎ促进了Ｐｔ上甲醇的电催化氧化,与纯Ｐｔ电极体系相比较,作为表面毒性中间物的ＣＯ在较负电位下即可被氧化。本文对其可能的机理进行了初步的讨论     

基于二值化图像结合像元统计法的扑尔敏片剂近红外成像检测参数优化研究

研究药物领域中近红外成像检测参数对高光谱数据质量的影响,建立检测参数优化方法。以扑尔敏片剂为研究对象,采用近红外化学成像技术,考察光谱分辨率、空间分辨率、扫描次数和扫描高度等因素,采用L9 (34) 正交表设计,优化近红外成像检测参数;采用二值化图像法和像元统计法对高光谱数据进行定量分析,测定扑尔敏片剂表面马来酸氯苯那敏含量。以高效液相色谱法作为参考方法,精密测定片剂中马来酸氯苯那敏含量。两种方法测定的含量差值绝对值为考察指标,优化最佳检测条件。结果表明, 扑尔敏片剂的高光谱数据最佳检测条件：空间分辨率25 μm×25 μm,扫描高度-5340(Z值,精确聚焦),光谱分辨率16 cm-1,扫描次数16次。该研究首次优化近红外成像扫描高度参数对高光谱数据质量的影响,优化近红外成像扫描高度等检测参数可用于指导扑尔敏片及其他药物近红外成像数据采集和方法建立。     

Studies of the surface structures formed by the alternated electrodeposition of Cd and Te on the low-index planes of Au: II. STM studies

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies of the alternated deposition of Te and Cd atomic layers on the low-index planes of Au are presented here. These investigations were designed to gain an understanding of the surface chemistry involved in the deposition of CdTe by electrochemical atomic layer epitaxy (ECALE). ECALE is the electrochemical analog of atomic layer epitaxy (ALE). In the present study, the structures formed by the alternated electrodeposition of Te and Cd atomic layers, at underpotential, were examined by STM on the low-index planes of Au.

Deposition of atomic layers of each element were achieved by underpotential deposition (UPD). Studies of the UPD of Cd by STM were not performed due to Cd's instability in aqueous solutions after withdrawal from solution and loss of potential control. Studies of Te UPD were performed, however, since Te is stable in aqueous media without potential control. Ordered Te structures were observed using STM on all three Au low-index planes. Atomic resolution imaging of Cd UPD on Te atomic layers proved more difficult than imaging simple Te deposits, however, ordered CdTe structures were observed on each Au plane. Higher bias voltages were generally required to image the CdTe deposits. On Au(100) the CdTe deposit appears to adopt a structure equivalent to a (100) slice of bulk CdTe (zinc blende), but contracted 10% due to the lattice missmatch on the Au surfaces. Similar structures were observed on the other two low index planes, as well; although Cd-Cd distances were closer to those found in bulk CdTe.     

Characterization of inhomogeneous colloidal layers using adapted coherence probe microscopy

Colloidal layers play an important role in environmental studies, for example in the movement of radionuclides in nuclear waste management. New characterization techniques are required for studying such complex, porous layers. The purpose of this work is to adapt coherence probe microscopy (CPM), which is typically used for measuring the surface roughness of single surfaces, to the analysis of thick inhomogeneous colloidal layers. Two types of layers, either composed of 80 nm or 400 nm alumina colloidal particles deposited on glass slides by decantation have been studied. One of the problems in performing routine roughness measurements of colloidal layers using CPM is the appearance of apparent pits below the level of the substrate surface. We demonstrate that this is due to partial detection of the buried colloid/substrate interface. Further, we have developed the “Z-scan” technique, which consists of building up an XYZ image stack by scanning the full depth of the sample. Any point in an XY image can then be investigated to study the local buried internal structure, layer thickness, and effective refractive index. Comparison of results with AFM and SEM confirm the structure found with CPM and the new “Z-scan” technique, which opens up new and useful applications.     

