High power supercontinuum generation by dual-color femtosecond laser pulses in fused silica

High power supercontinuum (SC) is generated by focusing 800 nm and 400 nm femtosecond laser pulses in fused silica with a microlens array. It is found that the spectrum of the SC is getting broader compared with the case of a single laser pulse, and the spectral energy density between the two fundamental laser wavelengths is getting significantly higher by optimizing the phase matching angle of the BBO. It exceeds μJ/nm over 490 nm range which is from 380 nm to 870 nm, overcoming the disadvantage of relative lower power in the ranges far from the fundamental wavelength.     

泵浦波长对光子晶体光纤产生超连续谱的影响

采用钛宝石光参量放大器作为泵浦源,利用其输出波长可调谐性,研究了不同泵浦波长对光子晶体光纤中产生超连续谱的影响,结果表明光子晶体光纤中零色散点处的群时延和1.4 μm处的OH根离子的吸收对超连续谱的平坦度影响很大,并且泵浦波长离光纤的零色散点越远,产生的超连续谱平坦度越差,甚至在可见光区产生的各个频率峰还只是分离的,没有形成超连续谱.当泵浦波长为1.2 μm时,获得了带宽为300 nm~1350 nm的超连续谱,谱宽超过了两个倍频程.     

Mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in a four-hole As2S5 chalcogenide microstructured optical fiber

We demonstrate the supercontinuum (SC) generation in a four-hole As₂S₅ chalcogenide microstructured optical fiber (MOF) experimentally. The As₂S₅ glass has better property of transmission than As₂S₃ glass in the visible range. The four-hole As₂S₅ MOF is fabricated by a rod-in-tube method. The SCs generated by different pump wavelengths at 2,000, 2,300 and 2,500 nm in the MOF whose length is from 2.3 to 20 cm are demonstrated. Those pump wavelengths correspond to the chromatic dispersion wavelength in the normal chromatic dispersion region, the anomalous chromatic dispersion region close to zero-dispersion wavelength (ZDW) and the anomalous chromatic dispersion region far from ZDW, respectively. Wider SCs can be obtained when pumped at a wavelength in the anomalous dispersion region close to ZDW. The widest SC range of 4,280 nm (from 1,370 to 5,650 nm) covering two octaves was obtained in a 4.8-cm-long fiber pumped at 2,300 nm.     

Generation of Anti-Stokes Line in Fundamental Mode of Photonic Crystal Fibre

A photonic crystal fibre （PCF） with zero-dispersion wavelength around 800 nm is designed and fabricated. Simulated results show that the zero-dispersion wavelength of fundamental mode for this PCF is at 826nm, and phase-matched four-wave mixing can be achieved in fundamental mode. Using 20ors Ti：sapphire laser with central wavelength at 810nm as pump, the anti-Stokes line around 610hm ＆ generated efficiently. The output signal has a Gaussian-like profile, which indicates that the anti-Stokes signal is in the fundamental mode of the PCF. The energy of anti-Stokes signal is higher than that of residual pump laser and the maximum ratio of the anti-Stokes signal to the pump component in the output spectrum is estimated to be 1.2.     

Quantum-noise measurements in high-efficiency single-pass second-harmonic generation with femtosecond pulses

The quantum-noise properties of single-pass second-harmonic blue-light generation with femtosecond pulses have been measured. A conversion efficiency of as much as 63.5% of second-harmonic generation at 428.8 nm was observed in a KNbO(3) crystal with femtosecond (130-fs) pulses with wavelengths centered at 857.6 nm. The quantum noise on the generated blue light was measured to be 1.0 dB (1.4 dB of squeezing inferred) below the shot-noise limit. The noise reduction was found to be sensitive to the average power and the center wavelength of the input fundamental pulses under the condition of strong pump depletion.     

Combined nonlinear effects for UV to visible wavelength generation in a photonic crystal fiber

We experimentally study the combined nonlinear effects,including four-wave mixing,stimulated Raman scattering,soliton dynamics,and cross-phase modulation by coupling femtosecond pulses around 850 nm into the normal dispersion region near the zero-dispersion wavelength in the fundamental mode of a homemade silica photonic crystal fiber. The nonlinear optical dynamics at different stages are demonstrated,and the discrete ultraviolet(UV) to visible wavelengths widely separated from the pump wave are generated by the interaction of several nonlinear effects involved. The UV to visible wavelengths can be used as short pulse sources for multiphoton ionization,fluorescence spectroscopy,and biochemical imaging.     

