CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER OF STEAM ON VERTICAL DROPWISE AND FILMWISE COEXISTING SURFACES WITH A THICK ORGANIC FILM PROMOTING DROPWISE MODE

This article describes an experimental investigation of the condensation heat transfer of steam on dropwise and filmwise coexisting (DFC) surfaces, on which dropwise and filmwise exist simultaneously at adjacent positions. A fluor-containing organic film with thickness of more than 1 μm was coated on the dropwise regions of the external surface of a brass tube to promote dropwise condensation. The surfaces were divided horizontally into many regions according to the designed dropwise and filmwise condensation area ratio. The area ratio of dropwise regions and filmwise regions in the present study was fixed at 50%:50% for all the six surfaces, while the numbers of dropwise and filmwise regions ranged from 2 to 16. Experiments were conducted at atmospheric pressure and the treated tube was oriented vertically in the condensing chamber. It was found that the heat transfer performance for DFC surfaces increases with increasing number of dropwise and filmwise regions, and an enhancement ratio of 1.27 to 1.96 is realized compared with the results for bare surface. Visual observation revealed that the appearance of condensation near the boundary region between the dropwise and filmwise regions was dependent on the relative positions of the two condensation regions. The condensate flowed smoothly across the boundary for dropwise condensation in the upper region. With filmwise condensation in the upper region, a condensate ring was formed at the interface and was retained at the interface for a short period of time before collapsing and then continued to flow downward through the dropwise condensation region. The condensate ring made a remarkable contribution to the condensation heat transfer enhancement for DFC surfaces. Finally, the results also showed that the heat transfer enhancement for dropwise and filmwise coexisting surfaces depends not only on the area ratio on DFC surfaces, but also on the surface subcooling degree. An optimal coordinating condition between these two factors might realize a maximum heat transfer enhancement ratio.     

含有不凝气体的蒸汽滴状冷凝传热实验研究

本文对饱和水蒸气和空气的混合物在垂直表面上滴状冷凝传热特性进行了实验研究。考察了不同的压力条件下不凝气对冷凝传热的影响。与膜状冷凝实验结果对比表明,滴状冷凝对含有不凝气的蒸汽冷凝传热有强化作用;在较高的冷凝压力下不凝气体对传热的影响相对较小。     

分子自组装膜表面滴膜共存冷凝传热的研究

本文以不同处理工艺制备十八烷基硫醇自组装膜,研究制备的表面上蒸气冷凝传热过程.结果表明不同的成膜温度,可以实现膜表面上水蒸气冷凝形态从膜状到滴状的过渡.并研究了该表面上滴膜共存状态下的冷凝传热特性,表明过渡状冷凝传热随固液自由能差渐进变化的实质是冷凝形态的渐进变化,表面上冷凝液运动形态的不同也将导致传热性能的改变,并对自组装膜表面上的冷凝传热系数可能随操作时间的增加而回升的现象进行了分析.     

镀层微观结构对凝结换热的影响

通过研究Ni-P化学镀层管不同微观结构对凝结传热的影响,表明用化学镀表面改性的镀管相对于普通的碳钢管,具有明显促进珠状凝结的效果,在凝结过程中表现为珠膜共存状态,可以获得较好的换热性能。同时镀层对换热性能的改善与镀层中纳米相的含量相关,随着纳米相含量的降低,镀层的表面能也随着降低,换热效率得到增强。增加镀层的非晶度可以获得更好的珠状凝结的效果。     

聚合物表面滴状冷凝传热寿命的实验研究

在滴状冷凝传热寿命测试装置上，对采用离子束动态混合注入（DIMI）技术制备的聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）表面的商状冷凝传热寿命进行了间歇实验测试。满状冷凝已维持约500h（间歇操作总时间为1，000h），实验现象及传热性能趋于基本稳定。同时表明聚合物与金属基体具有较强的结合力。     

酒精-水混合蒸气凝结换热系数的计算模型

通过将膜状凝结和珠状凝结理论相结合建立了一个新的模型,用于计算酒精-水混和蒸气Marangoni凝结换热系数,该模型引入一个特性系数将膜状凝结和珠状凝结理论相结合,并考虑了酒精浓度、蒸气压力和流速的影响.在不同的压力和流速下,模型计算的结果与实验和相关文献进行了比较,最大误差为±30%.     

