基于爆炸火光光谱分析的大当量爆炸场破片速度测试方法研究

为了解决战斗部爆炸过程中,因爆炸物当量较大造成爆燃火球持续时间长,覆盖面积大,近场位置破片速度参数难于获取的问题,提出一种以激光光幕为有效传感区域的光电收发一体的测试方法。通过分析三种不同类型战斗部爆炸火光特征光谱分布可知,在0.3~1.0 μm波段内火光相对光强度较低。以此为依据,采用定距测时原理和原向反射技术,由固体激光器、菲涅尔透镜、窄带滤光器、高速光电传感器等关键光学元件构建破片速度参数获取的光学系统。系统光路收发一体,结构紧凑,窄带滤光片与激光光源配合使用避开火光光谱,有效抑制背景光的干扰。采用该系统进行了不同型号、当量的战斗部静爆破片速度参数测试现场实验,通过美国NI数据采集系统记录数据并对信号进行去噪和识别,成功获取了较高信噪比的波形信号。实验结果表明：本方案可完成爆心10~15 m附近破片速度的准确测试,最小可测破片尺寸为4 mm,获取破片速度可达1 200 m·s-1,与靶板测试结果对比可知捕获率优于95%。由于采用菲涅尔透镜形成矩形光幕,光幕上下的光强分布一致,水平方向光强均匀度达到80%以上,因此系统还可初步区分预制破片速度与尺寸的对应关系。     

燃料爆炸抛撒过程的实验研究

 通过高速录像对3种量级（5、20、50 kg）FAE装置的静爆实验进行了现场记录，通过对燃料爆炸抛撒形成云雾的成长过程的实时记录结果，把燃料的爆炸抛撒过程分为3个阶段：喷出阶段、过渡阶段和膨胀阶段，其依据是爆炸驱动力和气动阻力的相互作用而导致的云雾径向膨胀速度的变化；对于结构相似的FAE装置，爆炸抛撒各阶段结束时刻及最终的云雾直径与装填燃料量的立方根成正比，说明小型装置可以模拟大型FAE武器；此外对应于不同阶段结束时刻的云雾直径与装置直径的比值分别为5.5、30和45。     

氮气和水蒸气对瓦斯爆炸基元反应的影响及抑爆机理分析

为了揭示氮气和水蒸气抑爆化学动力学机理,更有效地抑制瓦斯爆炸的发生,采用化学动力学软件研究了不同浓度氮气和水蒸气条件下瓦斯爆炸压力、温度和达到最大压力的时间,对比了不同浓度的氮气和水蒸气对瓦斯爆炸主要基元反应速率的影响,分析了氮气和水蒸气的抑爆机理。研究表明,氮气和水蒸气的加入能有效抑制瓦斯爆炸基元反应速率,水蒸气对基元反应速率的抑制效果优于氮气,且水蒸气的加入会增大系统中OH·自由基的含量。研究结果对揭示氮气和水蒸气的抑爆机理具有一定理论意义。     

新型制冷剂R227ea/R161爆炸性实验研究

由于以一定配比下的R227ea与R161所组成的混合制冷剂具有替代R407C的潜力.因此本文对R227ea与R161在六种配比为0.75:1、1:1、1.5:1、2:1、2.5:1、3:1下的爆炸性进行了实验研究,得到了爆炸极限曲线及爆炸范围,即混合气的爆炸上限均在19%以下,临界抑爆体积分数比15.79%,爆炸浓度范围较小.但在R227ea的体积分数较小时,混合气在爆炸极限内的爆炸现象十分强烈.因此考虑到安全问题,R227ea在新型混合制冷剂中的含量不宜过低,最好体积比大于1.     

基于小波分解的油料火焰光谱特性分析研究

针对油料火焰光谱特性研究不足的现状,通过构建全火焰红外测试系统,在室外开放空间条件下对多种油料及其他可燃物火焰的发射光谱进行了测试分析研究,光谱范围为1~14 mm。结果表明,蜂窝煤原始光谱信号最为特殊。其他燃料火焰光谱信号经db2小波5层分解后,92#汽油、95#汽油、0#柴油、航空煤油、润滑油火焰光谱低频分量特征相似,在1.2、3.4、4.5 mm附近存在较强的发射峰。各油料火焰光谱第5层细节系数重叠度较高。92#汽油、0#柴油火焰光谱低频分量及细节系数与其他燃料(木柴、酒精及纸张)相比特征明显。实验结论对基于光谱特性分析的油料火焰探测识别具有重要借鉴意义。     

