分光光度法用于研究固色剂对活性染料染色单板耐水色牢度的影响

采用高固色率的双活性基M型活性染料对速生人工林木材进行染色,均有很好的易染性和渗透性以及较高的上染率。利用不同种类固色剂对活性染料染色单板进行处理,利用分光光度法,分别测定未经和经固色剂处理的活性染料染色单板热水浸泡液的分光光度值,可知分别经3种环保型固色剂处理后的活性染料染色单板的耐水色牢度均有不同程度的提高,其中以NRT处理过的染色单板的耐水色牢度最佳。     

染色温度对叶绿素铜钠盐上染蚕丝织物的影响

研究了染色温度对叶绿素铜钠盐上染蚕丝织物的上染速率、染色织物颜色特征值及色牢度的影响。结果表明,在40—90℃染色温度范围内,当温度为70℃时,叶绿素铜钠盐上染蚕丝初期上染速率、平衡上染率均最大,染色蚕丝织物最为深绿;叶绿素铜钠盐染色蚕丝织物具有很好的耐洗和耐摩擦牢度（4级及以上）,但其耐日光色牢度较差（2—3级）;提高染色温度、延长染色时间对染色蚕丝织物的耐日光色牢度没有明显影响。叶绿素铜钠盐染色蚕丝织物适宜制作高档的居家服饰。     

高比表面积活性炭对曙红Y染料的吸附

以海南椰树壳为原料通过复合物理活化方法制备出2162.84m2/g的高比表面积活性炭,所得活性炭孔径分布范围为1.1-2.5nm.选择对曙红Y染料进行吸附研究,采用分光光度法考查吸附剂用量、pH值、初始浓度、温度与吸附时间对单组分体系染料的吸附量与脱除效果的影响.结果表明在曙红Y浓度1600g ·m-3、pH为2.02、吸附时间10min、温度318K和吸附剂用量0.05g时脱除率可达99.9％.     

分光光度法研究改性粉煤灰对有机磷的吸附性能

常温下,用硫酸铝为改性剂制得改性粉煤灰,以此作为有机磷废水的吸附剂,用分光光度法分析改性粉煤灰对有机磷的吸附性能,并通过XRD对其结构进行表征。结果表明:改性时,盐灰质量比为1∶12;吸附时,改性粉煤灰用量为35g/L、溶液的pH值为8、振荡时间为30min、吸附温度为30℃时,磷的去除率可达97.0%。     

磁性分离富集-分光光度法测定食品中的诱惑红

建立了分光光度法测定食品中痕量诱惑红的磁性分离富集新体系。对定量分离分析诱惑红条件,如pH值、吸附剂用量、吸附时间、诱惑红的初始浓度及体积和干扰离子等进行了研究。结果表明,在最佳条件下,Fe₃O₄纳米粒子对诱惑红的饱和吸附量为16.9mg/g,吸附常数为17.4L/mg,吸附率达到98.5%,吸附过程以静电吸引和离子交换为主,以5mL0.6mol/L的KCl为洗脱液,洗脱率达99.5%,富集倍率达到100倍;方法的线性范围为5—600μg/L,检出限为3.9μg/L,相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.4%。该法用于食品中痕量诱惑红的富集和测定,结果令人满意。     

膨润土负载掺铁氧化钛光降解苯酚

以钛酸四丁酯为原料,用溶胶-凝胶法制备了以膨润土为载体的负载型TiO2光催化剂;采用分光光度法测试其光降解性能;讨论了影响苯酚降解的主要因素。结果表明,在pH=8.0时,光催化剂的用量为15mg/L,苯酚溶液的浓度为5mg/L时,光照时间为120min,苯酚的降解率可达98.2%。     

正交优化红枣多糖的超声波提取工艺

建立了UV-Vis分光光度测定红枣中多糖含量的方法.考察了乙醇体积、超声温度、超声时间、料液比4因素对多糖含量测定的影响.在单因素试验结果的基础上,进行正交试验设计,试验结果表明:最佳测定条件为A2B2C3D2,即超声温度为50℃,超声时间为60min,料液比为1∶30(g/mL),乙醇用量为30mL.方法平均回收率为96.87％,RSD为1.11％(n=5).该法快速、灵敏、准确,可用于红枣多糖的提取及含量测定.     

负载型杂多酸对罗丹明B光催化降解的研究

以ZrO2-MoO3为载体制备了负载型硅钨杂多酸催化剂.以其为光催化剂,研究其对罗丹明B染料废水光催化降解的影响.实验结果表明:酸度、催化剂用量、溶液初始浓度是影响催化降解效果的重要因素.最佳催化条件为降解溶液酸度pH=2,催化剂最佳用量为0.5g/L,溶液的初始浓度为30mg/L,催化时间为2.5h.     

