光谱信号乘性加性混合随机噪声去除方法

提出一种光谱信号噪声的乘性加性混合分析模型,并采用维纳滤波和同态滤波相结合的算法对光谱信号进行去噪处理。仿真结果表明,该算法比移动平均算法、最小均方算法和递归最小均方算法具有更好的去噪性能。实验结果表明,氙灯光谱信号中的噪声符合乘性加性混合模型。与移动平均算法、最小均方算法和递归最小均方算法相比,从该算法处理后的汞灯光谱信号中能够提取更加稳定的谱峰谷位置、谱峰幅度、谱峰半峰全宽等特征值,定量分析时能获得更好的结果。     

偏振复用光纤通信系统色散均衡器及算法的研究

设计了一种适用于偏振复用相干解调光纤通信系统的色散均衡器,用于补偿信道传输的色散损伤。该均衡器采用半码元间隔的蝶形有限脉冲响应滤波器结构,与此结构配合的自适应算法分别采用最小均方算法和递归最小二乘算法。通过仿真实验,分析了两种算法对残留色度色散和偏振模色散的补偿容限。仿真结果表明,递归最小二乘算法的补偿效果优于最小均方算法,它可以同时补偿1760ps/nm的残留色度色散和104.9ps偏振模色散引起的差分群时延,比同等条件的最小均方算法提升性能2.23dB。     

基于相空间邻域的混沌时间序列自适应预测滤波器(Ⅱ)非线性自适应滤波

根据相空间重构理论、最小均方误差准则和最陡下降原理，提出了一种基于相空间邻域的非线性自适应滤波算法.实验结果表明：这种非线性自适应预测滤波器能够有效预测一些混沌序列，在某种程度上具有抗噪声的能力. 关键词： 混沌时间序列 重构矢量 最小均方误差准则 非线性自适应预测     

最小均方误差解调算法在彩色超声血流成像中的研究

研究了最小均方误差正交解调算法在超声血流成像中的应用。首先由设计的期望信号与接收信号在最小均方误差原则下得到其迭代解调形式,获得回波信号同相分量和正交分量,然后由得到的正交解调信号通过自相关的方法对血流流速进行估计。解调算法的仿真结果表明,对高斯噪声信噪比为0.5—10dB的正弦波调制信号,解调输出平均信噪比与Hilbert变换法和I/Q解调法相比分别提高了15dB和4dB;血流成像的仿真结果表明,在流速估计性能相当的情况下,解调的乘法运算量仅分别为上述对比方法的18%和9%。因此在超声血流成像中应用最小均方误差正交解调算法,对于提高估计性能和降低运算量都有一定意义。      

光通信

光传输、通信理论TN9112006021527最小均方误差光强估计技术=Mini mum mean-square er-ror esti mation technology of optical intensity[刊,中]/李真(空军工程大学工程学院.陕西,西安(710038)),杨凯∥光电子技术与信息.—2005,18(6).—63-65开关键控直接检测光通信系统需要对信号光强进行估计,提出了利用最小均方误差估计技术,并通过仿真同最大似然估计进行了比较,可以看出最小均方误差估计器在弱湍流情况下优于最大似然估计器。图1参4(于晓光)TN9112006021528光纤中小损耗和三阶色散对类明孤子传输特性的影响=Influence of small diel…     

最小均方误差解调算法在彩色超声血流成像中的研究

研究了最小均方误差正交解调算法在超声血流成像中的应用。首先由设计的期望信号与接收信号在最小均方误差原则下得到其迭代解调形式,获得回波信号同相分量和正交分量,然后由得到的正交解调信号通过自相关的方法对血流流速进行估计。解调算法的仿真结果表明,对高斯噪声信噪比为0.5¹0 dB的正弦波调制信号,解调输出平均信噪比与Hilbert变换法和I/Q解调法相比分别提高了15 dB和4 dB;血流成像的仿真结果表明,在流速估计性能相当的情况下,解调的乘法运算量仅分别为上述对比方法的18%和9%。因此在超声血流成像中应用最小均方误差正交解调算法,对于提高估计性能和降低运算量都有一定意义。     

