Xe~(26+)入射Au靶离子L壳层空穴的产生与退激辐射

基于两体碰撞过程的能量与角动量守恒,推导出Xe26+离子与Au原子碰撞过程,单离子的L壳层空穴产额与离子动能的理论关系.实验测定了动能2.4-3.6Me V的Xe26+离子入射Au靶,产生的Xe的L-X射线谱,获得了射线产额与离子入射动能的实验关系.结果表明,碰撞过程产生Xe L壳层空穴的同时,产生了一定数目的 M壳层空穴,导致L壳层空穴平均荧光产额显著变大,在实验能量范围,空穴产额的理论值与射线产额的实验值存在较好的一致性.     

高能脉冲C~(6+)离子束激发Ni靶的K壳层X射线

精确测量离子与原子碰撞引起的靶原子内壳层电离截面,对研究原子内壳层过程以及建立合适的理论模型具有重要的意义.现有的实验数据和理论模型大都集中在中低能区,高能区由于受到实验条件的限制,几乎没有相关实验数据的报道,哪种理论更适合描述高能重离子入射的靶原子内壳层电离截面,还需要进行深入的实验研究.采用电子冷却存储环提供能量分别为165,300,350,430 MeV/u的C~(6+)离子束轰击Ni靶,测量Ni的K壳层X射线.分析了实验中探测到的Ni的K_β和K_α射线强度比,发现入射粒子能量的变化对该强度比影响不明显.分别应用两体碰撞近似(BEA)、平面波玻恩近似(PWBA)和ECPSSR理论对Ni的K壳层X射线的产生截面进行理论计算,并将理论结果与实验结果进行比较.     

Double ionization of Sc<Superscript>+</Superscript>ions by electron impact

Electron impact double ionization cross-sections of Sc⁺ions have been calculated in the binary encounter approximation (BEA). Accurate expression of σ_ΔE(cross-section for energy transfer ΔE) and Hartree-Fock velocity distributions for the target electrons have been used throughout the calculations. Direct double ionization from ejection of 3d and 4s electrons has been investigated in the modified double binary encounter model incorporating the focusing action of the target ion on the incident electron. The identification of the 3p shell whose ionization provides a major contribution to double ionization through ionization-autoionization is an interesting aspect of the present investigation. The theoretical results show satisfactory agreement with the experimental observations.     

Effect of surface semichanneling on energy distributions of molecular ions reflected from single-crystal surface

Regularities in the energy distributions of molecular nitrogen ions reflected from (100)Cu crystal face are studied. The half-widths (FWHM) of the energy distributions of the reflected ions have been found to vary strongly near aligned orientations of the target with respect to the bombarding ion beam. A relationship has been found between the survival fraction of reflected molecular ions and the effect of ion focusing in surface semichanneling.     

Dynamics of femtosecond laser-produced plasma ions

We investigated the ion laser-produced plasma plume generated during ultrafast laser ablation of copper and silicon targets in high vacuum. The ablation plasma was induced by ≈50 fs, 800 nm Ti:Sa laser pulses irradiating the target surface at an angle of 45°. An ion probe was used to investigate the time-of-flight profiles of the emitted ions in a laser fluence range from the ablation threshold up to ≈10 J/cm². The angular distribution of the ion flux and average velocity of the produced ions were studied by moving the ion probe on a circle around the ablation spot. The angular distribution of the ion flux is well described by an adiabatic and isentropic model of expansion of a plume produced by laser ablation of solid targets. The angular distribution of the ion flux narrows as the laser pulse fluence increases. Moreover, the ion average velocity reaches values of several tens of km/s, evidencing the presence of ions with kinetic energy of several hundred eV. Finally, the ion flux energy is confined in a narrow angular region around the target normal.     

