Pekeris波导中简正波的复声强及其应用

在Pekeris波导模型下,关注了简正波的矢量场,讨论了简正波水平复声强和垂直复声强的表述,并分析了其特征.单阶简正波在水平方向是行波,相应的水平复声强仅为有功的;在垂直方向为驻波,相应的垂直复声强仅为无功的.而多阶简正波相互干涉,因此总声场的复声强既有有功分量,也有无功分量,其中只有有功分量参与声能的输运,但无功分量是反映声场信息的重要组成部分.通过对垂直(交互)复声强无功分量和水平交互复声强有功分量的数值分析,对于甚低频率的点源声场,发现当声源深度变化时,上述声场分量的正负号呈有规变化,当接收传感器置 关键词： 目标深度分类 复声强 矢量场 Pekeris波导     

浅海矢量声场干涉结构形成机理及试验研究

浅海低频声场的微观结构特征在于具有可用波导不变量表征的 稳定空间-频率干涉结构.声场兼具标量场和矢量场, 波导条件下二者联合决定声场的全部特性. 本文研究浅海声场空频干涉结构的矢量场特征. 理论分析了声压谱、动能密度谱、声强流谱等矢量场干涉结构的形成机理, 探讨了矢量场干涉结构的波导不变量表征, 数值仿真研究了Pekeris波导中能量和能流密度的干涉特性, 进行了宽带声源辐射矢量声场干涉特性及表征的海上试验.实测结果与理论、仿真分析有较好的一致性. 研究结果表明: 中近程和中远程声场均能模态相干, 有稳定的空频干涉结构, 并且矢量声场空频干涉结构存在多种形式, 除各种能量和能流密度谱图外, 相干系数谱也呈现干涉特征, 这些形式的空频干涉结构均可用波导不变量理论有效表征. 关键词： 矢量声场 干涉结构 波导不变量 浅海低频声场     

浅海舰船噪声声强流的垂直方向性

浅海环境中,确定性声源的多途声信号干涉使得接收点处声强流的方向发生改变,不再与声源位置处的声强流方向一致。只测量声场的标量声强时,无法得到接收点处声强流的垂直方向性,而基于简正波矢量场建模和仿真,可获得理想条件下宽带点声源激发声场声强流的垂直方向性。本文采用单矢量水听器进行海上实验,获得了海洋环境噪声和干扰条件下舰船噪声声强流的垂直方向性。仿真和实验结果表明:远场条件下,浅海干涉现象引起接收点处声强流的方向(极角)随频率和距离变化,其时间-频率分布呈现与LOFAR谱干涉条纹相似的条纹,声强流的极角值主要分布在70?～110?范围内。     

Experimental research of the interference and phase structure of the power flux from a local source in shallow water

The paper studies the interference structure of low-frequency tonal and wideband signals in shallow water, received by four-component vector-scalar modules. The spatial amplitudes and phase characteristics of the scalar field are analyzed, as well as three components of the vibration velocity vector and the power flux vector. A relationship is established between the zone of interference maxima and minima and the phase gradient in the horizontal and vertical plane, the change in direction of the vertical and horizontal components of the vibration velocity vector, and the change in the depression angle of the power flux vector in the horizontal plane.     

三维浅海环境下孤立子内波对低频声能流的传播影响

针对三维浅海环境下孤立子内波对低频声信号传播特性的影响问题,基于Oxyz坐标系下的三维浅海低频声场有限元计算方法,以声能流为研究对象,仿真分析了内波存在对低频声信号传播特性的影响规律。研究结果表明:受内波影响,在xOz平面,声能流垂直分量的传播偏转角度呈现周期性的起伏规律;随着声源深度的增加,内波对声能流偏转角度的影响深度也随之增加。对xOy平面,当声源位于温跃层以上时,随着接收深度的增加,各深度平面上声能流水平分量的偏转角越大;随着声源深度的增加,内波对各深度平面上声能流的影响逐渐减弱。      

A passive source ranging method based on the frequency warping transform of the vertical intensity flux in shallow water