一种自适应滤波中步长因子调节的算法

本文在研究时变信道的自适应匹配中,采用了多途信道的横向滤波器模型(MA模型),为求滤波器权系数应用的是最小均方误差滤波方法。在最小均方误差滤波中无论是采用最徒下降法(Steepst Descent Method),还是最小均方算法(LMS Algorithm),在叠代方程中都要引入步长因子μ.以往对μ的取值只推导出一个范围0<μ<1/λ_(max),λ_(max)为采集信号自相关矩阵的最大本征值,且在叠代过程中是一个常数。但究竞取多大值?取小了自适应叠代方程收敛慢,取大了误差能量函数产生振荡,甚至发散。为寻找一种快速收敛的自适应滤波方法,以适应信道的时变特性时发现,对叠代步长因子μ作自适应调节,会使收敛速度有明显提高。     

SPA-LS-SVM检测土壤有机质和速效钾研究

应用可见/短波近红外光谱分析测量土壤有机质和速效钾含量。光谱预处理包括平滑,标准归一化,多元散射校正和平滑结合一阶导数,以消除系统噪声和外部干扰,分别应用偏最小二乘和最小二乘支持向量机方法建立校正模型,模型的输入为基于连续投影算法得到的特征波长。比较显示基于连续投影算法得到的特征波长为输入的最小二乘支持向量机优于偏最小二乘法建模。模型评价指标由相关系数和预测均方误差表示。有机质的相关系数和预测均方误差分别0.860 2和2.98,速效钾为0.730 5和15.78。表明基于连续投影算法可见/短波近红外光谱利用最小二乘支持向量机建模,可以作为一个精确的土壤有机质和速效钾的测定方法。     

圆环形传感器阵列超指向性频率不变响应波束优化方法

提出了一种适用于圆环形传感器阵列的超指向性频率不变响应波束优化方法。首先,基于前期在最小均方误差准则下得到的不同频率处权值向量与期望波束权值向量的解析函数关系,将指向性因子、误差敏感度函数和最小均方误差进一步表达成了期望波束权值向量的函数;然后,构建了一个多约束优化问题,获得了满足指向性、稳健性、频率不变性等约束条件的最优期望波束,由此合成得到了最优宽带频率不变响应超指向性波束,并给出了相应的仿真和实验结果。      

激光诱导荧光诊断的波长标定方法的研究

激光诱导荧光作为一种非侵入式的诊断技术，通过激光扫频得到粒子速度分布函数来计算其速度和温度。为得到较高信噪比的粒子速度分布函数，需要对多次采集的数据进行平均处理，这需要标定每次扫频的激光波长，以确定每次扫频的相同波长范围。为此发展了利用碘分子吸收光谱来进行波长标定的技术。为探究有效的光谱对齐算法，分别使用最小均方误差法、误差梯度下降算法和卷积神经网络在模拟碘分子吸收光谱数据集上进行了测试。结果显示，最小均方误差法具有很好的对齐精度，且对齐平均误差小于两个采样间隔。利用最小均方误差法对齐碘分子吸收光谱，对Ar+激光诱导荧光实验结果的激光波长进行了标定，平均了多组Ar+速度分布函数。相较于利用法布里-珀罗干涉仪共振峰标定以及激光触发曲线标定，通过碘吸收光谱标定得到的离子温度更准确。     

Matched wavelength and incident angle for the diagnostic beam to achieve coherent grating tiling

Design and operation of a practical, accurate alignment diagnostic system is important for the grating tiling technology, which is supposed to be applied in a chirped-pulse amplification system to increase the output power. A diagnostic method is proposed and demonstrated for grating tiling. Provided that the wavelength and incident angle of the diagnostic beam are properly set, the far-field of the main laser beam and that of the diagnostic beam can vary in the same way with the tiling errors between the sub-aperture gratings. Therefore, rotational and translational errors can be controlled and compensated according to the far-field of the diagnostic beam. The real-time monitoring and alignment can be achieved without disturbing the main beam.     

Sound scattering from partially water-filled elastic spherical shell with an internal elastic plate

According to the equation of motion in the elastic medium and integral equation of target scattering, the sound scattering from the partially water-filled elastic spherical shells with and without an inner plate is studied using the finite element and boundary element method, and the scattering normalized form functions of the shell filled with different volume of water are computed and the mechanism of resonance scattering is analyzed. The results show that the resonance of the shell with partially water-filled and without the plate is mainly related to the volume of water, and the resonance is produced by inner water and the spherical shell. The resonance characteristics of partially water-filled elastic shell with the plate are similar to that of empty structured elastic spherical shell, and the sound field in inner water is weaker which indicates the main resonance characteristics are decided by spherical shell and the plate. In addition, the scattering characteristics of spherical shell with plate and one side full water-filled are greatly different from the partially water-filled ones.     

