Using an infrasonic method to monitor the destruction of glaciers in Arctic conditions

We study the application of an infrasonic method to detect infrasonic acoustic emission caused by the destruction of glaciers in the Arctic. We consider the main approaches and methods for automatic signal detection from the data of infrasonic microarrays from the viewpoint of their practical use in conditions of frequent and significant variations in the noise level characteristics of the Arctic coast. We propose a novel method for the automatic detection of infrasonic events based on representation of a plane wave signal and adaptive estimation of the noise level. The method makes it possible to detect signals with a small number of sensors (up to three) in the specific conditions of the Arctic coast. We present the results of infrasonic monitoring of the destruction of Icefjord outlet glaciers (Spitsbergen archipelago) carried out by the Kola Branch of the RAS Geophysical Survey in 2011–2012.     

高强混凝土单轴压缩声发射频率特征试验研究

为研究高强混凝土破裂前声发射信号的频率特征,对C60、C70、C80高强混凝土试件进行单轴压缩下的高、低频双通道声发射试验,得到破裂过程的力学参数和声发射参数,探求高强混凝土不同加载阶段声发射信号频率的分布特征。研究表明,三种高强混凝土在峰值应力前,高、低频通道声发射信号均集中在特定的频段内;临近峰值应力时,高、低频通道的声发射信号频率向低频段移动,同时优势频段内的频率趋于分散,这可作为预测高强混凝土破坏的前兆信息。     

煤岩单轴压缩条件下微震频谱特征研究

采用实验室实验与定性分析相结合的方法,对混凝土材料和原煤单轴全程压缩加载破坏的微震信号规律及频谱特征进行了对比分析,初步探讨其机理。     

不同浓度的尾砂胶结充填体破坏过程 声发射特性试验研究*

制备了3种不同质量浓度的充填体试件，进行了单轴压缩声发射试验，分析了不同浓度的充填体力学特性，重点研究了试件破坏过程中的声发射振铃计数、声发射累计撞击数与声发射累计能量的比值(r值)、主频及其相对高频信号激增响应系数特征。研究表明：随着浓度的增加，充填体的峰值强度与弹性模量呈增大趋势，充填体中出现的声发射累计振铃计数越多；r值先升高再持续减小到一个较低值，随着外载荷的增加，进入缓慢升高阶段，峰值前均保持在该阶段。充填体破裂前兆信息在声发射信号主频分布中呈现主频段增多现象，表现为由加载初期的1~2个主频段，在临界主破裂时增多到3~5个主频段；且随着浓度的增加，声发射信号主频频段分布越宽，声发射相对高频信号(160~180 kHz)的激增响应系数呈递减趋势。以上特征可为不同浓度的尾砂胶结充填体稳定性监测、预测提供依据。     

雷雨次声波的三维动态频谱测量研究

采用三台电容式次声接收器，在北京昌平安装次声三点阵，并测量到2000年7-8月15次强雷阵雨的次声波P-t曲线及其三维动态频谱，频谱分析结果表明：（1）雷阵雨的次声波主要来自雷次声。（2）雷次声的频谱有三大特点：其一是听到雷声越响时，雷次声振幅越强；其二是特强振幅持续时间很长；其三是周期范围时而连续、时布分布在周期较长和较短端，形成谱图上一个个空洞。据此可区别与其它次声波。（3）初步探讨了雷次声的产生机理和传播特点。     

大气中一种低频次声波观测研究

分析大气中存在的一种低频次声波。利用宽频带次声测量传感器阵列组成的广域分布网络,对此种次声波进行了近5年不间断的检测。对所测次声信号的观察统计发现,它与自然事件密切相关。对这种信号波形、频谱、时频图及相关性进行分析进一步发现,该波通常以一组或间歇性多组形式出现,频率主要在0.001~0.02 Hz之间、幅度一般可达50~200 Pa。在2008年3月20日新疆于田地震、2008年5月12日四川汶川地震以及2009年10月29日陕甘川三省交界处的地震前,均检测到了大幅值的低频次声波。本文的分析结论对研究大气次声波的多样性及其与自然现象的关系提供了新的参考,对地震信息探测具有一定的实际意义。      

Low frequency acoustic signals associated with rock falls,thunderstorms, and wind turbulences in field environment

This paper characterized the observed low frequency acoustic signals generated by rock falls, thunderstorm, and wind turbulence in large rocky landslide. A digital infrasonic recording system was deployed on site to capture real-time low frequency acoustic signals associated with rock falls. An advanced non-stationary signal analysis method, i.e. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), was applied to get insight to the characteristics of the low frequency acoustic signals induced by the hazards. Joint time–frequency distribution spectra technique was used to detect distinctive features of the events. The study shows that the low frequency acoustic signals can be excited by rock falls, thunderstorm and wind turbulence in the field environment, but the signal varies in both time domain and frequency domain with different patterns depending on the physical processes. The results demonstrated that the EMD-based signal processing technique is capable of extracting distinctive features to differentiate acoustic signals in real environment.     

