探究落球法粘滞系数实验的最佳实验条件及误差修正

系统地探究了落球法测量蓖麻油粘滞系数实验中测量结果的影响因素,分析了小球从不同位置下落、不同小球直径和不同实验温度对蓖麻油粘滞系数测量的影响。通过绘制误差曲线并进行分析,提出了实验的改进方案,以提高实验精度,减小实验误差。     

液体粘滞系数不确定度的评定

本文介绍定温下，液体蓖麻油粘滞系数测量结果不确定度的评定，并着重讨论了由温度影响所引起的不确定度。     

Couette型液体粘滞系数测量公式修正

Searle型系统测量液体粘滞系数文献研究较多,而Couette型液体粘滞系数测量系统研究很少且已有的文献描述错误或者不完善。利用流体力学和粘性流体力学基本理论,结合Searle型内筒旋转式测量液体粘滞系数的研究方法,得到Couette型液体粘滞系数测量系统测量液体粘滞系数表达式,并通过实验测量25℃下蓖麻油的粘滞系数。结果表明:不同尺寸圆筒得到的粘滞系数分别为0.614、0.621、0.625、0.618,误差分别为1%,0.2%,0.8%,0.3%。     

沉降法测定液体粘滞系数实验的改进

应用斯托克斯定律,采用沉降法测定液体的粘滞系数,通常的方法是采用水银小珠,在粘滞系数较大的液体——甘油、蓖麻油或煤油中匀速沉降。采用这种方法有以下的问题: (1) 甘油、蓖麻油等的纯度、密度难于测定,它们的粘滞系数受温度影响极大,在不同温度下的粘滞系数亦无表可查,很难确定它们的标准值。因此,无法进行实验误差的计算, (2) 若组数一多,甘油、蓖麻油的耗费大,若用煤油,则有异味,清洁工作也有困难; (3) 水银有毒,水银小珠回收有困难。     

液体粘滞系数对声低通滤波光纤水听器声学特性的影响

理论和实验研究了液体粘滞系数对声低通滤波光纤水听器声压灵敏度频响特性的影响.为了更好地描述声低通滤波光纤水听器的声学特性,在已建立的低频集中参量模型中,引入了一个用于描述系统机械损耗的参量,即机械声阻,从而得到了改进后的声压传递函数表达式.仿真结果表明,粘滞系数主要影响共振频率附近的响应,随着粘滞系数的增加,共振频率基本不变,共振峰值迅速下降.利用蓖麻油粘滞系数随温度变化较大的特性,在充油驻波罐中测试了不同温度下声低通滤波光纤水听器的声压灵敏度频响,结果与仿真曲线基本吻合,较好地验证了理论分析的正确性.     

液体粘滞系数与温度关系实验及曲线拟合

本文介绍一种可以调节温度,且恒温较好的落球法测量液体粘滞系数的装置,用此装置可以较精确地测量不同温度时液体的粘滞系数值。由实验测量得出的粘滞系数与温度的关系,将通过三种基本函数回归分析,计算出衡量各回归曲线回归程度好坏的标准差,从而判定哪一函数最适合液体粘滞系数随温度变化的实际规律。本文还用离散的实验数据点代入N次多项式,用最小二乘法确定其系数,从而求得待测液体粘滞系数与温度关系的曲线方程.此例提供了一种如何用统计手段确定待测数据特性的方法。     

基于Matlab和VR场景的液体粘滞系数演示实验的制作与仿真

针对在＂落球法测量液体粘滞系数＂的实验中,小球在液体中开始匀速运动的时间和位置很难判定,我们使用Matlab/Simulink仿真软件的虚拟现实（VR）工具箱制作了＂落球法测量液体粘滞系数＂的演示实验,对蓖麻油中小球的运动规律进行了动态的仿真,并将仿真结果与真实的实验结果进行了比较和分析,这将有助于提高学生对实验结论的认识和理解。     

用布里渊散射测量水的体粘滞系数

提出了一种直接测量水的体粘滞系数的实验方法－布里渊散射方法,通过分析剪切粘滞系数和体粘滞系数与布里渊散射线宽的关系,得到了布里渊散射线宽和频移与水的体粘滞系数关系的公式,建立了实验测量水的体粘滞系数的基础,给出了不同温度下水的体粘滞系数的实验测量结果,估算了这种方法的测量误差,实验和理论分析都表明这是一种直接测量水的体粘滞系数的快速而精确的方法。     