Power ultrasound in the meat industry (freezing,cooking and fermentation): Mechanisms,advances and challenges

High intensity ultrasound (HIUS) has a wide range of applications in different sectors of food processing. It is a promising and emerging technology demonstrating the potential to promote food processes without or at least damage to the quality of products. Among the processes of the meat industry, freezing, thawing, cooking and fermentation are very sensitive and important, because they have significant effects on product quality and are also very energy and time consuming. This review paper provides an interpretation of high intensity ultrasound (HIUS) applications, a summary of recent outstanding published research and an overview of the freezing/thawing, cooking/frying and fermentation processes in meat and its products assisted by HIUS. The effects, benefits and drawbacks as well as the challenges ahead in the commercialization of this technology in the meat industry are studied. The research results confirmed that the use of HIUS in the meat freezing/thawing, cooking/frying and fermentation in combination with the corresponding processing methods demonstrates a great potential to promote the process, improve the general quality of the final product and reduce the time and energy required. However, many issues remain that require further research to address these challenges. These challenges and subsequent research that is useful for developing and increasing the efficiency of this technology have been reviewed. After the literature review, it is concluded that HIUS may be a useful technology for meat processing because of its significant effects on the quality factors and related process variables that leads to the preservation of the initial nutritional and sensory properties of meat and its products. Of course, research must be continued to eliminate the disadvantages or minimize the undesirable effects of this technology on the final product and to remove barriers to commercialization and optimization of this method.     

Ruby Crystal for Demonstrating Time- and Frequency-Domain Methods of Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements

We present experiments that are convenient and educational for measuring fluorescence lifetimes with both time- and frequency-domain methods. The sample is ruby crystal, which has a lifetime of about 3.5 milliseconds, and is easy to use as a class-room demonstration. The experiments and methods of data analysis are used in the lab section of a class on optical spectroscopy, where we go through the theory and applications of fluorescence. Because the fluorescence decay time of ruby is in the millisecond region, the instrumentation for this experiment can be constructed easily and inexpensively compared to the nanosecond-resolved instrumentation required for most fluorescent compounds, which have nanosecond fluorescence lifetimes. The methods are applicable to other luminescent compounds with decay constants from microseconds and longer, such as transition metal and lanthanide complexes and phosphorescent samples. The experiments, which clearly demonstrate the theory and methods of measuring temporally resolved fluorescence, are instructive and demonstrate what the students have learned in the lectures without the distraction of highly sophisticated instrumentation.     

Experimental study on SC RF cavities by using China large grain niobium for ILC

Large grain niobium has the potential of simplifying the production sequence and consequently reducing the cost of the superconducting RF cavities for ILC.To investigate the feasibility of fabrication and the possibility to achieve high gradient by large grain cavities,two 1.3 GHz cavities were made of China large grain niobium and a series of vertical tests were carried out following several different surfaces treatment procedures.Two cavities have both reached the high gradient of more than 43 MV/m repeatedly and the maximum accelerating field of 47.9 MV/m has been achieved by China large grain niobium.This paper introduces the features of the fabrication and surface treatments on the large grain cavities and presents the preliminary results of the research.     

Discord and entanglement in non-Markovian environments at finite temperatures

The dynamic evolutions of the discord and entanglement of two atoms immersed in two independent Lorentzian reservoirs at zero and finite temperatures have been investigated by using the time-convolutionless master-equation method.Our results show that,nonzero temperature can induce the entanglement sudden death and accelerate the decays of discord and entanglement.The discord and the entanglement have different robustness for different initial states and their robustness may change under certain conditions.When both the non-Markovian effect and detuning are present simultaneously,due to the memory and feedback effect of non-Markovian reservoirs,the discord and entanglement can be effectively protected even at nonzero temperature by increasing the non-Markovian effect and the detuning.     

