强噪声下基于基因梯度粒子群算法的反馈波前调控方法

当激光束经过透明散射介质时,通常会产生散斑光场。利用反馈波前调控技术对入射光束的相位进行主动调控,可将散斑整形成聚焦光斑。当存在强噪声干扰时,已有的反馈控制算法大多存在调控效果不理想的问题,故提出一种适用于强噪声环境的基于基因梯度粒子群算法的反馈波前调控方法。该方法不过分依赖以往的优化信息,而是结合梯度快速搜索和基因交叉突变功能来实现噪声环境下对激光束的调控。通过与传统算法进行比较,分析基因梯度粒子群的初始参数(调整因子、变异率和交叉率等)和搜索能力对调控效果的影响。结果表明,在明亮室内的强背景杂散光噪声下,基因梯度粒子群算法能在较少的迭代次数下实现更好的聚焦效果。     

基于遗传算法的数字图像相关法在微位移测量中的应用

对遗传算法、粒子群算法、人工鱼群算法三种整像素搜索算法在微位移测量中的应用进行了对比研究。以相关系数大小衡量图像的匹配精度,选择归一化互相关函数作为相关系数及算法的目标函数;对目标函数进行迭代求解,得到了整像素的微位移;以模拟散斑图为研究对象,对三种算法的匹配精度、搜索速度、微位移测量结果进行了对比分析。结果表明,遗传算法在匹配精度、搜索速度及微位移测量精度上具有明显的优势,能满足数字图像相关法在微位移测量中的应用需求。     

频率域数字散斑相关方法的研究

提出一种利用二维快速傅里叶变换（ＦＦＴ）经频率域匹配滤波实现数字相关运算以提取散斑图携带位移信息的频率域数字散斑相关方法。该方法因采取快速傅里叶变换、散斑限幅、滤波器优化等措施而减弱了空间域相关方法中不利因素对相关波峰的影响,提出了相关点定位的时效性和精确性。     

超声散斑相关法测量转角的相关性研究

对于在用超声散斑相关法测量时,转角对不同强度散斑的影响及散斑场相关性和转角之间的关系做了研究。为了分析界面位移前后,不同照射区域对散斑振幅是如何影响的,文中把超声照射区域化为M个反射基元,利用大量反射基元的统计规律,推导出了散斑形貌误差和统计误差对散斑场的影响关系,这个关系就是散斑的振幅越大,受转角大小的影响就越小;转角越大统计误差对散斑强度的影响就越大。为了验证这个结论作者建立了实验系统,实验结果显示理论分析是正确的。     

两种插值亚像素定位法在数字散斑测量中的应用

利用数字散斑相关测量法只能得到试件的整像素位移量,不能满足高精度的测量要求。探讨了两种插值法在数字散斑亚像素级测量中的应用,并对相关系数多项式插值法和对数插值法的测量结果进行了比较,为在不同亚像素级位移条件下选择较为恰当的测量方法提供了依据。     

融合散斑干涉技术的阵列式洛伦兹力微颗粒探测方法

提出了一种阵列式洛伦兹力微颗粒探测法,该方法结合了散斑干涉技术的全场位移测量、分辨率高等特性与洛伦兹力微颗粒探测法中探测量为矢量、可探测内部缺陷等优势,探索了一种实时、在线、原位的缺陷检测方法.针对阵列式洛伦兹力微颗粒探测法中阵列式排布的多个悬臂梁位移测量问题,设计了大剪切数字散斑干涉系统,使来自于被测悬臂梁和安装悬臂梁的横梁的反射光发生干涉,形成剪切干涉,通过对相位差进行分析获得悬臂梁的绝对位移,并且以洛伦兹力及悬臂梁末端的位移量为中间量建立了散斑干涉相位差与缺陷体积之间的关系.本文通过实验成功获得了悬臂梁全场位移量以及缺陷的体积,通过散斑干涉的方法测量悬臂梁位移量理论分辨率可达30 nm,这使洛伦兹力微颗粒探测法具备了微米级缺陷的探测能力.     

数字剪切散班干涉术中的刚体位移补偿的新方法

给出一个数字剪切散斑干涉术中的刚体位移补偿的新方法。当刚体位移大于一个像素时，加载前后的散斑图将会由于位置的变化导致失相关。重新安排每一个像素将会克服此失相关。散斑平均、条纹重构以及迭代方法用来改善条纹质量，消除散斑噪声，最后得到可取结果。     

剪切散斑干涉术的统计分析

本文用统计光学方法分析了剪切散斑图的成象过程;散斑图的频谱分布以及全场滤波干涉条纹的形成.发现剪切散斑干涉条纹不仅与三维位移微分有关,而且与面内位移量有关.在此基础上又讨论了影响干涉条纹质量的有关因素,并作了实验验证.     