The phase of cross-correlation function of two different normal modes contains source range information, which can be extracted by warping transform due to the dispersive characteristics of the shallow water waveguide. The autocorrelation function of the received pressure or particle velocity contains both modal autocorrelation component(MAC) and modal cross-correlation component(MCC), with the former part usually treated as interference for source ranging. Because the real part of the vertical intensity flux(RPVIF) only contains MCC, a passive impulsive source ranging method based on the frequency warping transform of RPVIF with a single vector receiver in shallow water is presented. Using a waveguide-invariant-based frequency warping operator, the cross-correlation components of two different modes in the vertical intensity flux are warped into separable impulsive sequences, the time delays of which are subsequently used for source ranging. The advantages of source ranging based on warping the vertical intensity flux compared with warping the pressure autocorrelation function are pointed out, and the experiment results are also presented.     

一种浅海声矢量场干涉结构提取方法

针对浅海Pekeris环境下声矢量场的干涉特征,基于简正波理论分析了在频率-距离域上声强谱、质点振速自谱、复声强谱和波阻抗谱干涉结构的形成机理,探讨了对干涉结构的波导不变量表征,并进行了宽带辐射声场干涉结构的海上测量试验。仿真研究和海试数据分析均表明,在频率-距离域上,上述4类物理量都会呈现稳定的、可用波导不变量β表征的干涉结构,而复声强独有的纯干涉分量更能体现波导的干涉效应。最后引入多尺度线性滤波器对海试实测LOFAR图进行处理,处理结果表明该滤波器可有效地增强干涉特征,更利于检测和提取干涉图案中的条纹信息。      

Analytical and numerical study of acoustic intensity field in irregularly shaped room

The modal expansion method has been used to formulate expressions for real and imaginary parts of the complex sound intensity inside enclosures. Based on theoretical results, the computer program has been developed to simulate the acoustic intensity vector field inside the irregular room whose shape resembles the capital letter L. Calculation results have shown that a low-frequency distribution of the acoustic intensity is strongly influenced by the modal localization and the characteristic objects in the active intensity field are energy vortices and saddle points positioned irregularly inside the room. It was found that for small sound damping the vortex centers lie exactly on the lines corresponding to zeros of the eigenfunction for a dominant mode. An increase in a sound attenuation results in the change of vortex positions and can cause the formation of new vortices. Finally, an influence of the wall impedance on the quantitative relation between the acoustic and reactive intensities was studied and it was concluded that for very small sound damping the behavior of the sound intensity is basically only oscillatory.     

浅海单矢量传感器宽带声源三维定位仿真

针对水平不变的浅海波导中单矢量传感器对低频宽带声源的三维被动定位问题,首先利用平均声强器估计声源方位；其次,通过分离简正模的声压和水平振速分量联合处理获得运动声源相对速度,进一步基于垂直声能流中简正模相干项特征频率不变性以及长时间窗口中多快拍信号的统一处理,建立WARPING变换频谱作为代价函数的搜索处理器,估计该段信号的初始距离,进而获得各时刻声源距离,所提出的方法避免了对拷贝声场和引导声源的依赖；最后,利用多阶简正模相干项与非相干项能量模基处理方法,当声场中存在三阶以上简正模时,可对声源深度进行匹配估计。仿真分析表明,单个矢量传感器能够给出声源的方位、距离及深度估计结果。     

Complex reflection phase gradient as an inversion parameter for the prediction of shallow water propagation and the characterization of sea-bottoms