奥氏粘度计测量氢氧化钠粘滞系数实验

分析了液体粘滞系数测量的基本原理及其方法。针对粘滞系数较小的氢氧化钠溶液所存在的测量问题,选择奥氏粘度计测量具有较好的实验效果。由于液体的粘滞系数受温度影响很大,采用温度控制器控制水温,确保实验数据准确。测量时,要仔细观察液体流动,计时要迅速。实验方法简单,可行,容易控制。     

介绍一种蓖麻油粘度随温度变化的经验公式

本语文根据实验数据，利用图解法，最小二乘法等建立起蓖麻油粘滞系数随温变化的关系式，并进行了验证     

蓖麻油黏度随温度变化经验公式及验证

根据蓖麻油黏滞系数随温度变化的实验数据,利用Origin软件拟合法建立蓖麻油黏滞系数随温变化的关系式.同时对公式进行了验证,结果表明公式计算值与实验值高度吻合.     

Phase-transfer catalysis and ultrasonic waves II: saponification of vegetable oil.

Saponification of oils which is a commercially important heterogeneous reaction, can be speeded up by the application of ultrasound in the presence of phase-transfer catalyst (PTC). This paper focuses on the ability of ultrasound to cause efficient mixing of this liquid-liquid heterogeneous reaction. Castor oil was taken as a model oil and the kinetic of the reaction was followed by the extent of saponification. The hydrolysis of castor oil was carried out with different PTC such as cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride (BTAC) and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) in aqueous alkaline solution. As hydroxyl anion moves very slowly from aqueous to oil phase, the presence of a PTC is of prime importance. For this purpose, cationic surfactants are selected. The sonication of biphasic system were performed by 20 kHz (simple horn and cup horn) and 900 kHz. It was found that CTAB was better than the two others and this could be related to the molecular structure of the PTCs. The effect of temperature was also studied on the saponification process. By increasing the temperature, the yield was also increased and this could be explained by intermolecular forces, interfacial tension and mass transfer. Saponification of three different vegetable oils shows that the almond oil is saponified easier than the two others and this could be related to their properties such as surface tension, viscosity and density.     

蓖麻油黏度与表面张力系数的关系研究

分别利用落球法和拉脱法测量了蓖麻油在不同温度下的黏度和表面张力系数;根据最速下降法,编制自动调参程序FIT,通过拟合实验测量数据,得到了描述蓖麻油黏度与表面张力系数关系的经验公式.     

计算机编程在密立根油滴实验中的应用简

用直线函数拟合了环境温度与空气粘滞系数的关系,并利用VisualBasic编写了密立根油滴实验的数据处理程序,提高了计算油滴带电量的准确性。利用VisualBasic程序的可视化界面形式体现,简化了数据处理过程。利用Origin软件对实验数据进行处理,直观显示了平衡电压、下落时间与油滴所带电荷数的关系。     

NMR properties of petroleum reservoir fluids

NMR well logging of petroleum reservoir require the measurement of the NMR response of water, oil, and gas in the pore space of rocks at elevated temperatures and pressures. The viscosity of the oil may range from less than 1 cp to greater than 10,000 cp. Also, the oil and gas are not a single component but rather a broad distribution of components. The log mean T1 and T2 relaxation time of dead (gas free) crude oils are correlated with viscosity/temperature and Larmor frequency. The relaxation time of live oils deviate from the correlation for dead crude oils. This deviation can be correlated with the methane content of the oil. Natural gas in the reservoir has components other than methane. Mixing rules are developed to accommodate components such as ethane, propane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Interpretation of NMR logs uses both relaxation and diffusion to distinguish the different fluids present in the formation. Crude oils have a broad spectrum of components but the relaxation time distribution and diffusion coefficient distribution are correlated. This correlation is used to distinguish crude oil from the response of water in the pores of the rock. This correlation can also be used to estimate viscosity of the crude oil.     

