大地震前出现的异常次声波观测研究

研究了一种在大地震前出现的异常次声波,揭示其与地震发生的空间、时间、强度的对应关系.利用CASI-ICM-2011型次声测量传感器在一系列Ms6.0级以上大地震发生前2周以内检测到的一种频率范围0.001 Hz至0.01 Hz的次声波,其特征有:幅值范围50 Pa至200 Pa,持续时间0.5 h至4 h,传播速度10 m/s至30 m/s,震级越高信号越强.通过建立广域次声传感器网络,成功定位了芦山地震前4天出现的异常次声波,以及巴基斯担地震前12天出现的异常次声波.通过对8年时间连续监测数据的分析,研究了这类次声波的出现规律.同时,对其产生机理提出了大地起伏激发次声波的假设,进行了理论论证,并用智利地震测量信号和玉树地震测量信号证明S波可以激发出本地同振的次声波.文中所列举的数个震前异常次声信号的观测结果对于地震预测的信息获取具有参考价值.     

大熊猫“唔”叫声的时域和频域特征

大熊猫“唔”叫声的时域波形有明显的周期特征,调频和调福特征不明显．不同“唔”声由形态各异的准周期波串联组成,各式各样周期波都类似变形的希腊字母“u”。“唔”音频谱特征有明显的两个频带,“唔”音弱,第一频带强,第二频带弱。“唔”音强,第二频带增强,并出现第三频带。“唔”音信号较稳定,短时分析可取25－100ms,甚至更长时间。基音频率为30～240Hz。     

基于小波包分解和FK分析的次声信号参数估计

频率波数分析法是一种估计信号慢度和方位角的台阵数据处理方法,在地震波信号处理中得到广泛应用,但将频率波数分析法应用于次声信号的时候,分辨率不高,易受噪声的影响,伪峰较明显。因此,本文提出了一种基于小波包分解和FK分析的次声信号参数估计方法,该方法借助小波包分解对信号整个频带的分辨能力,有效提高了算法的分辨率,降低了噪声的影响,有效压制了伪峰,并利用高斯调制正弦信号模拟次声信号,对比分析了方位角的均值、方差和均方根误差,验证了算法的性能,最后利用IS45台站接收的实际次声数据对算法进行对比分析,进一步验证了算法的有效性。     

次声信号的时频信号能量统计检测方法

次声信号检测是次声事件监测的重要环节,常用的短时平均与长时平均之比STA/LTA(Short Term Average to Long Term Average)和著名的逐次多通道互相关方法PMCC(the Progressive Multiple Cross-Correlation)误检率都比较高.为此,提出一种时频域信号能量统计的次声信号检测方法,其基本原理是根据目标信号与噪声的频域分布差异,采用窄带分频技术将待检波形变换到时频域,按时频格点计算局部平均能量与全局平均能量之比,当比值大于设定阈值时,认为该格点属于目标信号的一部分。以国际监测系统次声台站监测数据为对象进行了实验研究,并与PMCC检测结果进行了比较,结果表明所提出的信号检测方法对微弱次声信号检测能力强、误检信号少.      

多特征融合的鸟类物种识别方法

针对短时窗平均/长时窗平均算法从次声台站监测数据中提取的信号仍然包含噪声的问题,对支持向量机和人工神经网络的机器学习方法进行了研究。采用小波包分解的方法对信号进行重构,提取出各频带内的重构信号能量特征,对事件信号和噪声进行了识别实验,并分析了提高识别能力的方法,为工程应用提供理论参考。实验结果表明,在训练数据集不大的情况下,通过优化模型结构可以将两种方法的识别能力提高到可以接受的水平。     

