微纳光纤布拉格光栅折射率传感特性研究

利用光纤布拉格光栅方程和光纤基模有效折射率随纤芯半径和环境折射率的函数关系, 建立了微纳光纤布拉格光栅(MNFBG)反射波长随环境折射率变化的数学模型, 给出了波长灵敏度函数, 并指出MNFBG反射波长的变化规律决定于有效折射率随纤芯半径和环境折射率变化的关系. 详细探究了有效折射率及其灵敏度的变化规律, 结果表明: 有效折射率随纤芯半径和环境折射率的减小而非线性减小, 其对环境折射率变化的灵敏度随环境折射率的增大而非线性增加, 而且随纤芯半径减小, 有效折射率的灵敏度、线性度以及线性响应范围均呈递增规律. 通过对纤芯半径为0.5 μm的MNFBG在1.20–1.30和1.33–1.43 环境折射率范围内的波长响应关系拟合, 分别获得了477.33 nm/RIU和856.30 nm/RIU的波长灵敏度以及99.58 %和99.7%的高线性度, 论证了分析结论以及折射率区间划分测量方案的正确性, 为MNFBG折射率传感器的设计、优化以及应用提供了参考依据. 关键词： 微纳光纤 光纤布拉格光栅 折射率传感 数值模拟     

基于粗锥结构级联LPFG的双包层光纤多参量传感器

提出了一种基于模间干涉的测量温度、折射率和轴向应变的光纤传感器.在单模光纤与双包层光纤熔接点处形成粗锥,再与两个周期不同的长周期光纤光栅级联,由于模场失配,激发高阶模,形成三个谐振峰,且对不同参量有不同的灵敏度响应,通过解调三个谐振峰的波长漂移,利用系数灵敏度矩阵,可以测量温度、折射率和轴向应变.实验结果表明,温度在25℃～75℃范围内,灵敏度分别为60.07 pm/℃,6.47 pm/℃和103.83 pm/℃;折射率在1.335 5～1.359 5范围内,灵敏度分别为-56.64 nm/RIU,34.02 nm/RIU和-214.84 nm/RIU;轴向应变在200με～1 400με范围内,灵敏度分别为-2.14 pm/με,-3.61 pm/με和-2.59 pm/με,且分辨率分别为1.29℃、0.000 42 RIU和21.42με.该传感器具有灵敏度高、线性度良好等优点,可广泛应用于多参量测量领域。     

纤芯失配熔接的高灵敏度光纤折射率传感器

提出并实验验证了一种基于马赫泽德干涉仪(MZI)的高灵敏度光纤折射率(RI)传感器。传感头由一段单模光纤(SMF)夹熔在两段较短的细芯光纤(TCF)中组成TCF SMF-TCF结构,其总长度为9 mm。由于光纤纤芯失配导致的纤芯模和包层模发生干涉,干涉谱对传感头外部折射率的响应极其敏感。使用该传感器检测具有不同折射率的甘油水溶液,实验结果显示:传感器干涉谱的共振波长随环境折射率的增大向长波方向漂移,其折射率灵敏度在1.33 RIU～1.38 RIU范围内约为159 nm/RIU。该传感器具有结构简单、易于制造、成本较低、灵敏度高、抗电磁干扰能力强等优点,在生物化学与环境监测等领域具有较大的应用潜力。     

锥形三包层石英特种光纤折射率与温度传感器

提出了一种锥形三包层石英特种光纤(TTCQSF)的折射率与温度传感器。它是通过对2根单模光纤(SMF)之间熔接的三包层石英特种光纤(TCQSF)熔融拉锥得到的SMF-TTCQSF-SMF级联结构,形成了光纤马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(MZI)。由于TTCQSF纤芯模和包层模之间的光程差会随着外界环境的变化而改变,从而引起传感器干涉谱的变化,因此可以通过检测传感光谱的变化实现对外界物理量的测量。分别对该传感器进行折射率和温度传感实验,实验结果表明,当溶液折射率在1.3350~1.3466范围、温度在25.7℃~94.9℃范围内时,随着折射率和温度的增加,传感器的传输光谱分别出现红移和蓝移现象,其折射率灵敏度和温度灵敏度分别为1673.94 nm/RIU和-0.061 nm/℃,且均具有很好的线性度,其中RIU为单位折射率。该传感器制作简单、灵敏度高,在生物化学、工业生产的折射率和温度测量场合具有较好的应用前景。     

波长调制型表面等离子体共振的传感特性研究

表面等离子体共振(SPR)光学传感器能实现生物医学的快速、 无标记、 高精度检测,是生物化学分析的重要方法。 研制了基于波长调制型的Kretschmann结构表面等离子体共振(SPR)生物传感系统,研究了在体溶液传感方式下的传感性能。 利用不同浓度的乙醇和乙二醇溶液进行体溶液传感测试。 实验结果表明,在折射率低时共振波长对折射率变化响应的灵敏度低,但响应的线性度高;随着折射率增大,共振波长对折射率的响应变化的灵敏度提高。 在1.407 0～1.430 RIU折射率范围内,灵敏度高达11 487 nm·RIU-1。 传感器的共振波长的稳定性为0.213 8 nm,可分辨最小折射率趋近10-6 RIU。 所研制的波长调制型表面等离子共振传感器操作简单、 灵敏度高、 检测范围大,可实现浓度极低生物标记物的有效检测,在化学、 生物传感领域有重要的应用。     