基于数字散斑照相术测量刚体面内位移

数字散斑照相术通常测量刚体的面内位移。从基本原理着手,研究了基于散斑照相术的两种常用方法,即数字图像相关法和傅里叶变换法。论述了数字图像相关法中的亚像素梯度算法,讨论了如何选择子区的大小,优化测量结果;傅里叶变换法通过对散斑图进行傅里叶变换和数学形态学等一系列操作,获得精确的条纹间距,从而更好地计算面内位移。实验结果表明,傅里叶变换法的测量精度要高于数字图像相关法。     

数字剪切散斑干涉术中的刚体位移补偿的新方法

给出一个数字剪切散斑干涉术中的刚体位移补偿的新方法，当刚体位移大于一个像素时，加载前后的散斑图将会由于位置的变化导致失相关，重新安排每一个像素将会克服此失相关，散斑平均、条纹重构以及迭代方法用来改善条纹质量，消除散斑噪声，最后得到可取结果。     

全息散斑条纹的提取及图像处理

介绍了一种新的全息散斑条纹的提取方法.理论和实验表明:对全息散斑底片逐点再现时,两伴生亮斑条纹是全息散斑底片一级衍射光的杨氏干涉条纹,与中央的杨氏条纹是一致的,有较高的条纹对比度且没有背景光晕的影响.利用计算机数字图像处理技术对伴生散斑条纹进行处理,定量测试了受静载物体的面内位移.     

Digital ultrasonic speckle phase-shifting method

The digital ultrasonic speckle phase-shifting method (USPM), which is introduced in this paper, can be applied to the measurement of small displacement that is smaller than speckle size at the test point compared to traditional ultrasonic speckle correlation method (USCM). Using USPM, a digital ultrasonic reference signal is introduced to interfere with the ultrasonic speckle signal, which is picked up at the test point on an object surface and is referred to as the object signal. As the phase of the reference signal is shifted several times using the software and then they superimpose with the object signal respectively, the phase of the object signal can be calculated according to the intensities of the superimposed signals. If the object surface moves a small distance, the phase variation of the object speckle can be detected by the same process. As a result, the displacement of the object surface can be measured. Based on the feature of ultrasonic speckles, inner surface displacement of an object can be measured using this proposed method. In this case, the effect of outer surface roughness to the measurement accuracy of USPM is examined experimentally. The experimental results show that the measurement is successful when the displacement is smaller than half of the speckle size at the test point and the roughness parameter R_a of the outer surface of the specimen is less than about 5.47 μm.     

The combined effect of nonlinear filtration and window size on the accuracy of tissue displacement estimation using detected echo signals

In cardiac elastography, the regional strain and strain rate imaging is based on displacement estimation of tissue sections within the heart muscle carried out with various block-matching techniques (cross-correlation, sum of absolute differences, sum of squared differences, etc.). The accuracy of these techniques depends on a combination of ultrasonic imaging parameters such as ultrasonic frequency of interrogation, signal-to-noise ratio, size of a kernel used in a block-matching algorithm, type of data and speckle decorrelation. In this paper, we discuss the possibility to enhance the accuracy of the displacement estimation via nonlinear filtering of B-mode images before block-matching operation. The combined effect of a filter algorithm and a kernel size on the accuracy of the displacement estimation is analyzed using a 36-frame sequence of grayscale B-mode images of a human heart acquired by an ultrasound system operating at 1.77 MHz. It is shown that the nonlinear filtering of images enables to obtain the desired accuracy (less than one pixel) of the displacement estimation with smaller kernels than without filtering. These results are obtained for two filters--an adaptive anisotropic diffusion filter and a nonlinear Gaussian filter chain.     

超声散斑相移法测量技术

超声散斑相移法能满足工程建设中对水下物内层界面关键点位移进行测量的特殊要求。测量时,引入数字参考信号与物面测点上的散斑信号进行数字干涉,获得叠加信号强度。界面位移前后,应用软件逐步改变参考信号相位,可逐步改变叠加信号强度,根据这些信号强度值可计算出测点的位移量。应用此技术对水下试件内层表面的法线和切线方向上的位移进行了实测,测量结果与理论值有较好的吻合;研究表明打磨后的粗糙外层界面不影响应用相移法进行测量。在应用相移法测量时,不需声像转换,不需全场扫描,测量精度不受散斑尺寸限制。      

On the lower limit of one beam laser speckle interferometry

It has been customarily assumed that the smallest measurable displacement by one beam speckle interferometry is equal to the smallest speckle size (σ = 1.22 λF) as resolved by the recording camera. In this paper it is shown both analytically and experimentally that the smallest measurable displacement is smaller than the speckle size as it is usually defined.     