波长可调谐的瓦级连续橙红光激光器

介绍了基于复合腔结构的全固态波长可调谐的连续橙红色激光的输出特性。该复合腔由一个使用周期极化晶体MgO:PPLN的信号光单谐振光参量振荡器和一个LD侧面泵浦Nd:GdVO₄晶体的1 062.9 nm基频光谐振腔构成。s-偏振1 062.9 nm泵浦光抽运单谐振光参量振荡器产生s-偏振信号光腔内独立振荡。通过复合腔结构的优化设计,使独立振荡的p-偏振1 062.9 nm基频光与s-偏振信号光在2个子腔的重叠区内通过Ⅱ类角度匹配KTP晶体的腔内和频过程获得橙红色激光。当MgO:PPLN晶体的调谐温度从30 ℃上升至200 ℃时,s-偏振信号光的中心波长产生红移,导致其与p-偏振1 062.9 nm基频光和频产生的橙红色激光的中心波长从620.2 nm红移至628.9 nm。同时测得中红外波段闲频光的中心波长从3 714.2 nm蓝移至3 438.3 nm。在30 ℃最低设定温度时, 中心波长620.2 nm的橙红色激光和中心波长3 714.2 nm的闲频光最大连续输出功率分别达到2.0 W和2.9 W。     

Ultrabroadband SCG with quasi-continuous wave nanosecond-long pump pulses in PCF

An ultrabroadband supercontinuum (SC) is demonstrated in a pure silica photonic crystal fiber (PCF) pumped by quasi-continuous wave nanosecond-long pulses at 1,064 nm. The generated SC spectra extending from 450 to at least 2,400 nm have the salient feature of a short wavelength regime below the pump wavelength, which is much higher in intensity than the long-wavelength over the pump wavelength. The influence of pump power and repetition rates on SC generation (SCG) is explored. Results suggest that this pump source has both the advantages of short-pulse and continuous-wave pumps for SCG.     

Highly efficient wavelength-tunable anti-Stokes signal conversion by phase-matched four-wave mixing in the second-order mode of photonic crystal fiber

Using the photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with zero dispersion wavelengths of the fundamental mode and the second-order mode at 985 nm and 885 nm designed and fabricated in our lab, the anti-Stokes signals from 586.5 to 558 nm are efficiently generated in the second-order mode. When the pump working wavelength λ ₀ increases from 830 to 880 nm and the input average power P _in reduces from 43 to 25 mW, the output power of anti-Stokes signal increases 1.76 times, the power ratio of anti-Stokes signal at 558 nm to the residual pump component at 880 nm is estimated as 5:1, and the maximal conversion efficiency P _as/P _p0 can be up to 36%. The possible reasons for the difference from theoretical results are discussed. The combined effects of the interval between the pump working wavelength and zero dispersion wavelength and the input power on the signal conversion process are analyzed.     

飞秒激光在光子晶体光纤中产生超连续光谱机制的实验研究

报道了利用零色散在780nm处的光子晶体光纤与纳焦耳量级的飞秒激光脉冲相互作用的实验结果.实验使用35fs，中心波长810—840nm，单脉冲能量可达14nJ的飞秒激光光源获得了超过一个倍频程的平坦超连续光谱（500—1100nm）.在不同功率、不同中心波长、不同啁啾和有无直流成分的多种飞秒脉冲激光的条件下，研究了超连续光谱的产生情况.并对一系列现象进行了对比，分析了超连续光谱产生的机制. 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 飞秒脉冲激光 超连续光谱     

