新式横向剪切干涉系统对天然气管道泄漏野外监测的研究

针对机械扫描式光谱分析设备抗震、抗干扰能力差等问题影响其在野外检测天然气管道泄露的精确度,设计了一种新式的抗震型横向剪切干涉系统。将分束镜作为机械扫描部分产生光程差,通过两个分束镜之间的连杆将引入的外部震动、干扰等相互抵消。计算了产生干涉条纹的干涉强度,分析了旋转分束镜对应角度的光程差函数,并求解了正向旋转和逆向旋转的最大角度,即可调节的最大光程范围。实验采用天然气罐放气模拟天然气管道泄露过程,在有干扰的条件下对本系统和WQF530型光谱仪的测试数据进行对比。实验结果显示,在室内没干扰的条件下,两者相对误差都在1%左右。但在有干扰的实际环境中,WQF530型光谱仪误差明显变大,均超过10%,而本系统的误差在5%以下。所以,本系统具有有效降低由于外部干扰造成的检测误差,比传统机械扫描式干涉设备更适用于野外探测。     

多参数补偿中红外甲烷检测仪的研制与试验

采用双通道差分式红外气体检测方法,基于比尔朗伯理论做针对性修正,研制出低检测下限、高探测性能的手持式红外甲烷气体检测仪.通过TracePro光线模拟软件,对比分析多种光学路径结构,得到小空间内长光程气室结构,增强气体有效吸收,提高仪器检测性能.引入多参数补偿算法,对气体吸收理论进行优化,得到适应本检测系统的气体吸收函数,以保证气体浓度信息计算准确性.仪器工作时最大输出电流为130mA,采用干电池供电,仪器的尺寸为209mm×70mm×40mm,甲烷气体浓度爆炸限以下最低检测限可达到50ppm,可以保证气体防爆的安全性要求.     

条纹形状法在线表征聚变靶丸参数

基于低振动低温恒温器,建立了一套用于冷冻靶参数测量的马赫-曾德尔激光干涉显微系统。考虑光折射效应,推导出了靶丸光程差随入射角变化的完整表达式。在低温环境中,当燃料固化或完全气化时,分别获取了靶丸中心存在条纹时的干涉图。基于干涉条纹形状分析法,利用光程差表达式分别计算了靶丸壁厚及靶丸内燃料气体浓度。同时,用非破坏性方法对气体浓度测量结果进行了实时标定。两种方法给出的结果之间的相对误差小于5%。     

基于模式跳变的井下便携式高精度CH_4浓度监测系统设计

为了在矿井中实现快速、便携式的甲烷浓度检测,同时系统还具备高灵敏度及长的工作周期,设计了基于半导体激光器模式跳变的差分光学光谱吸收法,建立了井下甲烷浓度无线检测系统。系统利用调制电流使半导体激光器的输出波长发生模式跳变,从而获得了两个相近波长的激光,其中一个在甲烷的特征吸收峰上,而另一个基本不被吸收。实验中将两束光分别照射被测气室时,两束光的光强之差代入比尔朗伯定律即可求解气室内的甲烷浓度。实验结果显示,调制电流从20.0 mA增大到60.0 mA过程中,输出波长在电流达到48.3 mA时发生跳变,由1 650.888 nm改变为1 651.020 m。通过HITRAN光谱数据库可知,波长1 650.888 nm位置可作特征吸收峰,而波长1 651.020 nm适合作参考波长。在此基础上,对密闭容器内标准浓度的甲烷气体进行测试,采用H-BD5GD410-HC型便携式甲烷检测仪的测试数据作对比。两种检测结果相近,但随着浓度不断地增高,该系统的检测误差相对平稳,略优于甲烷检测仪。系统的检测误差均低于0.050%,在不采用昂贵的锁相器、检相电路的条件下,实现了精度优于0.10%的井下甲烷浓度检测。     

波导式吸收腔的有效光程率研究

波导式光学吸收腔在气体和液体浓度测量等领域有广泛的应用前景.吸收腔的有效光程与系统的灵敏度有直接的关系.提出了波导式吸收腔有效光程率的数学模型.从理论上分析了波导的内壁镀膜折射率和厚度、波导内径和弯曲以及输入光场能量分布等因素对波导式吸收腔有效光程率的影响.对提高系统灵敏度和测试系统的误差补偿提供了重要参考.计算结果与...     