水下爆炸毁伤水下目标的能量分布特征

 针对某水下目标的抗水下爆炸实验数据,利用小波包良好的时频局部化性质,对被监测水下目标内部装置的冲击加速度信号进行了能量分析,得到了冲击信号的时频分布和不同频带上的能量分布。冲击信号的频带能量分布与目标毁伤的关系密切,选用冲击信号峰值、冲击信号主振频带能量、水下目标内部装置自振频率所在频带能量作为判别因子,建立距离判别模型,对水下目标毁伤情况进行了预测;利用回代估计法对模型的合理性进行了检验。研究结果表明,预测结果与实际结果相符,证明将频带能量作为水下爆炸毁伤水下目标的特征指标是合理的。     

一种用于高压输气管道泄漏检测的次声传感器的研究

研究了一种用于检测高压输气管道泄漏次声波的次声传感器。针对管道泄漏频带宽,频率低的特点,该次声传感器换能元件选用电容式传声器,设计了一个前端耐压壳,将前端敏感单元与前置放大器隔离,可耐12 MPa静态压力;通过对比信号放大电路,实现了对调制电路优化设计,使得在1 Hz以下频段仍有较高灵敏度,传感器自噪声降低;该传感器只对声波敏感,对振动的灵敏度平均值1 mV/g,具有很好的抗振动干扰性能。测试结果表明：该传感器能有效地检测到声波信号,频率响应范围0.5 Hz至300 Hz,覆盖了管道泄漏次声频带和低频可听声频段,不放大的Ⅰ档灵敏度200 mV/Pa,Ⅱ档和Ⅲ档分别将信号放大5倍和20倍,输出信号的自噪声小于15 mV,该传感器可适用于天然气输气管道的泄漏监测。     

气液两相流波动信号的时频谱分析研究

为了研究气液两相流不同流型的动态特性,通过小波变换、希尔伯特-黄变换及自适应最优核三种时频方法对气液两相流动态差压信号进行处理.通过对时频谱的分析,可以清晰看出当流型从泡状流向弹状流、塞状流的转化过程中,信号的主要能量由15—35 Hz之间的频带向0—8 Hz频带转移,在弹状流时出现了两个谱峰.实验结果表明:希尔伯特-黄变换及自适应最优核方法的时频分辨率比小波分析高.基于自适应最优核方法的脊信息的提取,克服了模糊平面加窗效应的影响,对气液两相流动态信号表现出更高的时频分辨率,并增强了时频平面信息的可读性. 关键词： 气液两相流 流型识别 希尔伯特-黄变换 自适应最优核     

火箭发射的次声信号分析*

在距离发射点20km和230km的两个阵列上,记录了我国一次火箭发射产生的次声波。从信号中识别出点火与声爆事件,观察到火箭在飞行中产生持续的次声波,以及声爆前后明显能量特征上的变化,观测到完整的火箭发射和飞行过程中系列次声波。为了验证采集信号中包含声爆事件,使用Fisher检测估计方位角和视速度,计算结果与火箭飞行轨迹一致,并且声爆信号的预计到达时间和估计方位与实际的时间和方位角相符合。结合火箭速度变化的特征,给出了声爆前低频能量较弱现象的解释和火箭超声速后次声能量特征的变化,揭示了火箭产生次声波的机理,为火箭发射等目标的监测提供有益的借鉴和参考。     

三轴应力下花岗岩加载破坏的能量演化和损伤特征

为揭示不同围压下硬岩在破坏过程中的力学性质和能量演化规律,基于RMT-150B岩石力学试验系统对花岗岩试样进行不同围压条件下常规三轴压缩试验。研究结果表明:岩样的峰值应力和围压具有较强的线性关系,利用Mohr-Coulomb强度准则求出花岗岩的黏聚力为23.548 MPa,内摩擦角为57.629°。围压对花岗岩加载破坏过程中能量演化的影响显著,岩石的峰值能量、弹性应变能以及耗散能都随着围压的增大而增大,且两者呈线性增加关系。根据岩石的线性储能规律,提出了确定岩石应力阈值的方法。围压越大,起裂应力和扩容应力越大,且岩样起裂点处与扩容点处的能量也越大;当围压较低时,岩石破坏前储存的能量较少,破坏时能量释放速率低,岩样表现为典型低劈裂破坏;在高围压情况下,能量快速释放,岩样表现为剪切破坏。基于能量演化规律,提出了岩石损伤演化模型,得到了花岗岩的损伤变量D在不同围压下加载破坏过程中的演化规律。     