粉末活性炭对模拟间氨基苯酚废水吸附研究

在静态条件下,研究了活性炭对间氨基苯酚废水的吸附效果,确定了处理废水的pH值、活性炭用量、振荡时间、温度、废水中间氨基苯酚浓度、振荡速率以及电解质对吸附效果的影响。实验表明:活性炭在pH值为6.0,用量3.5g,温度40℃,振荡2.5h的条件下,对100mL质量浓度为50mg/L的间氨基苯酚模拟废水处理效果最佳。     

超声波法提取芹菜叶中多酚类物质

通过单因素试验确定了芹菜叶中多酚类物质较佳的超声波提取工艺条件为:300Hz超声波振荡,提取剂为85%乙醇溶液,料液比为0.8g/10mL,提取时间50min,提取温度40℃。通过分光光度法测定了芹菜叶中多酚类物质的含量为3.0%,即30mg/g。     

Cold Pad-Batch dyeing method for cotton fabric dyeing with reactive dyes using ultrasonic energy

Reactive dyes are vastly used in dyeing and printing of cotton fibre. These dyes have a distinctive reactive nature due to active groups which form covalent bonds with -OH groups of cotton through substitution and/or addition mechanism. Among many methods used for dyeing cotton with reactive dyes, the Cold Pad Batch (CPB) method is relatively more environment friendly due to high dye fixation and non requirement of thermal energy. The dyed fabric production rate is low due to requirement of at least twelve hours batching time for dye fixation. The proposed CPB method for dyeing cotton involves ultrasonic energy resulting into a one third decrease in batching time. The dyeing of cotton fibre was carried out with CI reactive red 195 and CI reactive black 5 by conventional and ultrasonic (US) method. The study showed that the use of ultrasonic energy not only shortens the batching time but the alkalis concentrations can considerably be reduced. In this case, the colour strength (K/S) and dye fixation (%F) also enhances without any adverse effect on colour fastness of the dyed fabric. The appearance of dyed fibre surface using scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed relative straightening of fibre convolutions and significant swelling of the fibre upon ultrasonic application. The total colour difference values ΔE (CMC) for the proposed method, were found within close proximity to the conventionally dyed sample.     

清末传世纺织品的材质鉴别和所用染料的微量分析

从早期纺织品保护的视角出发,通过对这一行业国内外大量文献资料梳理分析,对比了织物的常规系统分析方法,结合现代的科学技术方法,对早期纺织品的面料种类、所用染料种类以及染色工艺进行测定分析。面对目前服饰博物馆清末传世朱红女袄保藏面临的严峻考验,运用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪鉴定该纺织品的材质,以萃取法提取纺织品上的染料,用反射分光色度仪对提取前后的纺织品进行表面颜色分析,并用高压液相色谱和质谱对色素进行结构分析,尝试确定分析早期纺织品上染料的结构成分和上染方式。将现代分析技术（液质联用）和理念（色度学）融入传统研究中,使用客观科学技术获取更多有效数据和信息,佐证以主观目鉴方法得出的结论,弥补这一研究领域的空白,使对于传统服饰的研究更具深度。与传统的纺织品鉴别方法横向比较,现代的科学技术方法获得的相关信息更加详尽可靠。有利于根据不同染料特性和不同纤维种类特性提出具有针对性的保藏措施,对博物馆馆藏纺织品的保护和保存具有重要的意义。采用傅里叶变换红外仪对样品的面料进行简单分析,通过不同的特殊特征峰确定了样品为蚕丝面料。该研究建立了一种普遍适用的染料提取方法,采用丙酮、乙腈、吡啶：水（1∶1）、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、0.1%乙二胺四乙酸水溶液/N,N-二甲基甲酰胺（1∶1）、甲醇六种不同的溶剂提取样品上的染料,采用反射分光光度仪对样品表面剥色前后的颜色进行色度测量分析。结果表明,吡啶的水溶液对染料具有最佳的提取效果;发现提取染料时加入少量乙二胺四乙酸,会提高剥色效率,即染色方式可能是媒染法,因为乙二胺四乙酸可以破坏染料和媒染金属离子间的络合作用。从染料提取前后织物的颜色变化可以推断样品的颜色可能是由染料拼色得到,利用液质联用技术（LC-MS）对提取的染料进行检测,根据染料上染方式和分子量推测分析,纺织品上染料可能含有小檗碱。经过标准小檗碱染料进行验证,进一步证明了染色纺织品上其中一种染料为小檗碱。     