Mathematical modeling of the heating of a fast ignition target by an ion beam

We develop a BIN computer code for simulating the interaction of a monochromatic ion beam with a plasma, which takes into account changes in the spatial distribution of the heated-plasma temperature. This enables us to calculate the heating of both homogeneous and inhomogeneous plasmas with parameters corresponding to their real spatial distributions at the time of maximum compression of the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) target. We present the results of a numerical simulation using the BIN code for the heating of a homogeneous deuterium–tritium plasma by a short pulse of monochromatic ions at various ion velocity and plasma–electron thermal velocity ratios. We also present the results of calculations for the heating of an inhomogeneous plasma of a non-cryogenic target formed as a beryllium deuteride–tritide shell by beams of light, medium, and heavy ions. As the initial distributions, we use the results of numerical simulations for such a target, precompressed by a laser pulse (carried out at the M. V. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics using the DIANA code). We demonstrate the possibility of forming the central ignitor with the parameters sufficient for igniting the targets by beams of ions with energies E ~ 100 ? 400 MeV/u and specific energy densities of the beam Q ～ 5?20 GJ/cm². The required specific energy density drops with increase in the ion energy; however, due to the increased path length, larger-charge ions have to be used.     

On the mechanism of liquid metal ion sources

We have developed a theoretical model of liquid metal ion source operation which consistently explains the shape and size of the ion emitting region, the mechanism of ion formation and properties of the ion beam. We find that field evaporation is the main current generating mechanism and that field evaporation and subsequent postionization produce the doubly and higher charged ions. Field ionization of thermally evaporated neutrals may make a significant, but not dominant, contribution to the current of singly charged ions. Our model is consistent with experimental results on energy spread, energy deficit and charge state ratios and we are able to explain the stability of the emitted ion current.     

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采用PIC/MCC模型,通过数值模拟的方法研究了束线离子和靶台复合加速离子注入过程中靶台偏压大小对注入过程离子动力学行为的影响,重点考察了不同偏压作用下离子的注入能量、注入剂量、注入角度以及注入范围的变化.结果表明,靶台上施加脉冲偏压后,在束流离子的作用下空间电荷分布发生变化,束流正下方的电势线会发生凹曲,凹曲的电场同时又作用于空间中的带电粒子,影响粒子的运动;靶台偏压越高,零电势线距离靶台越远,靶台电场对离子的作用范围越大.离子的注入剂量、注入能量随着靶台偏压的增大而增大,而偏压对离子注入角度的影响并不大,大部分离子都以垂直入射的方式注入到靶台表面.另外,离子注入到靶台上的面积会因束流离子在靶台电场中飞行偏转而增大,并且偏压越大注入面积增大越明显.     

半圆形容器等离子体源离子注入过程中离子动力学的两维PIC计算机模拟

利用两维particle-in-cell方法研究了半圆形容器表面等离子体源离子注入过程中鞘层的时空演化规律. 详尽考察了鞘层内随时间变化的电势分布和离子密度分布规律,离子在鞘层中的运动轨迹和运动状态,得到了半圆容器内、外表面和边缘平面上各点离子注入剂量分布规律,获得了工件表面各点注入离子的入射角分布规律. 研究结果揭示了半圆容器边缘附近鞘层中离子聚焦现象,以及离子聚焦现象导致工件表面注入剂量分布和注入角度分布存在很大不均匀的基本物理规律. 关键词： 等离子体源离子注入 鞘层 两维particle-in-cell方法 离子运动轨迹     

A simple model for latent track formation due to cluster ion stopping and fragmentation in solids

An estimate of the electronic stopping of a swift cluster ion during different stages of penetration in a given material is presented. We take a simplified approach to the stopping process by neglecting vicinage effects on the stopping cross section as well as spatial distortion due to Coulomb forces among ions. The different stages of penetration and energy loss are based on the hypothesis of formation of a transient plasma (the plasma stopping regime)—due to the release of energetic electrons from the target material—within and around the spatial region defined by the correlated positions of each cluster constituent ion (atom). The density of the transient plasma is treated as a function of the rate of energy deposition and depth up to a point where the rate of energy deposition yields a threshold value where the ejected target electrons immediately recombine so that stopping in a cold target begins (conventional stopping regime) and where the cluster constituent ions start being neutralized according to a charge equilibration scheme as depicted by the effective charge relation of Betz. The model is applied to the stopping of 40.2 Mev C₆₀³⁺ projectiles penetrating an Yttrium–Iron Garnet (YIG) target. Also, in this case, a possible explanation for the experimentally observed cluster-fragmentation events at a certain depth is presented.     

