平面环行交叉路口交通流的研究

从道路结构出发,对具有内、外环道的平面环形交叉路口建立了具有多个道路瓶颈的元胞自动机模型,对平面环行交叉路口的交通流进行研究.计算机模拟结果表明,环形交叉路口的内环道中与入环车道接壤处是最容易发生阻塞的地方,内环道中车辆之间的非线性相互作用的效应随刹车概率的增大而增强,流量随之减小;而转向概率的增加有助于提高系统交通流量. 关键词： 平面环形交叉路口 元胞自动机模型 瓶颈 自组织     

Traffic flow of a roundabout crossing with an open boundary condition

This paper presents a cellular automaton traffic flow model with an open boundary condition to describe the traffic flow at a roundabout crossing with an inner roundabout lane and an outer roundabout lane. The simulation results show that the boundary condition, bottlenecks and the self-organization affect the traffic flow at the roundabout crossing. Because of the effect of bottlenecks, jams easily appear on the inner roundabout lane. To improve the capacity of the roundabout system, proper values of the enter probability α and the out probability $\beta $ can be chosen.     

开放边界条件下平面环行交叉路口交通流的相图研究

运用具有内、外环车道的平面环形交叉路口元胞自动机模型,对开放边界条件下平面环行交叉路口的交通流进行研究.计算机模拟结果表明:边界条件和道路瓶颈影响着平面环形交叉路口交通流的性质,产生概率和消失概率均只在一定范围内影响系统流量的变化.根据系统流量与产生概率和消失概率的关系,将系统分为三个相区,并对相图进行研究,为实际交通控制提供参考.     

A Cellular Automaton Model for Heterogeneous and Incosistent Driver Behavior in Urban Traffic

In this paper a cellular automaton model is proposed to describe driver behavior at a single-lane urban roundabout. Driver behavior has been considered as heterogeneous and inconsistent. Most traffic papers in the literature just discussed heterogeneous driver behavior, to our best knowledge. Two truncated Gaussian distributions are used to model heterogeneous and inconsistent driver behavior, respectively. The physical meanings of two truncated distributions are indicated. This method may help enhance a better understanding of driver behavior at roundabout traffic, and even possibly provide references for roundabout design and management.     

A Cellular Automaton Model for Heterogeneous and Incosistent Driver Behavior in Urban Traffic

In this paper a cellular automaton model is proposed to describe driver behavior at a single-lane urban roundabout. Driver behavior has been considered as heterogeneous and inconsistent. Most traffic papers in the literature just discussed heterogeneous driver behavior, to our best knowledge. Two truncated Gaussian distributions are used to model heterogeneous and inconsistent driver behavior, respectively. The physical meanings of two truncated distributions are indicated. This method may help enhance a better understanding of driver behavior at roundabout traffic, and even possibly provide references for roundabout design and management.     

Dynamic noise modeling at roundabouts

Modeling spatial and temporal noise variations at roundabouts is a tedious task. Indeed, noise levels are strongly influenced by the complex vehicle interactions taking place at the entries. An accurate modeling of the merging process and its impact on vehicle kinematics, waiting time at the yield signs and queue length dynamics is therefore required. Analytical noise prediction models disregard those impacts since they are based on average flow demand patterns and pre-defined kinematic profiles. The only way to capture all traffic dynamics impacts on noise levels is to combine a traffic simulation tool with noise emission laws and a sound propagation model. Yet, such existing dynamic noise prediction packages fail in representing vehicle interactions when the roundabout is congested and are difficult to calibrate due to their numerous parameters. A new traffic simulation tool, specifically developed for roundabouts, is therefore proposed in this paper. It has few easy-to-calibrate parameters and can be readily combined with noise emission and propagation laws. The obtained noise package is able to produce relevant dynamic noise contour maps which can support noise emission assessment of local traffic management policies. Results are validated against empirical data collected on a French suburban roundabout on two different peak periods.     

Modeling of the roundabout noise impact

A roundabout is a very popular tool used by town planners for carrying smooth and stationary road traffic flow. In this study it is shown that the replacement of a classical road intersection by a roundabout, under certain conditions, may produce a traffic noise decrease. These conditions are expressed in terms of the roundabout speed and the receiver location. The A-weighted sound exposure level is used to describe noise reduction.     