Ultrasonic dyeing of cellulose nanofibers

Textile dyeing assisted by ultrasonic energy has attained a greater interest in recent years. We report ultrasonic dyeing of nanofibers for the very first time. We chose cellulose nanofibers and dyed with two reactive dyes, CI reactive black 5 and CI reactive red 195. The cellulose nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning of cellulose acetate (CA) followed by deacetylation. The FTIR results confirmed complete conversion of CA into cellulose nanofibers. Dyeing parameters optimized were dyeing temperature, dyeing time and dye concentrations for each class of the dye used. Results revealed that the ultrasonic dyeing produced higher color yield (K/S values) than the conventional dyeing. The color fastness test results depicted good dye fixation. SEM analysis evidenced that ultrasonic energy during dyeing do not affect surface morphology of nanofibers. The results conclude successful dyeing of cellulose nanofibers using ultrasonic energy with better color yield and color fastness results than conventional dyeing.     

Ecofriendly laccase–hydrogen peroxide/ultrasound-assisted bleaching of linen fabrics and its influence on dyeing efficiency

This study evaluates the bleaching efficiency of enzymatically scoured linen fabrics using a combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide bleaching process with and without ultrasonic energy, with the goal of obtaining fabrics with high whiteness levels, well preserved tensile strength and higher dye uptake. The effect of the laccase enzyme and the combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide bleaching process with and without ultrasound has been investigated with regard to whiteness value, tensile strength, dyeing efficiency and dyeing kinetics using both reactive and cationic dyes. The bleached linen fabrics were characterized using X-ray diffraction and by measuring tensile strength and lightness. The dyeing efficiency and kinetics were characterized by measuring dye uptake and colour fastness. The results indicated that ultrasound was an effective technique in the combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide bleaching process of linen fabrics. The whiteness values expressed as lightness of linen fabrics is enhanced by using ultrasonic energy. The measured colour strength values were found to be slightly better for combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide/ultrasound-assisted bleached fabrics than for combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide for both reactive and cationic dyes. The fastness properties of the fabrics dyed with reactive dye were better than those obtained when using cationic dye. The time/dye uptake isotherms were also enhanced when using combined laccase–hydrogen peroxide/ultrasound-assisted bleached fabric, which confirms the efficiency of ultrasound in the combined oxidative bleaching process. The dyeing rate constant, half-time of dyeing and dyeing efficiency have been calculated and discussed.     

Ultrasonic-assisted dyeing of Nylon-6 nanofibers

We first time report ultrasonic dyeing of the Nylon 6 nanofibers with two disperse dyes CI Disperse blue 56 and CI Disperse Red 167:1 by utilising ultrasonic energy during dyeing process. The Nylon 6 nanofibers were fabricated via electrospinning and dyed via batchwise method with and without sonication. Results revealed that ultrasonic dyeing produce higher color yield (K/S values) and substantially reduces dyeing time from 60 min for conventional dyeing to 30 min can be attributed to breakage of dye aggregate, transient cavitation near nanofiber surface and mass transfer within/between nanofibers. Color fastness results exhibited good to very good dye fixation. SEM images exhibit insignificant effect of sonication on morphology of the nanofibers. Our research results demonstrate ultrasonic dyeing as a better dyeing technique for Nylon 6 nanofibers with higher color yield and substantially reduced dyeing time.     

Studies on the use of power ultrasound in leather dyeing

Uses of power ultrasound for acceleration/performing the chemical as well as physical processes are gaining importance. In conventional leather processing, the diffusion of chemicals through the pores of the skin/hide is achieved by the mechanical agitation caused by the paddle or drumming action. In this work, the use of power ultrasound in the dyeing of leather has been studied with the aim to improve the exhaustion of dye for a given processing time, to reduce the dyeing time and to improve the quality of dyed leather. The effect of power ultrasound in the dyeing of full chrome cow crust leather in a stationary condition is compared with dyeing in the absence of ultrasound as a control experiment both in a stationary as well as conventional drumming condition. An ultrasonic cleaner (150 W and 33 kHz) was used for the experiments. Actual power dissipated into the system was calculated from the calorimetric measurement. Experiments were carried out with variation in type of dye, amount of dye offer, temperature and time. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the percentage exhaustion of dye due to the presence of ultrasound, when compared to dyeing in absence of ultrasound. Experiments on equilibrium dye uptake carried out with or without ultrasound suggest that ultrasound help to improve the kinetics of leather dyeing. The results indicate that leathers dyed in presence of ultrasound have higher colour values, better dye penetration and fastness properties compared to control leathers. The physical testing results show that strength properties of the dyed leathers are not affected due to the application of ultrasound under the given process conditions. Apparent diffusion coefficient during the initial stage of dyeing process, both in presence and in absence of ultrasound was calculated. The values show that ultrasound helps in improving the apparent diffusion coefficient more for the difficult dyeing conditions such as in the case of metal-complex dyes having bigger aggregate size compared to less difficult dyeing conditions.     