Measurement of three-dimensional rigid body motion by multiple exposure speckle photography: use of uncollimated beam illumination in free space geometry

A theoretical and experimental analysis is carried out showing the effect of multiple exposures on fringes in the case of three-dimensional motion of a diffuse object illuminated by a diverging beam from a laser point source. Experimental conditions are such that the speckle patterns remain fully correlated in spite of the object moving in three-dimensional space in a direction that makes an angle with the optical axis. Owing to the in-plane component of the three-dimensional displacement the point of null-speckle displacement shifts either in the direction of the in-plane component of the motion or in the opposite direction depending upon the direction of the out-of-plane displacement component. This modifies the fringe profile as compared with the case of pure out-of-plane motion. The intensity distribution at the Fresnel plane of a specklegram is investigated after filtering by a converging beam for double exposure and multiple exposures. Good agreement is found between the theoretical and experimental results.     

Digital image correlation with gray gradient constraints: Application to spatially variant speckle images

As a carrier of local deformation information, speckle pattern inside a subset is usually crucial for surface displacement acquisition based upon a digital image correlation (DIC) method, since both accuracy and precision of DIC method are closely related to the amount of speckle information in a subset. Although some comprehensive theoretical frameworks have been developed to estimate the quality of local speckle patterns, it is still a great challenge how to effectively integrate the subset speckle information into the well-developed correlation criteria used for DIC. By means of a well-designed square window function, we here propose the concept of continuous subset in order to modulate subset size in a continuously derivable manner. Afterwards, we further develop a new constrained zero-normalized sum-of-squared differences (CZNSSD) criterion and construct the corresponding iterative algorithm, based on which the subset size involved can be automatically determined according to the necessary amount of speckle information. Numerical results of synthetic speckle images indicate that the set of algorithm can enhance the accuracy and precision of displacement measurement, especially for spatially variant speckle images.     

Application of dynamic speckle method using in sedimentation process of silver chloride

The generation process of silver chloride was studied using dynamic speckle methods including speckle size measurement and speckle contrast measurement. The quantity and size changes of the sedimentation particles in the illuminating region were investigated and analyzed.     

Gaussian pre-filtering for uncertainty minimization in digital image correlation using numerically-designed speckle patterns

This paper discusses the effect of pre-processing image blurring on the uncertainty of two-dimensional digital image correlation (DIC) measurements for the specific case of numerically-designed speckle patterns having particles with well-defined and consistent shape, size and spacing. Such patterns are more suitable for large measurement surfaces on large-scale specimens than traditional spray-painted random patterns without well-defined particles. The methodology consists of numerical simulations where Gaussian digital filters with varying standard deviation are applied to a reference speckle pattern. To simplify the pattern application process for large areas and increase contrast to reduce measurement uncertainty, the speckle shape, mean size and on-center spacing were selected to be representative of numerically-designed patterns that can be applied on large surfaces through different techniques (e.g., spray-painting through stencils). Such “designer patterns” are characterized by well-defined regions of non-zero frequency content and non-zero peaks, and are fundamentally different from typical spray-painted patterns whose frequency content exhibits near-zero peaks. The effect of blurring filters is examined for constant, linear, quadratic and cubic displacement fields. Maximum strains between ±250 and ±20,000 µε are simulated, thus covering a relevant range for structural materials subjected to service and ultimate stresses. The robustness of the simulation procedure is verified experimentally using a physical speckle pattern subjected to constant displacements. The stability of the relation between standard deviation of the Gaussian filter and measurement uncertainty is assessed for linear displacement fields at varying image noise levels, subset size, and frequency content of the speckle pattern. It is shown that bias error as well as measurement uncertainty are minimized through Gaussian pre-filtering. This finding does not apply to typical spray-painted patterns without well-defined particles, for which image blurring is only beneficial in reducing bias errors.     

数字散斑亚像素小角位移测量的曲面拟合法

与传统测量方法相比,数字散斑相关法由于其目标特征单元网格划分的灵活性,能够更好地满足不同场合小角位移的测量需求。针对该方法亚像素小角位移测量的曲面拟合参数选择问题,研究了亚像素测量图像小角旋转前后的九点二次曲面拟合法,并根据计算机生成模拟散斑进行模拟实验分析,得到最佳误差效率优化条件下的曲面拟合法求解亚像素小角位移的最佳散斑尺寸3.5 pixel、计算窗口尺寸41×41 pixel和拟合窗口尺寸3×3 pixel。实验验证了上述测量参数的有效性,为进一步的曲面拟合法数字散斑成像角位移测量提供参考。