Simulation of pedestrian flow based on cellular automata: A case of pedestrian crossing street at section in China

One of the purposes of pedestrian studies is to evaluate the effects of a proposed program on the pedestrian facilities before its implementation. In order to evaluate the level of service (LOS) of a pedestrian facility, a microscopic model is built to simulate the process of pedestrian crossing street. Most of the existing models focus on the occupant evacuation flow in buildings; however, they are not appropriate for pedestrians in the traffic. According to the characteristics of pedestrian crossing street at signalized crosswalks, we build a model based on cellular automata. Both of the system size and cell size are coordinate with the reality. Depending on the contrast of three parameters of pedestrian flow between simulation data and the reality data, we found that this model is analogous to the real process of pedestrian crossing street at signalized sections. Finally, simulation and its results can provide guidance for evaluating the effects of pedestrian facilities before their implementation.     

Traffic flow behavior at a single lane roundabout as compared to traffic circle

In this paper, we propose a stochastic Cellular Automata (CA) model to study traffic flow at a single-lane urban roundabout (resp. traffic circle) of N   entry points (resp. exit points), the entry points are controlled by rates _α1${\alpha }_1$ and _α2${\alpha }_2$ while the removal rates from the exit points are denoted by β. The traffic is controlled by a self-organized scheme. Based on computer simulation, density profiles, global density and current are calculated in terms of rates. Furthermore, the phase diagrams for roundabout as well as traffic circle are constructed. It has turned out that the phase diagrams consist essentially of two phases namely free flow and jamming. It is noted that the typology of the phase diagrams of the roundabout is not similar to it in the traffic circle. Furthermore, we have compared the performance of the two systems in terms of the geometrical properties and the number of entry points.     

Roundabout relaxation: collective excitation requires a detour to equilibrium

Relaxation to equilibrium after strong and collective excitation is studied by using a Hamiltonian dynamical system of a one-dimensional XY model. After an excitation of a domain of K elements, the excitation is concentrated to fewer elements, which are made farther away from equilibrium, and the excitation intensity increases logarithmically with K. Equilibrium is reached only after taking this roundabout route, with the time for relaxation diverging asymptotically as Kgamma with gamma approximately 4.2.     

A cellular automata model for urban traffic with multiple roundabouts

Urban transportation with multiple roundabouts is facing significant challenges such as traffic congestion, gridlock and traffic accidents. In order to understand these behaviors, we propose a two-dimensional cellular automata (CA) model, where all streets are two-way, with one lane in each direction. To allow the turning movement, a roundabout is designed for each intersection where four roads meet. The distance between each pair of roundabouts is configured with the parameter K while the turning behavior of drivers is modeled by a parameter γ. To study the impact of these different parameters on the urban traffic, several traffic metrics are considered such as traffic flow, average velocity, accident probability and waiting time at the entrance of roundabout. Our simulation results show that the urban traffic is in free flow state when the vehicle’s density is low enough. However, when the density exceeds a critical density ρ_c, the urban traffic will be in gridlock state whenever γ is nonzero. In the case where $\gamma =0,$ the urban traffic presents a phase transition between free flow and congested state. Furthermore, detailed analysis of the traffic metrics shows that the model parameters (γ, K) have a significant effects on urban traffic dynamics.     

Techniques for the investigation of road traffic noise in regions of restricted flow by the use of digital computer simulation methods

Computer methods of calculating and predicting the noise from road traffic operating in restricted flow conditions are discussed. A method of calculating the noise from road traffic as a function of the manoeuvring parameters by means of a Monte Carlo digital computer simulation model is briefly described. The model is used in deriving correction contours for single streams of traffic which enable free flow L₁₀ levels to be modified to allow for a flow restriction. Flow restrictions of the type encountered at traffic signals, priority intersections and pelican crossings are considered. The contours cover a stretch of road 600 m long and a distance of 60 m from the kerb line and in general show a reduction in L₁₀ level in transferring from the free to the restricted flow situation. A method of applying the contours as a modification of the United Kingdom Department of the Environment prediction method for L₁₀ is proposed and compared with experimental results. Computer simulation models of complete road intersections are discussed. Two types of intersection controls are considered, the traffic signal control and the roundabout. The results of the two types of simulation are compared and the L₁₀ level adjacent to the accelerating traffic streams is generally found to be greater than that adjacent to decelerating streams. Experimental results for both types of intersection are compared with simulation runs in which the observed traffic parameters are used.     

Phase transitions in Edwards-Anderson model by means of information theory

A numeric method to characterize phase transitions is presented, explained and applied to a two-dimensional disordered system that can be thought of as a diluted ferromagnet or an Edwards-Anderson model near the ferromagnetic limit. A computer simulation is implemented to define a time series for order parameters; a file stores the time evolution of each parameter for different dilution concentrations and for a series of temperatures. These files are compressed and they reach a maximum size for temperatures in agreement with critical temperatures for the ferromagnetic/paramagnetic transition obtained by other methods. Site order parameter gives optimum results for this method based on data compression. Data compression procedures are invoked to give a qualitative explanation of this phenomenon. The advantages of this method are discussed by comparing results and procedures with two established methods: the crossing of Binder cumulants and the crossing of time autocorrelation functions. Other possible applications and extensions of this method are also mentioned.     

