测量液体折射率的一种简单方法

<正> 一、引言通常测量液体折射率是用临界角折射仪,如阿贝折射仪或普夫雷奇折射仪。这种临界角折射仪有一定的缺点,比如,当试样的折射率高于折射仪中棱镜玻璃的折射率时,则无法进行测量。本文所介绍的这种方法对测量试样的折射率却没有这个限制。而且使用的装置非常简单。     

溶液折射率公式的一种验证方法

给出了通过阿贝折射仪测溶液折射率和百分比浓度来验证其折射率公式的一种方法。     

用阿贝折射仪测定折射率实验的一点注记

用阿贝折射仪测定折射率实验的一点注记汪静霞（吉林建筑工程学院长春１３００２１）用阿贝折射仪测定透明固体与液体的折射率是大学光学教学中的基本实验之一，阿贝折射仪的精确度很高．在一般实验教科书中常常这样介绍它的理论原理：情况会不会影响计算公式（３）的正确...     

用光纤杨氏干涉测量液体的折射率

介绍一种用光纤扬氏干涉测量液体折射率方法。测量值的范围不受限制,弥补了阿贝折射仪的不足。方法简单、直观,测量量少,并可使学生对光纤有所了解。     

用反射率和低相干技术测容器内液体的折射率

为测量透明容器内液体的折射率,建立了基于容器内表面反射率测量的低相干技术实验系统。系统采用宽带低相干半导体激光光源和改进的迈克尔逊干涉仪,将装有待测液体的容器放入测量臂光路中,调节参考臂的光程,使由容器前壁内表面反射光的光程与来自参考臂反射光的光程相等,出现干涉现象。捕捉并记录下此干涉信号,并从中求出容器前壁内表面反射光的强度,再结合菲涅尔公式及反射率的定义,即可求出待测液体的折射率,其测量精度与阿贝折射仪相当。方法能够方便、快捷、准确地测出容器内液体的折射率,可用于食品、生物医学检验等领域内液体浓度或折射率的实时非接触监测。     

V棱镜折射仪测定液体折射率的可测范围

Ｖ棱镜折射仪测定液体折射率的可测范围黄龙文（安徽医科大学合肥２３００３２）钟菊花等同志在《物理实验》第１５卷第１期发表的《测定液体折射率的分光计方法３一文（以下简称钟文）中指出：将Ｖ棱镜折射仪的样品池进行一些改进，可以用分光计来测定液体的折射率．这种...     

测量液体折射率的一种新方法——液芯柱透镜散焦宽度法

本文提出了一种基于消球差复合液芯柱透镜快速、准确测量液体折射率的新方法——液芯柱透镜散焦宽度法.该方法利用消球差复合液芯柱透镜在较宽折射率范围内系统球差小、成像准确的特点,基于不同折射率在成像系统上呈现一一对应的散焦图像,仅需采集一幅散焦图像即可得到待测液体的折射率.用该方法测量了室温(20℃)下21组不同液体的折射率,测量结果与用阿贝折射仪测量结果一致,用ZEMAX和光线追迹逐面成像法仿真的散焦宽度图像与实验图像一致.用该方法测量液体折射率具有系统简单、稳定性好、操作简便、测量速度快等特点.     

基于改进的迈克尔逊干涉仪的液体折射率测量方法研究

液体折射率是重要光学参数之一，液体折射率参数测量在食品生产鉴定、光学加工等领域都具有重要意义。本文基于便携式迈克尔逊干涉仪，在光学减震台上加装旋转微调载物台，综合考虑旋转后容器器壁、待测液体、空气中光程差的改变量，得到液体折射率的计算公式，与阿贝折射仪测量液体折射率的值进行比较，实验测得水、不同浓度的葡萄糖溶液以及不同浓度的氯化钠溶液，平均相对误差分别为1.1%、3.3%、2.0%,实验过程中测量的最大误差为5.9%,为液体折射率测量提供了一种可行方法，实现液体折射率的测量。本文也可作为迈克尔逊干涉仪的拓展实验，对本科生的创新能力培养有重要意义。     

高精度V棱镜折射仪光机结构设计

针对传统V棱镜折射仪采用光学度盘,目视对准方式无法满足现代光学玻璃生产线以及高精度折射率测量的需求。提出一种新型的高精度基于CCD 机器视觉对准的V棱镜折射仪的总体设计方案,并对准直光管、传动机构、锁紧和微调机构以及轴角编码测角机构等主要组成部分进行了光机结构设计。在考虑空气折射率影响因素的修正公式的基础上,分析了仪器的检测误差。实验结果表明:其折射率检测精度可达 310-6,满足了高精度V棱镜折射仪的技术指标要求。     

基于遮光效应测量液体折射率

分析了水槽底面上形成的圆形暗斑的机理,建立了圆形暗斑图像与液体折射率之间的解析关系,提出基于遮光效应测量液体折射率的方法,可实现液体折射率原位、非接触测量.利用该方法测量了无水乙醇、丙酮和乙醚透明液体的折射率.结果表明,该方法的测量精确度与商用的数字阿贝折射仪相当.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.