Low frequency and infrasonic noise in transportation

Recently, there has been much interest in infrasound and the possible effects it may have on people. Many industrial, office and home environments have been surveyed and some high levels of infrasound have been found. However, there has been very little spectral data reported at infrasonic frequencies for noise inside various modes of transportation, except for cars and trucks. This paper describes the results of an experimental programme in which infrasonic levels were established inside aircraft, ships, trains and road vehicles.     

汤加火山喷发所产生的次声波

2022年1月15日汤加火山发生了剧烈的喷发。在火山喷发后的8 h 39 min,距离火山喷发位置10151 km的昆明次声台阵记录到很强的次声波信号。次声波波列前几个周期平均为443 s,传播速度约为321 m/s,其波形幅度与频率随时间变化与核爆炸产生的次声波形相似。采用相关检测方法估计次声信号的方位角为119°。在持续监测中,还观测到了火山喷发产生的次声信号沿反方向绕地球到达的信号和沿正方向绕地球一周后再次到达的信号。      

火箭发射的次声信号分析*

在距离发射点20km和230km的两个阵列上,记录了我国一次火箭发射产生的次声波。从信号中识别出点火与声爆事件,观察到火箭在飞行中产生持续的次声波,以及声爆前后明显能量特征上的变化,观测到完整的火箭发射和飞行过程中系列次声波。为了验证采集信号中包含声爆事件,使用Fisher检测估计方位角和视速度,计算结果与火箭飞行轨迹一致,并且声爆信号的预计到达时间和估计方位与实际的时间和方位角相符合。结合火箭速度变化的特征,给出了声爆前低频能量较弱现象的解释和火箭超声速后次声能量特征的变化,揭示了火箭产生次声波的机理,为火箭发射等目标的监测提供有益的借鉴和参考。     

In situ calibration of atmospheric-infrasound sensors including the effects of wind-noise-reduction pipe systems

A worldwide network of more than 40 infrasound monitoring stations has been established as part of the effort to ensure compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Each station has four to eight individual infrasound elements in a kilometer-scale array for detection and bearing determination of acoustic events. The frequency range of interest covers a three-decade range-roughly from 0.01 to 10 Hz. A typical infrasound array element consists of a receiving transducer connected to a multiple-inlet pipe network to average spatially over the short-wavelength turbulence-associated "wind noise." Although the frequency response of the transducer itself may be known, the wind-noise reduction system modifies that response. In order to understand the system's impact on detection and identification of acoustical events, the overall frequency response must be determined. This paper describes a technique for measuring the absolute magnitude and phase of the frequency response of an infrasound element including the wind-noise-reduction piping by comparison calibration using ambient noise and a reference-microphone system. Measured coherence between the reference and the infrasound element and the consistency between the magnitude and the phase provide quality checks on the process.     

超声激发声信号幅值实时监测HIFU焦域组织损伤*

聚焦超声消融肿瘤过程中的损伤实时监测是临床治疗面临的一个关键难题,双频聚焦超声不仅能提高治疗效率,且能在共焦区域激发出声信号,该声信号的幅值、频率等信息与焦域组织的机械和声学特性紧密相关。本文构建了一种双频聚焦超声治疗及组织损伤实时监测系统。该系统在聚焦超声辐照离体组织过程中,通过外部水听器接收双频激发的组织声发射信号,并通过上位机进行高速数据采集、数字滤波、时频处理等,分析声发射信号幅值与离体组织损伤之间的变化规律。实验研究结果表明：随着焦域组织损伤的形成,其弹性等声学特征发生改变,导致声发射信号幅值逐渐降低,表明声发射信号幅值的变化可较好地反映靶组织声学特征和结构的变化,从而实现聚焦超声治疗中靶组织损伤的实时监测。本文提出的监测方案相比传统超声影像监控更灵敏,有望为聚焦超声临床治疗中的组织损伤监控提供一种新的实时监测方案和手段。     

BFRP筋混凝土粘结-滑移声发射特性研究*

为研究BFRP筋与混凝土粘结-滑移过程中的损伤特征,对BFRP筋混凝土粘结试件进行了加载速度为0.1 mm/s的拔出试验。采用声发射技术对损伤过程的特点进行了研究,并且针对破坏预警指标的有效表征进行了深入分析。结果表明,声发射能量、撞击数、振铃计数等参数能够真实反映BFRP筋混凝土粘结受载情况,并得到250 kHz～300 kHz频段的声发射事件百分比及声发射b值范围可以作为粘结应力达到峰值时的预警指标,为BFRP筋混凝土粘结-滑移破坏预警提供了依据。     

Effect of the state of internal boundaries on granite fracture nature under quasi-static compression

Based on an analysis of the spatial distribution of hypocenters of acoustic emission signal sources and an analysis of the energy distributions of acoustic emission signals, the effect of the liquid phase and a weak electric field on the spatiotemporal nature of granite sample fracture is studied. Experiments on uniaxial compression of granite samples of natural moisture showed that the damage accumulation process is twostage: disperse accumulation of damages is followed by localized accumulation of damages in the formed macrofracture nucleus region. In energy distributions of acoustic emission signals, this transition is accompanied by a change in the distribution shape from exponential to power-law. Granite water saturation qualitatively changes the damage accumulation nature: the process is delocalized until macrofracture with the exponential energy distribution of acoustic emission signals. An exposure to a weak electric field results in a selective change in the damage accumulation nature in the sample volume.     