侧边抛磨光纤的光谱调制型表面等离子体共振传感研究

表面等离子体共振传感是基于光学消逝波与金属表面等离子体波共振的一种高灵敏度、快速、无标记的测量方式。光纤的表面等离子体共振传感具有在线测量、体积小、抗电磁干扰等优点。为提高折射率传感灵敏度,采用轮式侧边抛磨法抛磨掉多模光纤的全部包层和部分纤芯,并采用溅射法在光纤抛磨区先镀高折射率的铬层然后镀金膜,制作了侧边抛磨光纤表面等离子体共振传感器。研究结果表明:该传感器可实现液体折射率在1.333~1.431RIU范围的测试,平均光谱灵敏度为4.11×103 nm·RIU-1,在1.417~1.431RIU折射率范围内光谱灵敏度达1.09×104 nm·RIU-1,折射率测量范围和光谱灵敏度均优于已报道的结果。此外,该传感器具有良好的稳定性与重复性实验测试,最小分辨率约为3.6×10-5 RIU。该传感器光谱灵敏度高、检测范围大、尺寸小及良好的稳定性与重复性等优点,可被用于食品检测、环境监测、生物医学检测等相关领域。     

基于双芯光子晶体光纤的中红外表面等离子体共振低折射率传感器

为了在中红外区域实现气凝胶、七氟醚(麻醉剂重要成分)等物质的折射率检测,拓展折射率检测范围,提出了一种基于双芯光子晶体光纤的表面等离子体共振低折射率传感器.光子晶体光纤由两种大小不同的空气孔围绕中心气孔构成,通过对光纤抛磨,最外侧大空气孔直接与待测物质接触,实现基于金属外涂覆的折射率实时测量.采用全矢量有限元法对该传感器的理论模型进行分析,结果表明,在1.12～1.37折射率范围内,传感器的共振波长位于中红外区域2 505～3 181nm,最高灵敏度为12 000nm/RIU,分辨率为8.33×10-6.该传感器利用中红外波段实现了低折射率检测,并且获得了超宽的检测范围和较高的灵敏度,在化工检测、生物医学传感以及水环境监测等领域具有广泛的应用前景.     

基于全相位滤波技术的光纤表面等离子体共振传感解调算法

基于生物样品检测对折射率传感的迫切需求,构建一种全光纤表面等离子体共振(surface plasmon resonance,SPR)系统,并针对其设计了基于全相位滤波技术的SPR特征波长传感解调算法.基于系统仿真,理论计算了光纤SPR传感器的折射率传感灵敏度.采用全相位滤波技术提取光纤SPR传感器透射光谱的特征波长,理论推导了全相位滤波器的解析表达式.实验结果表明,使用本算法的光纤SPR传感器折射率传感灵敏度为1640.4 nm/RIU,折射率检测的分辨率是7.36×10~(-4)RIU,与传统方法相比,有效提高了系统的检测精度和抗光源扰动性能,降低了实验成本.     

基于游标效应的高灵敏度光纤耦合器折射率传感器

为解决传统光纤折射率传感器灵敏度较低的问题,提出一种基于游标效应增强的拉锥光纤耦合器折射率传感器。利用拉锥光纤耦合器的双折射效应,在耦合器中形成x偏振态和y偏振态两路模式(奇模与偶模)干涉,两路略有差别的干涉通过叠加,形成游标效应。通过理论分析和数值计算,发现当拉锥耦合器的宽度为1.6～3.2μm时,奇模与偶模的群双折射系数差值会出现零点,折射率传感器的灵敏度会得到显著增强。在理论分析和数值仿真的基础上,实验研究了宽度为1.6μm的光纤耦合器的折射率传感性能,并在折射率1.333附近获得了30020.0nm/RIU和-34402.5nm/RIU的超高灵敏度。该传感器制作简单、结构紧凑且成本较低,在高灵敏度生物医学检测和分析化学领域具有重要应用前景。     

基于侧边抛磨光纤表面等离子体共振的折射率和温度传感研究

用轮式侧边抛磨法制作侧边抛磨光纤,通过磁控溅射法溅射金膜制成侧边抛磨光纤表面等离子体共振(SPR)传感器,并通过理论和实验对传感器的折射率灵敏度以及温度特性做了深入研究。结果表明表面等离子体共振波长随待测样品折射率的增大向长波长方向漂移,平均折射率灵敏度为4.1×103 nm/RIU(RIU为单位折射率),高于已报道的结果;共振波长随待测样品温度的升高向短波长方向漂移,平均温度灵敏度为0.36nm/℃,故该光纤SPR传感器具有更强抗温度漂移能力和更高的高折射率灵敏度,其在生物化学传感领域有重要的应用。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.