Second-order phase transition in two-dimensional cellular automaton model of traffic flow containing road sections

Two-dimensional cellular automaton model has been broadly researched for traffic flow, as it reveals the main characteristics of the traffic networks in cities. Based on the BML models, a first-order phase transition occurs between the low-density moving phase in which all cars move at maximal speed and the high-density jammed phase in which all cars are stopped. However, it is not a physical result of a realistic system. We propose a new traffic rule in a two-dimensional traffic flow model containing road sections, which reflects that a car cannot enter into a road crossing if the road section in front of the crossing is occupied by another car. The simulation results reveal a second-order phase transition that separates the free flow phase from the jammed phase. In this way the system will not be entirely jammed (“don’t block the box” as in New York City).     

定向起爆部脉冲激光方位探测引信系统时间空间匹配特性

根据定向起爆部对引信提出的时间匹配和空间匹配的要求,针对弹目交会相对运动环境,在惯性坐标系下3个相互垂直的2维平面内,建立了弹目相对速度下脉冲激光方位探测引信系统的最佳起爆延时和最佳起爆方位角模型,并对相关时间匹配和空间匹配特性进行了量化及数值仿真分析。结果表明:模型与弹目交会角、目标初始方位角、发射激光束与弹丸速度夹角、引信中心至目标尾部距离、目标外型参数、目标速度、破片飞散速度、弹丸内部结构参数、弹丸速度等目标区环境信息有关     

Spontaneous Breaking of Translational Invariance and Spatial Condensation in Stationary States on a Ring. II. The Charged System and the Two-Component Burgers Equations

We further study the stochastic model discussed in ref. 2 in which positive and negative particles diffuse in an asymmetric, CP invariant way on a ring. The positive particles hop clockwise, the negative counter-clockwise and oppositely-charged adjacent particles may swap positions. We extend the analysis of this model to the case when the densities of the charged particles are not the same. The mean-field equations describing the model are coupled nonlinear differential equations that we call the two-component Burgers equations. We find roundabout weak solutions of these equations. These solutions are used to describe the properties of the stationary states of the stochastic model. The values of the currents and of various two-point correlation functions obtained from Monte-Carlo simulations are compared with the mean-field results. Like in the case of equal densities, one finds a pure phase, a mixed phase and a disordered phase.     

Phase diagram of a traffic roundabout

We propose a simple cellular automaton model to study the traffic dynamics in a roundabout. Both numerical and analytical results are presented. We are able to obtain exact solutions in the full parameter space. Exact phase diagrams are derived. When the traffic from two directions mixed, there are only five distinct phases. Some of the combinations from naive intuition are strictly forbidden. We also compare the results to a signaled intersection.     

Noise levels in the vicinity of traffic roundabouts

An experimental procedure for analyzing roundabout noise is described. Measurement of the noise from accelerating and decelerating traffic streams on the approach roads to roundabouts at a total of 70 positions at three sites are reported together with a simulation study of noise from central island traffic. The results show that, in general, noise from the accelerating traffic streams is within ±1 dB(A) of the free flow level on the same road and that the noise from the decelerating stream is equal to or less than the free flow level. The propagation of noise from the central island is expressed in the form of a nomogram. Good agreement between predicted and measured levels was found.     

Feshbach共振下BCS-BEC渡越量子分析

考虑一个涵盖分子间相互作用的多体模型,给出一种半解析计算模型中费米原子对转化成玻色分子转化率的有效方法.这种方法主要使用独立交叉近似,并在平均场理论下推导出一个精确计算转化率的解析公式.对比分析证明,该解析公式的计算结果得到多体模型的数值分析的支持,并与Rice小组的⁶Li实验能够很好的吻合.     

Simulation of the effects of atmospheric scintillation on digital transmissions at centimeter and millimeter wavelengths

This paper describes the simulation of the effects of scintillation on digital transmissions. The scintillation is modelled by atmospheric turbulent cells whose parameters are determined by comparison with measured scintillation events. The effects of the cells crossing the communication link on the amplitude of the received signal are calculated as well as the transfer function. A complete communication link is simulated and the BER is calculated for different frequencies. The model can be used up to 100 GHz but this paper is focused on frequencies presently used in satellite communications.