A technique for evaluating the oil/heavy-oil viscosity changes under ultrasound in a simulated porous medium

Theoretically, Ultrasound method is an economical and environmentally friendly or “green” technology, which has been of interest for more than six decades for the purpose of enhancement of oil/heavy-oil production. However, in spite of many studies, questions about the effective mechanisms causing increase in oil recovery still existed. In addition, the majority of the mechanisms mentioned in the previous studies are theoretical or speculative. One of the changes that could be recognized in the fluid properties is viscosity reduction due to radiation of ultrasound waves. In this study, a technique was developed to investigate directly the effect of ultrasonic waves (different frequencies of 25, 40, 68 kHz and powers of 100, 250, 500 W) on viscosity changes of three types of oil (Paraffin oil, Synthetic oil, and Kerosene) and a Brine sample. The viscosity calculations in the smooth capillary tube were based on the mathematical models developed from the Poiseuille’s equation. The experiments were carried out for uncontrolled and controlled temperature conditions. It was observed that the viscosity of all the liquids was decreased under ultrasound in all the experiments. This reduction was more significant for uncontrolled temperature condition cases. However, the reduction in viscosity under ultrasound was higher for lighter liquids compare to heavier ones. Pressure difference was diminished by decreasing in the fluid viscosity in all the cases which increases fluid flow ability, which in turn aids to higher oil recovery in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations. Higher ultrasound power showed higher liquid viscosity reduction in all the cases. Higher ultrasound frequency revealed higher and lower viscosity reduction for uncontrolled and controlled temperature condition experiments, respectively. In other words, the reduction in viscosity was inversely proportional to increasing the frequency in temperature controlled experiments. It was concluded that cavitation, heat generation, and viscosity reduction are three of the promising mechanisms causing increase in oil recovery under ultrasound.     

液晶的转动粘质系数的测试原理与方法

液晶的转动粘质度是液晶用于显示和通讯的重要物理参量.本文设计开发了基于微机的液晶参数测试光学系统，在该系统上研究了液晶的转动粘质系数的测试原理与方法：通过测试液晶盒在偏置电压下相位驰预时间，推导出转动粘质系数的值.测试Merck公司的 E7液晶的转动粘质系数随温度变化的曲线，进行了理论拟合，测试结果与理论符合得很好.通过分析另一系统对液晶介质常数随温度变化的曲线的测试结果，验证了该测试原理与方法的正确性.该测试方法具有简单、自动化的特点.     

温度对吡啶离子液体性质影响的分子动力学模拟研究

运用分子动力学模拟方法研究了温度对三种吡啶离子液体[BPy][BF4]、[HPy][BF4]、[OPy][BF4]热力学性质的影响, 得到了每个体系的密度、自扩散系数、电导率和黏度等. 研究结果表明: 随着温度升高, 同一种离子液体的密度减小, 阴阳离子的自扩散系数明显增大, 电导率升高, 而黏度降低. 在同一温度下, 随着阳离子上烷基链的增长, 离子液体的密度减小, 但热力学性质的变化规律并不完全同步. 烷基链长最短的[BPy][BF4]的自扩散系数和电导率在每个温度下均为最大, 而黏度最小; 但烷基碳链更长的[OPy][BF4]和[HPy][BF4]的各种性质相差不大,甚至当温度大于323K时, 烷基链较长的[OPy][BF4]的自扩散系数比[HPy][BF4]的大.     

温度对吡啶离子液体性质影响的分子动力学模拟研究

运用分子动力学模拟方法研究了温度对三种吡啶离子液体[BPy][BF_4]、[HPy][BF_4]、[OPy][BF_4]热力学性质的影响,得到了每个体系的密度、自扩散系数、电导率和黏度等.研究结果表明:随着温度升高,同一种离子液体的密度减小,阴阳离子的自扩散系数明显增大,电导率升高,而黏度降低.在同一温度下,随着阳离子上烷基链的增长,离子液体的密度减小,但热力学性质的变化规律并不完全同步.烷基链长最短的[BPy][BF_4]的自扩散系数和电导率在每个温度下均为最大,而黏度最小;但烷基碳链更长的[OPy][BF_4]和[HPy][BF_4]的各种性质相差不大,甚至当温度大于323 K时,烷基链较长的[OPy][BF_4]的自扩散系数比[HPy][BF_4]的大.     

Non-Conventional Behaviour of Castor Oil Under High Pressure

Castor oil shows non-conventional physical and chemical behaviour when submitted to pressure. This paper gives a brief presentation of the specific physical properties of castor oil under pressure up to 1.0 GPa. The changes of permittivity, dielectric loss and the structure of the high-pressure induced phases of castor oil are also described.