公路交通噪声频率特征及等效频率研究

为了确定不同车型在不同行车速度下的噪声频率分布特性及等效频率值,更加准确的对交通噪声的影响进行评估,本文对单车稳态辐射噪声的频率特性进行了现场测定,并对不同类型车辆的频率特性数据进行了分析。结果表明,不同类型车辆车速与频带声压级之间的相关性随频带中心频率的变化而变化。FHWA模型对公路交通噪声中介于500 Hz～2000 Hz频段的噪声有较好的预测效果,而对低于500 Hz和高于2000 Hz的交通噪声的预测精度较差。车辆类型不同,车辆产生噪声的中心频率、声能量集中分布的频率范围以及等效频率均不相同。     

The effects of low frequency noise on people—A review

During the fast few years, the existence of high levels of man-made low frequency noise (0–100 Hz), and in particular infrasonic noise, has been reported in many environments. An effort has been made over the last decade to discover whether such high levels of low frequency noise are significant. A review of the effects of low frequency noise indicates that the effects are similar to those of higher frequency noise, that noise in the 20–100 Hz range is much more significant than infrasound at similar sound pressure levels and that the possible danger due to infrasound has been much over-rated.     

Some effects of infrasonic noise in transportation

Sound pressure level measurements in cars travelling at motorway speeds have shown that in many cases the overall level is very high in relation to the dB(A) and octave band levels, suggesting that much of the sound energy is in the low frequency and infrasonic regions. These levels have been measured down to the octave centred on 2 Hz. Experiments to investigate the effects of infrasound on balance and psychological awareness are described. The results show that levels of infrasound measured in moving vehicles can produce symptoms of balance disturbance, including vertical nystagmus, in normal observers, and also have profound effects on psychological awareness of normal human observers. Possible mechanisms for these effects are discussed.     

An optical fiber infrasound sensor: a new lower limit on atmospheric pressure noise between 1 and 10 Hz

A new distributed sensor for detecting pressure variations caused by distant sources has been developed. The instrument reduces noise due to air turbulence in the infrasound band by averaging pressure along a line by means of monitoring strain in a long tubular diaphragm with an optical fiber interferometer. Above 1 Hz, the optical fiber infrasound sensor (OFIS) is less noisy than sensors relying on mechanical filters. Records collected from an 89-m-long OFS indicate a new low noise limit in the band from 1 to 10 Hz. Because the OFIS integrates pressure variations at light-speed rather than the speed of sound, phase delays of the acoustical signals caused by the sensor are negligible. Very long fiber-optic sensors are feasible and hold the promise of better wind-noise reduction than can be achieved with acoustical-mechanical systems.     

扬声器激励次声频校正器的设计和性能分析

为克服现有主流型活塞式次声校正器低频端漏气误差增大的缺点，该文提出基于扬声器激励、薄膜密封结构作为标准次声源，实现了一种新型次声校准装置。该装置采用成熟化技术方案和模块化设计，具有组装方便、体积小、重量轻和工作稳定等优点。目前在校准频率0.1～20 Hz范围内，合成标准不确定度在0.2 dB以内，扩展不确定度优于0.4 dB (k=2)。利用该装置分别对MB3a型和自研次声传感器进行了校准，前者的校准结果与产品技术参数一致，后者与中国计量科学研究院的校准结果相近(误差小于7.5%)，测试结果表明该装置可用于次声传感器的校准。值得注意的是，该校正器可能做到低端0.01 Hz或更低的频率的绝对校正，该文展望了扬声器激励次声校正器发展前景。     