HL-2M偏滤器的综合模拟技术初步研究

利用SOLPS和DINA程序,对偏滤器的数值模拟进行综合研究。结合HL-2M装置,针对偏滤器的结构优化、脱靶物理过程、偏滤器送气与抽气、垂直位移事件(VDE)等问题进行了模拟研究。分析了偏滤器靶板位形以及脱靶对偏滤器靶板热载荷的影响,研究了偏滤器的送气位置、送气速率、抽气速率等因素对于偏滤器性能的影响;同时,利用DINA程序对HL-2M装置的VDE过程进行了预测分析,并给出了HL-2M装置发生VDE过程的等离子体电流剖面变化,从而为HL-2M装置的偏滤器结构设计和分析提供输入数据。     

近红外光谱技术在葡萄及其制品品质检测中的应用研究进展

葡萄具有丰富的营养价值、药用价值和经济价值,是世界上种植面积最大的水果之一。根据人们的消费需求及产品的贮运要求,葡萄被加工成葡萄干、葡萄汁、葡萄酒、葡萄籽油等常见葡萄制品。基于食品质量安全的关注以及高品质果蔬农产品的需求,如何快速有效地评价葡萄及其制品的质量已成为当务之急。随着无损检测技术及装备的快速发展,近红外光谱（NIR）技术因其快速、无损、精确、经济及便于在线分析的优点,也逐渐被应用在果蔬等农产品质量品质检测领域。近年来,国内外学者利用NIR技术在不损坏被检测葡萄及其制品的前提下,结合化学计量法、主成分聚类分析（PCA）、偏最小二乘判别分析（PLS-DA）、主成分回归（PCR）、偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）、支持向量机（SVM）及神经网络（NN）等数据处理方法探究了糖、酒精、酸等一般成分及色素、单宁、芳香物质等特有成分含量与有效光谱信息的关联性,以此建立了葡萄及其制品主要品质指标的定性鉴别与定量分析模型,为便携式近红外葡萄品质检测设备的研制和在线葡萄汁、葡萄酒酿制过程监测系统的开发提供了一定技术支持。文章系统概述了近十年来国内外NIR技术在葡萄、葡萄酒、葡萄汁及葡萄副产物检测中的应用现状,旨在为葡萄及其制品在后续分类鉴定与品质评价研究方面提供参考。研究表明NIR技术通过定量定性分析可实现葡萄复杂理化成分的多组分检测和分类鉴别,在测定葡萄理化特性与内部品质方面的研究已经有了一定的进展,且在葡萄酒、葡萄汁的品质过程监测和定性鉴别方面的研究应用逐渐增多,并逐步应用于葡萄皮中多酚、花青素等葡萄副产物分析,以及葡萄藤、葡萄叶营养生长状况监测等其他方面,进一步证实了NIR技术正成为检测葡萄及其制品品质的一种有效工具,为进一步提高葡萄及其制品品质价值以及实现葡萄果园的实时、高效生产管理提供了技术支持,应用前景极为广泛。如何深入挖掘葡萄及葡萄制品不同类检测数据所反映信息的内在关联性,结合视觉、味觉、嗅觉等多源信息融合技术建立预测精确度更高、更稳健的模型去全面评价葡萄生产、果园管理、成熟期收获及产后加工全过程,实现对葡萄及其制品生产全过程质量控制和在线监测将成为今后的发展趋势。     

Stabilization of biosolids with nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI)

Biosolids are the treated organic residuals, also known as sludge, that are generated from domestic wastewater treatment plants. According to the USEPA, over 7 millions tons (dry weight) of biosolids are generated every year in the US by more than the 16,000 wastewater treatment plants and a large portion of these biosolids is disposed on land. Nuisance odors, the potential of pathogen transmission, and presence of toxic and persistent organic chemicals and metals in biosolids have for the most part limited the use of land applications. This paper presents zero-valent iron nanoparticles (1–100 nm) for the treatment and stabilization of biosolids. Iron nanoparticles have been shown to form stable and nonvolatile surface complexes with malodorous sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and methyl sulfides, degrade persistent organic pollutants such as PCBs and chlorinated pesticides, and sequestrate toxic metal ions such as mercury and lead. The end products from the nanoparticle reactions are iron oxides and oxyhydroxides, similar to the ubiquitous iron minerals in the environment. Due to the large surface area and high surface reactivity, only a relatively low dose (<0.1% wt) of iron nanoparticles is needed for effective biosolids stabilization. The iron nanoparticle technology may thus offer an economically and environmentally sustainable and unique solution to one of the most vexing environmental problems.