水平梯度表面能材料表面上的滴状凝结换热系数

本文在均质表面的单个球缺形液滴换热模型和液滴通用尺度分布规律的基础上,结合梯度表面能材料表面的液滴分布和凝结换热特性,得到了一维水平梯度表面能材料表面上的滴状凝结换热计算式。在此基础上,研究了壁面过冷度、接触角梯度、工质物性等参数对梯度表面能材料表面滴状凝结换热性能的影响。结果表明:随着过冷度的增加和凝结工质汽化潜热的增大和表面张力的减小和接触角梯度的增大,平均表面凝结换热系数会增大。     

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF NON CONDENSABLE GAS FOR SOLUTAL MARANGONI CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER

The condensation heat transfer characteristic curves for a ternary vapor mixture of water, ethanol, and air (or nitrogen) under several ethanol concentrations and relatively low concentrations of air (or nitrogen) were measured. The effect of non-condensable gas on several different domains in the condensation curves was discussed. The effect of non-condensable gas in the domains controlled by the diffusion resistance and the filmwise condensation was not notable; whereas that in the domain dominated by the condensate resistance of dropwise mode was remarkable. Moreover, variations due to changes in non-condensable gas concentration of several characteristic points representing the curves were discussed.     

滴状冷凝传热的多尺度规划与最佳接触角

滴状冷凝传热过程具有典型的多尺度特征,一方面体现于壁面上液滴尺寸分布的空间多尺度特征以及液滴生长过程的时间多尺度分布,另一方面体现于冷凝壁面物理化学特性以及液固相互作用特性的描述和量度上的多尺度特征.本文基于包含界面效应影响的滴状冷凝传热模型,分析了液滴尺寸分布的多尺度特征及其对滴状冷凝传热性能的影响,并通过分析液滴尺...     

Dropwise Condensation of Steam on a Small Tube Bundle at Turbine Condenser Conditions

Application of dropwise condensation to utility turbine condensers is investigated by comparing the thermal performance of dropwise and filmwise bundles at industrially relevant conditions. Steam and steam-air mixtures were condensed on bundles of in-line, titanium tubes. The row-by-row heat transfer coefficients are presented against bundle position. They show the expected behavior for filmwise condensation but demonstrate a different one for dropwise. In air-free steam, the dropwise heat transfer coefficients are much larger and do not vary significantly with bundle position. In air-steam mixtures the dropwise values decrease similarly to their filmwise equivalents. The findings are in accord with those found for other geometries. The findings indicate that significant reductions in condenser size can be obtained if permanent dropwise condensation can be produced at industrially relevant conditions.     

基于人工神经网络的滴膜共存冷凝传热模型的研究

为了研究影响滴膜共存冷凝传热特性的因素,如滴膜区间面积比、滴膜相对位置、表面分割方式,表面过冷度等对冷凝传热的特性共同作用,本文应用人工神经网络技术,建立表面分割数、滴膜区面积比、凝液环数、表面过冷度与强化传热比之间的综合评价预测模型。结果表明,基于Matlab语言的人工神经网络模型具有较高的预测准确率及泛化能力,能够很好的评价和预测不同条件下的冷凝传热特性。     

表面纳米结构及其自由能对滴状冷凝传热的影响

通过抛光和氧化刻蚀方法在基体壁面形成微米和纳米尺度的微观结构,然后制备十八烷基硫醇分子自组装膜,从而得到空气中表观接触角为160°的SAM-1表面和空气中表观接触角为116°的SAM-2表面.实验研究了常压条件下两类表面的滴状冷凝传热特性.结果表明两种表面都能够有效提高冷凝传热效果.但是,具有表面纳米结构的SAM-1表面的滴状冷凝传热特性低于SAM-2表面.分析了纳米结构和液固自由能差效应对滴状冷凝传热影响的共同作用机理.     

珠状凝结换热的数学物理模型及数值模拟

首次应用随机分形模型建立了珠状凝结液滴的空间和尺度分布,然后利用已有的单个液滴的传热规律,得到了冷凝壁面的换热边界条件,进而求解冷凝壁的温度分布,最后得到了平均的珠状凝结换热系数.应用上述模型对铜表面以水为介质的冷凝壁换热进行了直接数值模拟,并与各种压力条件下的试验数据进行了比较.     

