Effects of graphene defects on Co cluster nucleation and intercalation

Four kinds of defects are observed in graphene grown on Ru(0001) surfaces. After cobalt deposition at room temperature, the cobalt nanoclusters are preferentially located at the defect position. By annealing at 530℃, cobalt atoms intercalate at the interface of Graphene/Ru(0001) through the defects. Further deposition and annealing increase the sizes of intercalated Co islands. This provides a method of controlling the arrangement of cobalt nanoclusters and also the density and the sizes of intercalated cobalt islands, which would find potential applications in catalysis industries, magnetism storage, and magnetism control in future information technology.     

High quality sub-monolayer,monolayer, and bilayer graphene on Ru（0001）

High quality sub-monolayer, monolayer, and bilayer graphene were grown on Ru(0001). For the sub-monolayer graphene, the size of graphene islands with zigzag edges can be controlled by the dose of ethylene exposure. By increasing the dose of ethylene to 100 Langmuir at a high substrate temperature(800℃), high quality single-crystalline monolayer graphene was synthesized on Ru(0001). High quality bilayer graphene was formed by further increasing the dose of ethylene while reducing the cooling rate to 5℃/min. Raman spectroscopy revealed the vibrational states of graphene, G and 2D peaks appeared only in the bilayer graphene, which demonstrates that it behaves as the intrinsic graphene. Our present work affords methods to produce high quality sub-monolayer, monolayer, and bilayer graphene, both for basic research and applications.     

Moire patterns and step edges on few-layer graohene grown on nickel films

Few-layer graphene grown on Ni thin films has been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. In most areas on the surfaces, moir6 patterns resulted from rotational stacking faults were observed. At a bias lower than 200 mV, only one sublattice shows up in regions without moir6 patterns while both sublattices are seen in regions with moir6 pattens. This phenomenon can be used to identify AB stacked regions. The scattering characteristics at various types of step edges are different from those of monolayer graphene edges, either armchair or zigzag.     

Spin-density wave near the vortex cores in the high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+y

Competition with magnetism is at the heart of high-temperature superconductivity, most intensely felt near a vortex core. To investigate vortex magnetism we have developed a spatially resolved probe based upon NMR spin-lattice-relaxation spectroscopy. With this approach we have found a spin-density wave associated with the vortex core in Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8+y), similar to checkerboard patterns in the local density of electronic states reported from scanning tunneling microscope experiments. We have determined both the spin-modulation amplitude and decay length from the vortex core in fields up to H=30 T.     

Invariant expression for tunneling rate under canonical transformations

The original formula to calculate the tunneling rate through event horizons is apparently dependent on the type of coordinates used.In this paper,we propose an invariant expression under canonical transformations to study the tunneling effect.Moreover,the problem of factor 2 is solved naturally.As an application of this expression,we obtain the same tunneling rate both in the Schwarzschild and the Painleve′coordinates.It is shown that once the suitable formula to calculate tunneling rate is correctly identified,the tunneling method is manifestly covariant.     

Correction to Hawking Tunneling Radiation from Global Monopole Charged Black Hole

Considering the self-gravitation and energy conservation as well as charge conservation, we extend Medved and Vagenas＇s quantum tunneling method to the global monopole charged black hole, and give a correction to Hawking radiation of a charged particle.     

Tunneling of Bose-Einstein condensate and interference effect in a harmonic trap with a Gaussian energy barrier

The tunneling effect of Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a harmonic trap with a Gaussian energy barrier is studied in this paper. The initial condensate evolves into two separate moving condensates after the tunneling time under certain conditions. The interference pattern between the two moving condensates is given as a comparison and as a further demonstration of the existence of the global phase.     

Tunneling Conductance in dx2-y2 ＋idly Mixed Wave Superconductor Graphene Junctions

Using the extended Blonder-Tinkham-Klapwijk formalism, we investigate the conductance spectra of normal metal/dx2-y2 ＋ idxy mixed wave superconductor graphene junctions. It is found that the conductance spectra vary strongly with the orientation of the gap and the amplitude ratio （Δ1/Δ0） of two components for dx2-y2 ＋ idxy mixed wave. The zero bias conductance is nearly 2 and the conductance peak vanishes in doped graphene for a = 0 and Δ1/Δ0 = 1. The conductance increases with increasing the amplitude ratio of two components for α =π/4 and Δ1/Δ0 -- 1. The ZBCP becomes observable wide with 1 〈 EF/Δ0 〈 100 for α= π/4 and Δ1/Δ0 = 1. This property is different from that in normal metal/dx2-y2 wave superconductor graphene junctions.     