The role of monaural frequency selectivity in binaural analysis

The relation between the monaural critical band and binaural analysis was examined using an NoSm MLD paradigm, in order to resolve ambiguities about the width of the masking spectrum important for binaural detection. A 500-Hz pure-tone signal was presented with a 600-Hz-wide band of masking noise to the signal ear. Bands of noise ranging in width from 25 to 600 Hz, or noise notches (imposed on a 600-Hz-wide band centered on the signal frequency) ranging in width from 0 to 600 Hz were presented to the nonsignal ear. All noise bands and notches were centered on 500 Hz, the frequency of the signal. The effects of varying bandwidth were radically different from those of varying notchwidth: the MLD changed from zero to approximately 8 dB over a bandwidth range of 400 Hz; for notchwidths, however, the MLD changed 8 dB over a range of only 50 Hz. The results support an interpretation that the fine frequency selectivity of monaural analysis is preserved in peripheral binaural interaction, but that a relatively wide frequency range of critical bands is scanned at a later stage of binaural processing. It was suggested that the wide spectral range of binaural analysis may provide a background against which binaural differences due to the signal are detected.     

基于网络连接度指标的脑梗死患者脑电信号相同步分析

基于图论的脑功能网络分析是近年来的一个研究热点,而相同步分析已被证实为揭示多导联脑电信号之间功能连接的有效工具.针对当脑电采集系统中导联数目较少而不适用于采用图论分析的情况,提出使用基于导联间相同步分析的网络连接度指标研究脑功能网络的关联特性和整体特性.采用新的频带划分方法,将0.5—30 Hz带宽内的脑电信号划分到5个子带上,计算了不同数据长度下各子带分量的网络连接度指标,并对比分析了各子带分量的相对功率.结果表明:在对脑梗死患者的脑电图和正常人的脑电图进行分析时,需要合理的数据长度量化不同动力学系统之间的差异;在合理的数据长度下,在网络连接度指标的区分效果方面,19—24 Hz分量信号优于其他分量,而且仅在19—24 Hz频带上,脑梗死患者组的所有导联出现了与对照组的所有导联相同趋势的变化.研究表明19—24 Hz频带是脑梗死最佳的脑电图诊断频段,可将该频段下的网络连接度指标作为脑梗死辅助诊断的新指标.     

Parametric acoustic antenna in the atmosphere

We consider the principles of development of a parametric antenna in the atmosphere. It is shown that to excite an infrasound at a frequency lower than 1 Hz in the atmosphere, one can use an acoustic system emitting simultaneously two waves whose frequencies differ by the infrasound frequency. In the pump-wave frequency range 20–500 Hz, the main contribution to infrasound emission is given by the region located at altitudes from 30 to 75 km, in which the oscillatory velocity in the pump wave is maximum. We propose an algorithm for calculation of the infrasound amplitude in the E and F layers of the ionosphere. Realization of a parametric antenna in the atmosphere makes it possible to broaden the capabilities of experiments based on the modification of the ionosphere by an infrasound. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 49, No. 7, pp. 570–576, July 2006.     

The experimental research on response characteristics of coal samples under the uniaxial loading process

In order to study the response characteristics of infrasound in coal samples under the uniaxial loading process, coal samples were collected from GengCun mine. Coal rock stress loading device, acoustic emission tested system and infrasound tested system were used to test the infrasonic signal and acoustic emission signal under uniaxial loading process. The tested results were analyzed by the methods of wavelet filter, threshold denoise, time–frequency analysis and so on. The results showed that in the loading process, the change of the infrasonic wave displayed the characteristics of stage, and it could be divided into three stages: initial stage with a certain amount infrasound events, middle stage with few infrasound events, and late stage gradual decrease. It had a good consistency with changing characteristics of acoustic emission. At the same time, the frequency of infrasound was very low. It can propagate over a very long distance with little attenuation, and the characteristics of the infrasound before the destruction of the coal samples were obvious. A method of using the infrasound characteristics to predict the destruction of coal samples was proposed. This is of great significance to guide the prediction of geological hazards in coal mines.