A comparison of psychophysical procedures for level-discrimination thresholds

Five different psychophysical procedures were used to measure level-discrimination (also called intensity discrimination) thresholds for 1-kHz tones at two levels (30 and 90 dB SPL) and two durations (10 and 500 ms). The procedures were the classic transformed up-down staircase method with a two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) paradigm (UPD), 15- and 50-trial implementations of the method of maximum likelihood (MML) with a cued yes-no paradigm, and 18-trial implementations of ZEST using both cued yes-no and 2AFC paradigms. Results obtained from nine normal listeners show that estimates of level-discrimination thresholds for the four conditions are similar across all five procedures when different points of convergence are accounted for. The variance of threshold estimates within listener and condition was smallest for UPD, largest for the MML with 15 trials, and statistically indistinguishable among the others. The sweat factors ranged from 5.5 for MML with 50 trials to about 1.4 for UPD and ZEST. Simulations show that ideal performance of procedures may be far from real-life experience and that these deviations are likely to depend on complex interactions between listener behavior and parameter choices used for implementing the procedures. Therefore, empirical verification is important for judging the effectiveness of psychophysical procedures.     

Pb electrodeposition on polycrystalline Cu in the presence and absence of Cl: A combined oblique incidence reflectivity difference and in situ AFM study

Oblique incidence reflectivity difference (OI-RD) measurements reveal differences in the earliest stages of overpotential-deposited (OPD) growth between Pb electrodeposition on polycrystalline Cu surfaces in the presence and absence of Cl⁻. At moderate overpotentials, when only 100 mM is present, the magnitude of the real part of the OI-RD signal continues to increase after completion of the first underpotential-deposited (UPD) Pb monolayer, but with the addition of 20 mM KCl the magnitude decreases after the UPD monolayer forms. In situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows that in the former case the island density is much greater than in the latter. Using OI-RD as a probe, we show additionally that when the substrate potential is returned to a more positive potential in the presence of Cl⁻, the UPD Pb monolayer dissolves after the Pb islands disappear.     

Analyzing wavelength behavior of a cubic phase mask imaging system based on modulation transfer function

The wavefront coding technology is an effectively method for extending the depth of field. However, the phase delayed by the phase mask changes with light wavelength, and the chromatic aberration is caused by chromatic dispersion of the optical elements. The modulation transfer function (MTF) of the cubic phase mask (CPM) system is derived with considering the axial chromatic aberration and optical path difference variation with wavelength, and the wavelength behavior of CPM system is analyzed in details. We yield that the MTF is approximately wavelength invariant within a certain frequency bandwidth, and the bandwidth is nearly inverse proportional to wavelength and varies with axial chromatic aberration. The effect induced by dispersion of the CPM material is very weak. If the CPM system is illuminated by wideband spectral light and the ACA exists, then the frequency bandwidth may become narrower than the monochromatic case, and the position of image sensor can be relocated to balance frequency bandwidth among all wavelengths.     

Disorder-induced microscopic magnetic memory

Using coherent x-ray speckle metrology, we have measured the influence of disorder on major loop return point memory (RPM) and complementary point memory (CPM) for a series of perpendicular anisotropy Co/Pt multilayer films. In the low disorder limit, the domain structures show no memory with field cycling--no RPM and no CPM. With increasing disorder, we observe the onset and the saturation of both the RPM and the CPM. These results provide the first direct ensemble-sensitive experimental study of the effects of varying disorder on microscopic magnetic memory and are compared against the predictions of existing theories.     

UWB monocycle pulse generation based on optical cross-polarization modulation

A novel all-optical method for ultra-wideband （UWB） monocycle pulses generation based on cross polarization modulation （CPM） effect in highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber is proposed and demonstrated. Due to the CPM effect between the probe light and the pump pulse, a pair of polarity-reversed Gaussian pulses is produced. After proper differential delay, an UWB monocycle pulse with 84-ps width and the fractional bandwidth of 153% is generated after photodetection.