蒸气凝结相关问题探讨

讨论了几个与蒸气凝结相关的问题,指出壁面上球冠形液滴的内外压差和临界半径同样遵循经典的Laplace公式和Kalvin公式;蒸气在冷壁上的冷凝形态主要由后退接触角决定;空气中的水蒸气在换热器表面呈膜状冷凝时换热器的性能优于呈滴状冷凝时换热器的性能。     

低压蒸汽滴状冷凝传热性能的实验研究

实验研究了不同水蒸气压力条件下的滴状冷凝传热特性。10 kPa、40 kPa和70 kPa时的传热系数分别是常压下的56%,68%和81%。随着水蒸气压力的下降,液滴脱落直径变大,液滴生长周期延长,冷凝传热系数下降。通过液滴的动力学特性分析和基于界面效应的滴状冷凝传热模型,分析了低压对水蒸气冷凝传热的主要影响因素,压力变化主要影响了分子扩散率和气-液相际传热热阻,导致总冷凝传热系数随压力下降。     

一种内螺纹强化管的冷凝实验研究

实验研究了环保替代制冷工质R410A、R22在水平强化管内冷凝换热特性,探索了热流密度、水流速度对换热特性、压降的影响。实验测试管为内螺纹强化管,长度为5.2 m,外径为9.52 mm。实验结果表明:制冷剂R410A、R22的传热系数和压降随热流密度的增大而增大,同时内螺纹管的换热系数还随管外冷却水流量的增加而升高,压降随冷凝温度的升高而降低,而R410A比R22有更好的换热效率和较小的压降。     

流速对混合蒸汽Marangoni凝结换热影响的实验研究

本文在蒸汽压力为47.36 kPa的条件下,通过实验研究了不同蒸汽流速(u=2、4、5 m/s)下纯水和不同酒精浓度水-酒精混合蒸汽沿重力方向流过竖直紫铜平板表面上的凝结换热特性,并实现了实验的可视化,同时分析了不同蒸汽流速下造成Marangoni凝结换热特性差异的原因.实验及分析结果表明,在相同蒸汽浓度、蒸汽压力和表面过冷度条件下,高流速下的凝结换热系数比低流速的大.且蒸汽流速对凝结换热的影响因混合蒸汽酒精浓度的不同而不同,低浓度0.5%和高浓度50%时流速的增加对凝结换热特性的影响较小,而在中间浓度2%时凝结换热强度随流速的增加明显.     

Marangoni珠状凝结液珠半径分布的研究

以水-酒精混合蒸汽在斜块上的Marangoni凝结实验图片为基础,统计分析了不同浓度和过冷度下凝结液珠的半径数目比例分布、平均半径及半径偏差.研究发现:在不同浓度和过冷度下,凝结液珠的半径大部分集中在0.1 mm～0.3 mm半径范围内,占到液滴总数的80%;凝结液珠平均半径随过冷度的增大而增大,随浓度的增大而减小;半...     

热交换器表面镀层对传热性能的影响

采用化学镀的方法对热交换器表面进行表面改性,使其换热表面沉积一层表面能不同的均匀镀层。传热实验表明,随着磷含量的增大,凝结传热系数增大。进一步可视化实验研究表明,镀层换热表面均表现为珠膜共存状态,增大镀层的磷含量,换热表面促进珠状凝结的效果更加明显。这归于镀层降低了传热表面的表面能值。     

电场下液滴合并自弹跳行为的分子动力学研究

在工程上通常利用滴状冷凝提高冷凝换热效率、进而强化传热。而当冷凝液滴发生合并自弹跳时,冷凝换热系数是传统滴状冷凝的1.3至1.5倍,因此液滴合并自弹跳现象对冷凝传热强化的贡献是非常大的。一些宏观实验和理论研究表明,加入外电场能进一步促进冷凝液滴合并自弹跳的频率和高度,但在纳米尺度下是否仍遵守这一规律还未可知,因此本文使用分子动力学模拟方法,探究了在超疏水表面上电场的方向和强度对纳米纯水液滴合并自弹跳行为的影响,模拟结果表明垂直向上方向电场会抑制液滴合并自弹跳,垂直向下方向存在一个电场促进弹跳的区间,在此区间内电场强度越大,弹跳速度越大.