蒸养再生骨料混凝土断裂声发射特征*

为研究蒸汽养护对再生骨料混凝土断裂过程损伤特征的影响,开展了再生骨料混凝土三点弯断裂试验,并采用声发射技术对损伤过程进行了监测分析。结果表明,蒸养降低了再生骨料混凝土断裂峰值荷载,断裂过程中声发射信号强度低于标准养护试件。声发射振铃计数、撞击数、b值等参数能够准确反映再生骨料混凝土断裂过程损伤演变规律。加载上升阶段,声发射信号活动性很低,试件内以微裂纹的形成为主,加载至荷载峰值,声发射振铃计数累计值增长呈现平缓阶段,混凝土内微裂缝的聚合会持续一段时间。峰值后荷载迅速降低阶段声发射信号最活跃,为裂缝迅速发展的过程。峰后荷载缓慢降低的过程,声发射信号活跃性降低,裂缝扩展至试件顶部区域,主要是宏观裂缝的开展,不再产生新的裂缝。     

金刚石单晶生长的声发射实时检测初探

采用声发射检测技术,对高温高压下人造金刚石单晶的生长过程进行了检测和分析。利用由PCI-8型声发射仪和LMD-800型铰链式六面顶压机组成的声发射检测系统,检测了金刚石单晶的生长过程。将金刚石单晶生长和不生长过程中检测到的声发射信号进行对比和频谱分析,结果表明:声发射信号与金刚石单晶生长过程存在对应关系;金刚石单晶生长对应的声发射信号是一种低频信号,可以利用声发射信号的变化规律研究金刚石单晶在高温高压条件下的原位反应机理。     

Effect of the ultrasound action on the acoustic emission and mechanical properties of zirconium-based bulk metallic glasses

The effect of preliminary ultrasound action on the mechanical properties and features of the structure of zirconium-based bulk metallic glasses has been studied by the method of acoustic emission under uniaxial compression. Results of studies have been interpreted using the polycluster model of the structure of amorphous metallic alloys. Analysis of the obtained data has allowed us to substantiate the mechanism of the change in the structure and strength of metallic glasses as a result of alternating-sign mechanical loading with an ultrasound frequency of 20 kHz.     

Studying the dynamics of microdefect growth in carbon fiber reinforced plastics under mechanical loading by means of ultrasonic microscopy

Strength characteristics of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) are investigated by nondestructive means as microstructural changes in a material’s bulk under external mechanical loads. CFRP microstructure is studied experimentally via pulsed ultrasonic microscopy at the level of mechanical deformation resulting in degradation of a material’s properties. The process of composite deformation is studied by means of stepped stretching. Acoustic emissions are used to identify the stage preceding final destruction (the accumulation of microcracks, fibers breaking, and delamination) as an indicator of a material’s degradation. Pulse acoustic microscopy is used to observe the accumulation of microcracks in individual layers of a material. To study the behavior of a CFRP microstructure upon mechanical loading, tensile stress was applied to samples with cross-ply packing of fibers (0°, 90°) and (45°, ?45°). It is shown that the brittle fracturing of reinforcing fibers is typical of CFRPs with fiber orientation (0°, 90°), and is accompanied by growing areas of stress concentration and a rise in of acoustic emission activity, with a subsequent increase in the signal energy and the formation of extensive interlaminar delamination. Acoustic emission shows a low level of activity for CFRP samples with fiber orientation (45°, ?45°), which is accompanied by the formation of structural microdefects that are clearly visible in acoustic images.     

Some effects of infrasonic noise in transportation

Sound pressure level measurements in cars travelling at motorway speeds have shown that in many cases the overall level is very high in relation to the dB(A) and octave band levels, suggesting that much of the sound energy is in the low frequency and infrasonic regions. These levels have been measured down to the octave centred on 2 Hz. Experiments to investigate the effects of infrasound on balance and psychological awareness are described. The results show that levels of infrasound measured in moving vehicles can produce symptoms of balance disturbance, including vertical nystagmus, in normal observers, and also have profound effects on psychological awareness of normal human observers. Possible mechanisms for these effects are discussed.     

基于气流调制的封闭空间高声强次声产生方法研究

基于气流调制技术研究了封闭空间高强度次声产生方法。设计了大流量气流调制器,对调制器和赫尔姆霍兹共振腔组成的高声强次声产生装置的声场特性进行了数值仿真,制作出原理装置,并进行了实验测试。从理论上分析了不同调制频率和不同供气压力下调制器出口的声压幅度,分析了次声产生装置不同调制频率的声压幅度,分析了舱内声场的空间分布特性。实验结果表明:气流调制器设计合理、运行平稳,次声产生装置最大能产生161 dB的次声,测试舱声场均匀、声波信噪比较高,实验结果与数值仿真结果基本一致。