In this paper a quantity is proposed, referred to as the complex reflection phase gradient, whose use in a matched field inversion procedure allows for the rapid extraction of first order geo-acoustic information about the sea-bottom. It is based on the observation that at low grazing angles the reflection phase and bottom loss for a wide range of sea-bottom types commonly exhibits an approximate linear relationship to the vertical component of the acoustic wave number at the seabed. The real part of this quantity specifies the rate at which the reflection phase varies with vertical acoustic wave number while the imaginary part quantifies the rate of change of bottom loss. Despite being defined with just two real parameters it is shown that it provides an accurate prediction of the sound field for a wide range of bottom types. In addition, its measurement permits an estimate to be made for the input impedance to the seabed in the zero grazing angle limit and, in the case of a homogeneous elastic half-space of known density, the compressional and shear wave speed. The main advantage of the two-parameter seabottom representation is that each parameter is readily inverted from comparatively few acoustic pressure measurements. The usefulness of the technique is illustrated by the results from computer simulated acoustic pressure measurements made at just eleven sensors in a simple shallow water channel, and results from a 10 cm deep laboratory channel at frequencies between 10 kHz and 75 kHz.     

Low-frequency horizontal acoustic refraction caused by internal wave solitons in a shallow sea

The effect of internal wave solitons on the sound field generated by a point source in a shallow sea is considered. In the framework of the theory of “horizontal rays and vertical modes,” the sound field pattern governed by the aforementioned hydrodynamic effect is investigated. It is shown that solitons can induce time-periodic focusing and defocusing of horizontal rays propagating at shallow angles to the internal wave front. This may result in the formation of “dynamical” horizontal sound channels, which, in its turn, results in considerable temporal fluctuations of the field along the acoustic track oriented along the internal wave front. For the sound field calculations, an approach is developed on the basis of the parabolic approximation in the horizontal plane and the mode representation in the vertical direction. The results obtained can be used for remote monitoring of internal wave packets in a shallow sea.     

单矢量水听器估计目标方位的方法与实验

为评估基于单矢量水听器的方位估计能力,在黄海海域对矢量水听器进行实验。矢量水听器吊放于接收船尾部,采用平均声强器和复声强器方位估计方法,并提出以概率密度值最大的方位角作为目标方位估计值的具体处理准则,对恒定方向、匀速行驶的目标船方位进行估计,并求出两种方法的方位估计误差。结果表明,水听器布放深度10 m时,对正横距离为0.42 km的航速10 kn的目标船,平均声强器方法的水平方位角估计误差18°,极角估计误差为5°,可以在离目标船最远1.17 km处估计其方位;复声强法的水平方位角估计误差为13°,极角估计误差为8°,可以在离目标船最远2.35 km处估计其方位。在有接收船的噪声干扰情况下,复声强器比平均声强器方法估计的方位更准确,可以对更远处的噪声源进行方位估计。     

Properties of the acoustic intensity vector field in a shallow water waveguide

Acoustic intensity is a vector quantity described by collocated measurements of acoustic pressure and particle velocity. In an ocean waveguide, the interaction among multipath arrivals of propagating wavefronts manifests unique behavior in the acoustic intensity. The instantaneous intensity, or energy flux, contains two components: a propagating and non-propagating energy flux. The instantaneous intensity is described by the time-dependent complex intensity, where the propagating and non-propagating energy fluxes are modulated by the active and reactive intensity envelopes, respectively. Properties of complex intensity are observed in data collected on a vertical line array during the transverse acoustic variability experiment (TAVEX) that took place in August of 2008, 17 km northeast of the Ieodo ocean research station in the East China Sea, 63 m depth. Parabolic equation (PE) simulations of the TAVEX waveguide supplement the experimental data set and provide a detailed analysis of the spatial structure of the complex intensity. A normalized intensity quantity, the pressure-intensity index, is used to describe features of the complex intensity which have a functional relationship between range and frequency, related to the waveguide invariant. The waveguide invariant is used to describe the spatial structure of intensity in the TAVEX waveguide using data taken at discrete ranges.     