Effects of ultrasonic energy on dyeing of polyamide (microfibre)/Lycra blends

Although ultrasonic energy is widely used cleaning and degreasing of parts and assemblies in automotive and other industries, the use of ultrasonic energy in an industrial scale for textile washing is very new. This is due to the complexity of controlling the combination of chemical and mechanical effects, whereas with degreasing of machine parts only the mechanical effects is applied. The use of ultrasonic energy in dyeing PA/Lycra fabrics with reactive dyes has been studied spectrophotometrically in this work. PA/Lycra (85/15) blends have been dyed using conventional and ultrasonic dyeing techniques with three reactive dyes containing different chromophore and reactive groups. The dyeing carried out conventionally and by the use of ultrasonic techniques. The results were compared in terms of percentage exhaustion; total dye transferred to the washing bath after dyeing and the fastness properties.     

Laser dye mixtures

Properties necessary to obtain efficient laser action from laser dyes are reviewed. It is concluded that the dye added (booster dye) to a laser dye (active dye) solution to increase its efficiency need not necessarily be a laser dye. This is illustrated by considering different spectral locations of a triplet-triplet absorption band present in the booster dye relative to the location of the laser action region (part of the fluorescence spectrum) of the active laser dye. Conditions required for booster dyes to form efficient dye mixtures are given. These observations are used to explain why specific well known laser dye mixtures show efficient, little, or no laser action at all.     

Investigation of natural dyes and ancient textiles from korea using TOF-SIMS

The identification of the colorants used on ancient textiles provides a historical pathway to the understanding of the processes associated with one of the oldest of chemical technologies, namely textile dyeing. In this paper, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) was used to detect dyes on textiles avoiding the time-consuming and destructive extraction procedures necessary for the spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods previously used. The plant dyes investigated belong to a variety of chemical groups, which include curcumin, crocin, carthamin, purpurin, alizarin, brazilin, shikonin, and indigo. Reference textile samples were prepared with dye extracts of plants and were characterized by TOF-SIMS. TOF-SIMS spectra for the dyed textiles showed element ions from metallic mordants, specific fragment ions, and molecular ions from organic dyes. Remnant dyes on excavated textiles have also been identified using TOF-SIMS. The ancient textile sample showed the presence of indigo clearly, although the fiber itself had degraded badly. From the results, it was concluded that most of plant dyes can be identified with TOF-SIMS and it is a very promising technique for the archaeology field.     

Ultrasound assisted enhancement in natural dye extraction from beetroot for industrial applications and natural dyeing of leather

There is a growing demand for eco-friendly/non-toxic colorants, specifically for health sensitive applications such as coloration of food and dyeing of child textile/leather garments. Recently, dyes derived from natural sources for these applications have emerged as an important alternative to potentially harmful synthetic dyes and pose need for suitable effective extraction methodologies. The present paper focus on the influence of process parameters for ultrasound assisted leaching of coloring matter from plant materials. In the present work, extraction of natural dye from beetroot using ultrasound has been studied and compared with static/magnetic stirring as a control process at 45 °C. The influence of process parameters on the extraction efficiency such as ultrasonic output power, time, pulse mode, effect of solvent system and amount of beetroot has been studied. The use of ultrasound is found to have significant improvement in the extraction efficiency of colorant obtained from beetroot. Based on the experiments it has been found that a mixture of 1:1 ethanol–water with 80 W ultrasonic power for 3 h contact time provided better yield and extraction efficiency. Pulse mode operation may be useful in reducing electrical energy consumption in the extraction process. The effect of the amount of beetroot used in relation to extraction efficiency has also been studied. Two-stage extraction has been studied and found to be beneficial for improving the yield for higher amounts of beetroot. Significant 8% enhancement in % yield of colorant has been achieved with ultrasound, 80 W as compared to MS process both using 1:1 ethanol–water. The coloring ability of extracted beet dye has been tested on substrates such as leather and paper and found to be suitable for dyeing. Ultrasound is also found to be beneficial in natural dyeing of leather with improved rate of exhaustion. Both the dyed substrates have better color values for ultrasonic beet extract as inferred from reflectance measurement. Therefore, the present study clearly offers efficient extraction methodology from natural dye resources such as beetroot with ultrasound even dispensing with external heating. Thereby, also making eco-friendly non-toxic dyeing of fibrous substances a potential viable option.