Ion-beam focusing in a double-plasma device

The authors studied the propagation of a low-energy charge-neutralized ion beam injected into the target region of a long double-plasma device. A magnetic field of up to ~180 G may be applied along the axis of the device. As a result of charge exchange collisions, the ion beam is attenuated as it propagates into the target region. However, under certain conditions of magnetic field strength and neutral gas pressure, the authors have observed a `reemergence' of the beam on axis far downstream in the target. This reemergence of the ion beam is attributed to a focusing of the ions by a self-consistently produced radial ambipolar electric field. The effect may be expected to occur in other types of plasma devices as well, whenever a sufficiently large radially inward electric field is present     

Effect of spatial nonuniformity of heating on compression and burning of a thermonuclear target under direct multibeam irradiation by a megajoule laser pulse

Direct-drive fusion targets are considered at present as an alternative to targets of indirect compression at a laser energy level of about 2 MJ. In this approach, the symmetry of compression and ignition of thermonuclear fuel play the major role. We report on the results of theoretical investigation of compression and burning of spherical direct-drive targets in the conditions of spatial nonuniformity of heating associated with a shift of the target from the beam center of focusing and possible laser radiation energy disbalance in the beams. The investigation involves numerous calculations based on a complex of 1D and 2D codes RAPID, SEND (for determining the target illumination and the dynamics of absorption), DIANA, and NUT (1D and multidimensional hydrodynamics of compression and burning of targets). The target under investigation had the form of a two-layer shell (ablator made of inertial material CH and DT ice) filled with DT gas. We have determined the range of admissible variation of compression and combustion parameters of the target depending on the variation of the spatial nonuniformity of its heating by a multibeam laser system. It has been shown that low-mode (long-wavelength) perturbations deteriorate the characteristics of the central region due to less effective conversion of the kinetic energy of the target shell into the internal energy of the center. Local initiation of burning is also observed in off-center regions of the target in the case of substantial asymmetry of irradiation. In this case, burning is not spread over the entire volume of the DT fuel as a rule, which considerably reduces the thermonuclear yield as compared to that in the case of spherical symmetry and central ignition.     

Influence of ion species ratio on grid-enhanced plasma source ion implantation

Grid-enhanced plasma source ion implantation (GEPSII) is a newly proposed technique to modify the inner-surface properties of a cylindrical bore. In this paper, a two-ion fluid model describing nitrogen molecular ions N_2^+ and atomic ions N^+ is used to investigate the ion sheath dynamics between the grid electrode and the inner surface of a cylindrical bore during the GEPSII process, which is an extension of our previous calculations in which only N_2^+ was considered. Calculations are concentrated on the results of ion dose and impact energy on the target for different ion species ratios in the core plasma. The calculated results show that more atomic ions N^+ in the core plasma can raise the ion impact energy and reduce the ion dose on the target.     

拟南芥胚的不同区域对MeV离子辐照的响应

利用不同能量的质子在大气环境中辐照拟南芥的含水种子，能量从1.1MeV到6.5MeV.根据模拟计算结果，相应能量的离子对种子的损伤区域分别为胚的浅层、胚的一半和整个胚.本实验中，具有较高能量的质子可以完全均匀地作用于拟南芥生长、发育及遗传密切相关的胚茎端分生组织，而能量较低的质子则不能直接作用于茎端分生组织.实验所用质子注量范围为4×10⁹ions/cm²—1×10¹⁴ions/cm².实验结果显示，虽然拟南芥种子的发芽率和幼苗存活率随离子注量增加都呈现下降的趋势，但对应于不同的胚损伤区域，即在不同的入射质子能量条件下，注量曲线具有各自的特征.实验结果显示，拟南芥种子中除了胚茎端分生组织作为对离子辐照敏感的辐射主靶外，茎端分生组织之外的胚区域可能作为离子辐射次靶，影响到最终的辐射生物学效应. 关键词： 离子辐照 拟南芥 胚区域 生物效应     