A characterization of the scattered acoustic intensity field in the resonance region for simple spheres

The properties of the scattered acoustic vector fields generated by simple spheres illuminated by monotonic continuous wave (CW) plane waves are investigated. Analytical solutions are derived from general acoustic pressure scattering models and analyzed for wave numbers in the resonance region. Of particular interest is the understanding of the characteristics of the scattered acoustic vector field in the near-to-far-field transition region. The separable active and reactive components of the acoustic intensity are used to investigate the structural features of the scattered field components. Numerical results are presented for the near and transition regions for a rigid sphere. A method of mapping nulls in the scattered intensity field components is described. The analysis is then extended to include a simple fluid-filled boundary and finally the evacuated thin-walled shell. Near field acoustic intensity field structures are compared against mechanical material properties of vacuous shells. The ability to extract scattered field features is illustrated with measurements obtained from a recent in-air experiment using an anechoic chamber and acoustic vector sensor probes to measure the scattered acoustic vector field from rigid spheres.     

Estimating the acoustic characteristics of surface layers of the sea bottom using four-component vector-scalar receivers

It is shown that scalar, horizontal, and vertical vector receivers efficiently split modes of different numbers, which makes it possible to analyze the mode structure and estimate the characteristics of surface layers of a shallow sea bottom. To analyze the mode structure of propagating pulses from a towed pneumatic source, Winger transform was applied, with which seven modes were isolated by vertical vector receivers, whereas the scalar receivers and horizontal vector receivers isolated only three modes. It is established that the use of four-component vector-scalar receivers makes it possible to increase the accuracy in estimating the parameters of a layered bottom model.     

运动目标辐射声场干涉结构映射域特征研究

浅海低频声场呈稳定而显著的干涉特征,并蕴含声源状态和波导特性等信息.本文研究运动目标辐射声场干涉结构的简化映射以及映射域能量分布对目标运动状态的指示特征.理论分析了声压场和矢量声场空(时)频干涉谱图的二维傅里叶变换映射特征,推导了匀速运动目标时频干涉谱图映射域能量脊斜率与波导不变量以及距变率、航向角的关系式,证明了映射域脊斜率符号、脊斜率绝对值变化等对目标来袭或远离以及目标威胁程度的指示,并进行了数值仿真和海上试验研究.实测结果与理论、仿真分析有较好的一致性.研究结果表明:二维傅里叶变换可将声压场和矢量场时(空)频谱图干涉结构简化,匀速运动目标辐射声场干涉结构映射域的能谱脊斜率、距变率、航向角与波导不变量有解析关系式,声强谱、动能密度谱、声强流谱等声场干涉结构经映射后更为一致,映射域脊能简明的指示目标运动状态和威胁程度.     

浅海环境中矢量水听器角度谱特性

为探明远场舰船噪声和近场平台噪声声能流相互作用的机制对矢量水听器角度谱特性的影响,基于简正波矢量场理论,构建舰船平台噪声声场模型,获得与海上实验结果相符的声能流角度谱特性,声能流方向均随频率变化。对远场舰船噪声声能流和近场平台噪声声能流相互作用进行仿真,两者声能流强度的此消彼长使角度谱出现4种条纹,与海上实验获得的角度谱特性一致,导致目标方位估计出现误差,且不同频带上的结果不一致。说明两个声能流相互作用时,影响合成能流角度谱特性的主要因素是两者的声压级之差,为浅海中同时存在多个声源时的目标方位估计提供参考。      

Vortex properties of the acoustic intensity vector in a shallow sea

We study the vortex properties of the field of the acoustic intensity vector as a function of distance and radiation frequency, determined using a combined acoustic system in Peter the Great Bay in the Sea of Japan. We present probability density histograms of the normalized intensity vector curl components at a frequency of 110 Hz for the distance interval between the source and receiver within the limits of 1200–1725 m. The vortex structure of the acoustic intensity vector was observed in the vertical plane at the full distance (4000 m) from the source to the receiver. The discovered vortex structures are of interest both for physical acoustics and for applied problems in underwater acoustics.     

Rearrangement of the horizontal space-time structure of the sound field in shallow water in the presence of moving internal waves

The rearrangement of the space-time structure of the sound field in a shallow-water waveguide with a moving intense internal wave packet is considered. The analysis is performed in terms of an approach characterized by space-time horizontal rays and vertical modes. It is shown that, within the time the packet travels over the acoustic track (about an hour), considerable spatial and temporal fluctuations occur in the field intensity and interference structure.