Transmission and Dwell Time Oscillations Caused by Coexistence of Tunneling and Propagating in a Trapezoidal Barrier

Abstract A refined one of our exactly solvable trapezoidal barrier potential model [Thin Solids Films, 414 （2002） 136）] for metal-insulator-metal tunnel junctions has Seen presented. According to the refined model, the longitudinal kinetic energy （ExL） and the effective mass （m^＊L） of the electron8 in the electrode on the left of the barrier distinguish from that on the right. It is found that as ExL is greater than the shorter side of the resultant trapezoidal barrier potential, there will be a coexistence of the tunneling and propagating in the barrier. The results demonstrate that the damped oscillating electron waves localized in the propagating barrier subregion lead to the oscillation and enhancement in the transmission coefficient DT and dwell time TD. For the barrier height φ1=2.6 eV and φ2 = 1.4 eV, the width d=22 A and ExL = 1.0 eV, DT and TD have a maximum of 0.054 and 0.58x10^-15 s at V = 2.04 V and 2.18 V, respectively. This suggests that a real tunneling may be a hybrid.     

Adiabatic tunneling of Bose–Einstein condensates with modulated atom interaction in a double-well potential

We study the adiabatic tunneling of Bose–Einstein condensates in a symmetric double-well potential when the interaction strength between the atoms is modulated linearly or in a cosine periodic form. It is shown that the system evolves along a nonlinear eigenstate path. In the case of linear modulation under the adiabatic approximation conditions, the tunneling probability of the condensate atoms to the other potential well is half. However, when the system is periodically scanned in the adiabatic process, we find an interesting phenomenon. A small change in the cycle period can lead to the condensate atoms returning to the right well or tunneling to the left well. The system comes from a linear eigenstate back to a nonlinear one, which is completely different from the linear eigenstate evolution. We explain the results by using the energy level and the phase diagram.     

Quantum Tunneling of Two-Species Cold Bosonic Atoms in Optical Lattices

In this letter, we have studied quantum tunneling of two-species cold bosonic atoms in an optical lattices. When the optical lattice is not infinitely long and the spin excitations are not in the long-wavelength limit, quantum tunnelings are presented.     

Hawking Radiation of Charged Particles in Reissner-NordstrSm Black Hole

We extend the method that Banerjee and Majhi have used to discuss Hawking radiation. Under the condition that the total energy and electrical charge of spacetime are conserved, we investigate Hawking radiation of the charged black hole by a new Tortoise coordinate transformation. Taking the reaction of the radiation of the particle to the spacetime into consideration, we not only derive the radiation spectrum that satisfies the unitary principle in quantum mechanics but also show that the contribution of ingoing particles is equal to the one of outgoing particles on the similar chemical potential term in radiation spectrum caused by charged particles.     

Tunneling of Dirac Particles from Kaluza-Klein Black Hole

Applying the fermions tunneling method, proposed by Kerner and Mann recently, we discuss the tunneling characteristics of Dirac particles from the stationary Kaluza-Klein black hole. To choose Gamma matrix conveniently and avoid the ergosphere dragging effect, we perform it in the dragging coordinate frame. The result shows that Hawking temperature in this case also can be reproduced by the general Dirac equation.     