快速C60离子团在固体中的库仑爆炸过程Ⅰ球壳层模型

研究了快速C60 离子团在固体中穿行时的库仑爆炸过程 .假定离子团中离子之间位置矢量的取向是随机的 ,并且采用球壳模型描述C60 离子团的结构 .借助于线性介电响应理论和等离子 极点近似介电函数 ,推导出C60 离子团自能的解析表达式 .通过数值求解描述离子团半径变化的运动方程 ,可以发现自能中的“尾效应”可以降低C60 离子团的库仑爆炸速度 ,甚至可以稳定C60 离子团的结构     

Analytical model for ion acceleration by high-intensity laser pulses

We present a general expression for the maximum ion energy observed in experiments with thin foils irradiated by high-intensity laser pulses. The analytical model is based on a radially confined surface charge set up by laser accelerated electrons on the target rear side. The only input parameters are the properties of the laser pulse and the target thickness. The predicted maximum ion energy and the optimal laser pulse duration are supported by dedicated experiments for a broad range of different ions.     

高电荷态离子207Pb36+与金属Nb表面作用产生的二次离子产额

本文报道了利用兰州重离子加速器国家实验室的ECR离子源引出的高电荷态离子207Pb36 入射到金属Nb表面产生的二次离子的实验测量结果.实验发现,二次离子产额Y随入射初动能Ek的增加有先增加后减小的关系,在初动能为576 keV时二次离子产额达到最大.通过对实验点做高斯拟合发现,曲线峰值对应的入射初动能为602 keV.分析表明,这是势能沉积作用与线性级联碰撞过程协同作用的结果.高电荷态离子本身携带的高势能沉积在靶表面引起势能溅射,促进了二次离子的发射;而主导二次离子溅射的过程是动能溅射,它与靶表面的动量沉积(核能损)过程密切相关.     

Neutralization of multiply charged ions at a surface

We report on emission processes induced by particle-solid interaction involving ions with a large potential (i.e., high ion charge state) and low kinetic energy. After an introduction into existing neutralization models for ion scattering at a metal surface a detailed discussion on the electron emission processes is presented.The number of electrons emitted per incident ion is shown to be proportional to the potential energy only within a restricted parameter field involving charge state and ion velocity. The kinetic energy distribution of emitted electrons is dominated by low-energetic electrons (30 eV), while inner shell holes of the projectile ion can initiate high-energetic characteristic Auger electrons. The presence of inner shell holes is also of importance for the charge state of highly charged ions being scattered at surfaces whereas normally the charge state distribution of scattered ions depends on the impact parameter only.The influence of the primary ion charge state on the sputtering yield of insulating surfaces is seen for the charge state of sputtered particles, whereas the total sputtering yield seems to be insensitive. This question is still subject to controversy, however.Photon emission dependent on the charge state of the impinging ion has been observed up to now only for extremely highly charged ions as hydrogenlike Ar or Kr.     

质子碰撞电离过程中程函近似效应的理论研究

分别利用连续扭曲波方法和初态程函近似-连续扭曲波方法对质子碰撞电离氖原子1s,2s,2p壳层后随电离电子能量变化的单重微分散射截面(SDCS)和二重微分散射截面(DDCS)及总截面进行了计算,所得结果与部分实验数据符合得很好.详细探讨了各壳层SDCS和DDCS的细致结构以及质子碰撞的电离机制.结果表明,对于氖原子2p壳层,随着入射质子能量的增加,SDCS的区域变长,幅度减小,在低能区以软电离为主;而DDCS出现的峰均迅速减小.此外,分析了初态程函近似对SDCS和DDCS的影响,发现该效应对截面的影响在低能入射时非常明显,随着入射能量的增大,这种影响逐渐减弱.     

Energy Spectrum and Charge Composition of Ions of Laser-Produced Gd and Al Plasmas

The energy spectrum and the distribution of the total charge over the ion energy are studied for plasma produced by partially coherent radiation of the neodymium glass laser with a power density of ~10¹³ W/cm² in the focusing spot incident on continuous gadolinium (Gd) and aluminum(Al) plates. The spectra of plasma ions for gadolinium and aluminumtargets are presented at laser radiation energies of 2, 7, 20 J and 1 J, respectively. For the gadolinium target, an increase in the peak amplitudes in ion spectra with increasing influencing radiation energy and manifestations of higher-energy ions are observed. The difference in the ion emission for gadolinium and aluminum targets is also recorded at close radiation energies of 2 and 1 J, respectively.