光子晶体光纤中高效的反斯托克斯信号产生

基于四波混频的反斯托克斯变换, 被广泛应用于短波辐射高分辨率成像以及直接激发分子的电子跃迁等方面. 为了实现更加高效的反斯托克斯变换, 利用中心波长为810 nm脉冲宽度为120 fs的钛蓝宝石(Ti: sapphire)飞秒激光器作为抽运光源, 在长度为0.5 m和3 m的光子晶体光纤中分别实现了高阶模和基膜的简并四波混频. 实验中, 采用的光子晶体光纤的零色散波长在820 nm附近. 在基模相位匹配条件下, 在560 nm附近实现了高效地反斯托克斯信号的产生, 反斯托克斯信号与残余抽运信号的最大功率比为33:1; 反斯托克斯信号和斯托克斯信号的最大功率比25:1; 反斯托克斯信号最大功率转换效率P_a/P_p0为34%. 抽运波长从790 nm逐渐增加到810 nm过程中, 在长为3 m的光子晶体光纤中相位从不匹配状态转化为高阶模匹配状态后, 再转化为基模匹配状态. 通过实验研究得出了相位匹配程度随抽运功率、波长和光纤长度的变化规律, 同时分析了造成理论计算与实验结果存在差异的主要因素. 本文为研究在光子晶体光纤基模中实现相位匹配和产生高效反斯托克斯信号提供了理论和实验依据.     

Visible continuum generation using a femtosecond erbium-doped fiber laser and a silica nonlinear fiber

Supercontinuum extending to visible wavelengths is generated in a hybrid silica nonlinear fiber pumped at 1560 nm by a femtosecond, erbium-doped fiber laser. The hybrid nonlinear fiber consists of a short length of highly nonlinear, germano-silicate fiber (HNLF) spliced to a length of photonic crystal fiber (PCF). A 2 cm length of HNLF provides an initial stage of continuum generation due to higher-order soliton compression and dispersive wave generation before launching into the PCF. The visible radiation is generated in the fundamental mode of the PCF.     

凹形色散分布光纤中超连续谱特性分析

比较了在不同色散分布的色散渐减光纤中超连续（SC）谱的产生。结果表明,当光纤的色散值关于中心波长对称、且随着传输距离增加,经由反常色散区过渡到正常色散区的、凹形色散分布的色散渐减光纤更有利于产生平坦、带宽的超连续谱。从频域的全场方程出发,模拟了脉冲在光纤中的传输情形,发现脉冲在凹形色散分布的光纤中传输时,不仅在反常色散区能更大程度被压缩,在正常色散区由于存在零色散波长点,还能更进一步展宽,从而得到更宽、更平坦的超连续谱。在谱强为-27dB时,谱宽可达到298nm,比相同情况下的凸形色散的光纤中超连续谱增宽97nm。结果显示,凹形色散分布的光纤比凸形色散分布的光纤在超连续谱的产生上有更明显的优势,可以得到更宽的超连续谱。     

Anti-Stokes Frequency Shift and Evolution in Polarization-Maintaining Photonic Crystal Fiber with Two-Zero Dispersion Wavelengths

Using the tunable pump pulses with about lOO fs pulse duration and 1064 nm central wavelength; the polarization-, wavelength- and power-dependent anti-Stokes lines are generated and modulated simultaneously in a polarization-maintaining photonie crystal fiber （PM-PCF） with two zero-dispersion wavelengths. By accurately controlling the polarization directions, the wavelength and the power of the pump pulse in the fiber anomalous region close to the second zero-dispersion wavelength of the PM-PCF, the output anti-Stokes pulse spectra can be tuned between 563 nm and 603 nm, which is in good agreement with the theoretical simulation. The color conversion of the mode image from yellow to orange is also observed with the different polarization pump pulses. These results can be attributed to the combined interaction between the fiber birefringence （including linear- and nonlinear- birefringence） and dispersion, and are attributed to phase-matching parametric four-wave mixing.     

Broad spectral sliced multiwavelength source with a mode locked fiber laser

A simple multi-wavelength source is demonstrated based on spectral slicing of supercontinuum (SC) light using a Sagnac loop mirror. A mode locked fiber laser with pulse width of 800 fs is employed to generate the SC in photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The SC light extending from 1200 nm up to the wavelength region above 1750 nm is obtained at the amplified pulse pump power of 30 dBm. By slicing the SC with a loop mirror, a multiwavelength comb spectrum is obtained with different channel spacing for different operating wavelength region. Spacings of 1.5, 2.3, and 2.9 nm are shown at wavelength regions of 1220, 1450, and 1730 nm, respectively. It is also observed that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) increases from 15 to 20 dB as the operating wavelength increases from 1220 to 1730 nm region.     