FAE装置参数对燃料抛撒与爆炸威力影响的实验研究

 采用高速运动分析系统对FAE实验装置爆炸抛撒过程进行观测,描述了燃料抛撒过程的不同阶段,实验研究了比药量、长径比、壳体材质等装置参数对燃料抛撒与爆炸威力的影响。结果表明,燃料抛撒过程可分为射流形成与扩散运动阶段、燃料两向膨胀运动阶段和气液融合运动阶段。不同阶段对应不同的流体动力学特征,对云团形成的贡献不同。在实验装置总体优化条件下,适当增大比药量可提高云团覆盖面积与体积;在实验范围内长径比不是影响云团状态的显著因素,但长径比较大时可使燃料抛撒均匀性更好;采用钢质壳体时云雾抛撒状态明显优于铝质壳体。实验证明,采用碳钢壳体、比药量3%左右、长径比为3~5且装置参数良好匹配时,可获得理想的云团状态和高威力爆炸波毁伤效应。     

燃料抛撒成雾及其燃烧爆炸的光滑离散颗粒流体动力学方法数值模拟研究

燃料在炸药爆炸驱动下形成燃料空气爆炸云团, 进而引燃爆炸, 对目标造成毁伤. 本文在前期提出的光滑离散颗粒流体动力学方法(SDPH)的基础上, 引入描述炸药由爆轰到膨胀整个过程的Jones-Wilkins-Lee状态方程及描述气体快速燃烧过程的EBU-Arrhenius燃烧模型, 建立了求解战斗部起爆、燃料抛撒和燃料二次引燃爆炸问题的新型SDPH方法. 设计了圆环形燃料颗粒在炸药爆炸驱动下运动抛撒的算例进行数值验证, 结果与理论相符; 对燃料空气炸药(FAE)云雾的形成和发展过程进行了数值模拟, 分析了云雾的形态, 并与实验结果进行对比, 符合较好, 同时分析了不同起爆方式对云雾团成型的影响; 最后, 在云雾团成型的基础上, 引入蒸发燃烧模型对FAE的燃烧爆炸过程进行了模拟研究. 结果表明, 本文建立的数学模型和计算方法可以较好的模拟燃料空气炸药抛撒成雾及云雾燃烧爆炸过程, 为该类武器装备的设计研究提供了较好的数值方法.     

柴油高压物理特性的研究

 柴油物理特性是模拟计算高压燃油喷射系统的基础。针对柴油的密度、体弹性模量和运动粘度等进行了试验研究，在其基础上得出了柴油密度、弹性模量和运动粘度随压力和温度变化的经验公式，能较好地把柴油的密度、弹性模量和声速统一起来，与试验的误差小于3%，相关系数大于0.998，能满足高精度燃油喷射系统仿真的精度要求。     

不同磁性金属丝对氢气爆炸的影响机理研究

为探索氢气爆炸防治新技术,开发新型阻隔防爆材料,开展了抗磁性铝丝和铁磁性镍丝对预混氢气-空气爆炸压力影响实验,利用CHEMKIN-PRO软件对氢气爆炸过程中的反应路径和温度敏感性变化进行模拟。实验结果表明,两种金属丝对氢气-空气混合气体爆炸具有双重作用：当混合气体中氢气的体积分数低于20%时,金属丝材料抑制氢气爆炸,且材料填充量越大,抑制作用越强;当混合气体中氢气的体积分数高于25%时,两种金属丝促进氢气爆炸,且填充量越大,促进作用越强。在促进爆炸阶段,镍丝的促进效果弱于铝丝;在抑制爆炸阶段,镍丝的抑爆效果优于铝丝。模拟结果表明,R2对氢气的生成速率影响最大,R1对氢气及爆炸过程中的温度影响最大,影响温度敏感性变化的主要基元反应对爆炸均具有促进作用。通过实验和数值模拟综合分析,揭示了不同磁性金属丝对氢气爆炸的影响机理,可为氢气爆炸防治和开发新型阻隔防爆材料提供理论指导。     

内部短药柱爆炸作用下钢筒破裂特征的数值分析

采用光滑粒子(SPH)法研究了短药柱在钢筒内爆炸形成破片的特征,采用Grady层裂准则描述钢筒的层裂破坏,破坏模式为随机破坏,服从Mott分布。分析了破片的质量分布和速度,计算结果表明:钢筒经过一定膨胀后,首先在装药端部位置破裂,然后爆心附近的钢筒解体成破片,如果是封闭钢筒,钢筒端部也是形成破片的重要部位。爆心附近的破片质量小、速度高;端部的破片质量较大、速度低;爆心附近的破片相对集中。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.