四种典型旋转型干涉仪的光程差分析和仿真

从经典迈克尔逊干涉仪结构出发,主要分析了四种旋转型干涉仪的结构特点,以及干涉仪的光程差与旋转角度之间的关系。通过设定参数,使用干涉仪光程差表达式对这四种旋转型干涉仪的光程差作了模拟仿真。在干涉仪光程差表达式基础上,对这四种旋转型干涉仪的旋转速度与旋转角度之间关系也作了模拟仿真。通过对干涉仪光程差的模拟仿真和比较,能够直观地反映出干涉仪光程差与旋转角度之间的关系。在要求运动速度误差控制在3%以内情况下,讨论了四种旋转型干涉仪的旋转角度范围。通过对干涉仪的光程差分析和仿真,这对于研究干涉仪的结构和性能分析具有很好的借鉴意义。     

基于腔增强激光光谱的水中溶解甲烷传感系统

为探测水中甲烷气体浓度,研制了一种基于离轴积分腔输出光谱的水中溶解甲烷传感系统。系统由分布式反馈激光器(中心波长为1 653 nm)、激光器温度控制模块、激光器电流驱动模块、谐振腔/气室、光电探测器、数据采集模块、数据处理模块和气液分离模块构成。利用配备的甲烷气体样品和纯氮气(N2),分别开展系统有效光程标定、直接吸收光谱信号的标定和稳定性测试等实验。使用浓度为10×10-6的甲烷气体样品标定了系统有效光程,约为1 906 m。将纯氮气作为目标气体,测量系统的稳定性。Allan方差分析结果表明,当积分时间为2 s时,系统检测灵敏度为92.8×10-9,当积分时间增加到134 s,系统的灵敏度可提高到13.2×10-9。利用该系统开展自来水、雨水和湖水样品中溶解甲烷的浓度检测实验,结果证实了该技术及系统的工程实用价值。该研究及相关结果为水质检测和天然气水合物等清洁能源的勘探开发奠定了良好的基础。     

应用电光调制干涉系统对甲烷气体浓度监测的研究

对甲烷气体浓度的监测应用领域很多,而目前绝大多数采用的是化学反应方法,存在安全性低、稳定性差等缺点,而采用光学干涉法定性定量分析稳定性高、抗干扰能力强。设计了电光调制的干涉系统进一步提高其探测精度。在干涉系统中,利用可变折射率晶体LiNbO₃的电光调制特性,对晶体折射率进行调制,增大静态光程扫描范围,提高光谱分辨率。系统对晶体两侧分别加载相位相反的调制信号,使其在不改变干涉具尺寸的条件下提高光谱分辨率。通过推导折射率调制度与光程差的函数关系,仿真计算可知比同尺寸干涉系统光谱分辨率提高了近一个数量级。实验采用SGT-3型声光调制器,1 650 nm红外激光器对不同浓度的甲烷气体进行检测,实验结果显示,此方法比传统的热释电法精度好、稳定性高,更适合在矿井等复杂环境下应用。     

白光下液晶器件光程差分布的测试与单色光验证

提出了把液晶波片作为电控补偿器,使用偏光显微镜的白光照射条件下测试液晶器件光程差二维分布的方法,建立了液晶器件在正交偏光下测试二维光程差分布的验证系统。使用该系统测试了液晶电控波片的光程差分布,将测试数据与传统的1/4波片法的测试结果进行了标定,误差在3%以内。在此基础上,使用上述系统完成了液晶光楔、紫外光寻址的透过式液晶空间光调制器二维光程差分布的测试,得到了二者的电控二维光程差分布规律。该方法的进一步优化,还可以用于液晶光学相控阵列的测试。研究意义在于,可以用偏光显微镜自带的白光照明系统来测试电控液晶器件在多个波长,包括近红外波段下光程差二维分布的显微结构,用于液晶光学相控阵列的驱动电压非线性校正、相位凹陷与回程区检测,还可用于液晶空间光调制器的光学寻址伽马校正等方面。     

一种基于谐波检测技术的光纤甲烷气体传感器

甲烷是易燃易爆气体,是矿井瓦斯及天然气等多种气体燃料的主要成分.气体爆炸一直是困扰煤矿安全生产的重大难题,因此现场实时检测甲烷气体浓度对于工矿安全运行,人身安全有着至关重要的作用.基于甲烷气体近红外吸收的机理,研究了一种以DFB LD为光源的高灵敏度光谱吸收型光纤甲烷气体传感器.利用光源调制实现气体浓度的谐波检测,用二次谐波与一次谐波的比值来消除光路干扰.建立了谐波检测的数学模型,给出了甲烷气体的测量结果.利用光纤作为传光通道,使得探头可以与测量电?肥迪滞耆绺衾?增强了系统的安全性.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.