空间外差光谱仪基频波长的定标

基于空间外差光谱仪的工作原理和干涉图的产生机制,提出了一种空间外差光谱仪的基频波长定标方法。沿干涉条纹法线方向求取像元相位,通过对法线方向的像元相位进行线性拟合求取相位直线的斜率,该相位斜率与干涉条纹法线方向的空间频率具有对应关系,在获取两种已知波长的激光干涉图的相位斜率后即可确定该空间外差光谱仪的基频波长。四组波长数据的测试结果显示,用该方法定标的基频波长具有很好的一致性,标准差为0.044 nm。定标结果仿真的光谱与实测光谱完全一致,证明了该方法的可行性。     

High power continues wave laser diode array end pumped Nd:YAG/LBO red lasers operated at 669 nm and 659 nm

In this paper, we present using Nd:YAG as the laser media, and Brewster plate as a polarizer device to obtain the linear polarization output at the fundamental wavelength. Using LBO (LiB₃O₅) crystal as non-linear crystal to obtain intra-cavity frequency doubled red laser at 659 and 669 nm and sum frequency mixing at 665 nm. Using a thin fused silica plate as an etalon to obtain the single wavelength operation. At total pump power of 30 W at 808 nm, the output powers at two wavelengths are about 4.1 and 4.5 W, respectively, only one fundamental wavelength light is resonating. The corresponding optical to optical conversion efficiency from pump light to second harmonic generation are 13.7 and 15.0%, respectively.     

四倍频磷酸二氘钾晶体

生长了不同氘含量的磷酸二氘钾(DKDP)晶体,切割角度统一沿Ⅰ类非临界相位匹配方向,即与晶体z轴成90与x轴成45,分别在1 064 nm和1 053 nm两种基频波长下进行了四倍频实验,通过测定氘含量与相位匹配角的联系,确定出能够实现非临界四倍频的DKDP晶体的最佳氘含量。实验发现在1 064 nm的基频波长下通过调节DKDP晶体的氘含量无法实现室温的非临界相位匹配,而在1 053 nm基频波长下实现室温的非临界相位匹配的DKDP晶体最佳氘含量为85%左右     

Generation of a compact high-power high-efficiency normal-dispersion pumping supercontinuum in silica photonic crystal fiber pumped with a 1064-nm picosecond pulse

Broadband normal dispersion pumping supercontinuum （SC） generation in silica photonic crystal fiber （PCF） is investigated in this paper. A 1064-nm picosecond fiber laser is used to pump silica PCF for the SC generation. The length of PCF is optimized for the most efficient stimulated Raman scattering process in the picosecond pump pulse region. The first stimulated Raman Stokes peak is located in the anomalous dispersion regime of the PCF and near the zero dispersion wavelength; thus the SC generation process can benefit from both a normal dispersion pumping scheme and an anomalous dispersion pumping scheme. The 51.7-W SC spanning from about 700 nm to beyond 1700 nm is generated with an all-fiber configuration, and the pump-to-SC conversion efficiency is up to 90%. In order to avoid the output fiber end face damage and increase the stability of the system, an improved output solution for the high power SC is proposed in our experiment. This high-efficiency near-infrared SC source is very suitable for applications in which average output power and spectral power density are firstly desirable.     

Coherent bisection of 141 THz using sum frequency generation of 1064 and 709 nm radiation

The frequency interval (141 THz) that exists between 1064 nm radiation and the unusual semiconductor wavelength of 709 nm has been coherently divided by using an optical phase-locked loop to control a slave laser lying at the mean frequency of these two wavelengths. The 709 nm radiation has been generated by a combination of wavelength tuning in an extended cavity and temperature tuning of a ridge-waveguide semiconductor laser with a nominal wavelength of 728 nm. Two nonlinear processes have been used to produce the coherent division: the sum frequency mixing of 1064 and 709 nm radiation to produce 425 nm radiation and the second harmonic generation of 851 nm light to produce the same wavelength radiation.