Tight-binding study of quantum transport in nanoscale GaAs Schottky MOSFET

This paper explores the band structure effect to elucidate the feasibility of an ultra-scaled GaAs Schottky MOSFET (SBFET) in a nanoscale regime. We have employed a 20-band sp3d5s* tight-binding (TB) approach to compute E K dispersion. The considerable difference between the extracted effective masses from the TB approach and bulk values implies that quantum confinement affects the device performance. Beside high injection velocity, the ultra-scaled GaAs SBFET suffers from a low conduction band DOS in the Γ valley that results in serious degradation of the gate capacitance. Quantum confinement also results in an increment of the effective Schottky barrier height (SBH). Enhanced Schottky barriers form a double barrier potential well along the channel that leads to resonant tunneling and alters the normal operation of the SBFET. Major factors that may lead to resonant tunneling are investigated. Resonant tunneling occurs at low temperatures and low drain voltages, and gradually diminishes as the channel thickness and the gate length scale down. Accordingly, the GaAs (100) SBFET has poor ballistic performance in nanoscale regime.     

Photon tunneling and transmittance resonance through a multi-layer structure with a left-handed material

This paper investigates the photon tunneling and transmittance resonance through a multi-layer structure including a left-handed material(LHM).An analytical expression for the transmittance in a five-layer structure is given by the analytical transfer matrix method.The transmittance is studied as a function of the refractive index and the width of the LHM layer.The perfect photon tunneling results from the multi-layer structure,especially from the relation between the magnitude of the refractive index and the width of the LHM layer and those of the adjoining layers.Photons may tunnel through a much greater distance in this structure.Transmittance resonance happens,the peaks and valleys appear periodically at the resonance thickness.For an LHM with inherent losses,the perfect transmittance is suppressed.     

Superfluidity of Paired Bosons from Correlated Tunneling

We study superfluidity of paired Bosonic atoms in optical lattices. The atoms have strong repulsive on-slte energy. Single atom tunneling is severely suppressed while the atom-pair may co-tunnel by the second order quantum transition, which induces paired superfluidity as repulsive nearest-neighbor interactions are included. The mean-field phase diagram and low energy excitations are explored for a square lattice system.     

Parikh-Wilczek Tunneling as Massive Particles from Noncommutative Schwarzschild Black Hole

In this paper, we apply the tunneling of massive particle through the quantum horizon of a Schwarzschild black hole in noncommutative spaeetime. The tunneling effects lead to modified Hawking radiation due to inclusion of back-reaction effects. Our calculations show also that noncommutativity effects cause the further modifications to the thermodynamical relations in black hole. We calculate the emission rate of the massive particles＇ tunneling from a Schwarzschild black hole which is modified on account of noncommutativity influences. The issues of information loss and possible correlations between emitted particles are discussed. Unfortunately even by considering noneommutativity view point, there is no correlation between different modes of evaporation at least at late-time. Nevertheless, as a result of spacetime noncommutativity, information may be conserved by a stable black hole remnant.     

Tunneling Radiation from a Static Spherically Symmetric Black Hole Surrounded by Quintessence

By extending the Parikh-Wilczek tunneling framework, we investigate the tunneling radiation of uncharged massless particles from a static spherically symmetric black hole surrounded by quintessence. The results are consistent with an underlying unitary theory.     

Physical design of scanning gantry for proton therapy facility

A proton therapy facility based on a linac injector and a slow cycling synchrotron is proposed. To achieve effective treatment of cancer, a scanning gantry is required. The flexible transmission of beam and high beam position accuracy are the most basic requirements for a gantry. The designed gantry optics and scanning system are presented. Great efforts are put into studying the sensitivity of the beam position in the isocenter to the element misalignments. It shows that quadrupole shift makes the largest contribution and special attention should be paid to it.     

Nitriding molybdenum： Effects of duration and fill gas pressure when using lO0-Hz pulse DC discharge technique

Molybdenum is nitrided by a 100-Hz pulsed DC glow discharge technique for various time durations and fill gas pressures to study the effects on the surface properties of molybdenum. X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, and atomic force microscopy （AFM） are used for the structural and morphological analysis of the nitrided layers. Vickers＇ microhardness tester is utilized to investigate surface microhardness. Phase analysis shows the formation of more molybdenum nitride molecules for longer nitriding durations at fill gas pressures of 2 mbar and 3 mbar （1 bar = 105 Pa）. A considerable increase in surface microhardness （approximately by a factor of 2） is observed for longer duration （10 h） and 2-mbar pressure. Longer duration （10 h） and 2-mbar fill gas pressure favors the formation of homogeneous, smooth, hard layers by the incorporation of more nitrogen.