医用回旋加速器回旋频率与磁场的调谐

高频谐振腔在回旋加速器实际运行过程中受束流负载、重力和热损耗引起的腔体变形等因素的影响,其谐振频率会发生一定的偏移,导致高频工作频率会随着谐振腔的谐振频率而变化.为满足等时性加速的要求,当高频工作频率发生改变时磁场强度也应进行相应的变化,即励磁电流的大小需要相应改变,使得粒子回旋频率与高频谐振频率相匹配以克服滑相.首先通过有限元仿真软件建立静磁场模型模拟不同励磁电流下回旋加速器的平均磁场,然后理论分析磁场与谐振频率的关系,最后得到励磁电流在小区间变化时与谐振频率的关系;根据计算的不同谐振频率对应的最佳励磁电流,完成励磁电流的自动跟频.在保证最大碳膜束流的情况下,实验得到不同谐振频率对应的最佳励磁电流,使理论得以验证.根据其关系实现了励磁电流自动调节,克服了滑相,保证了法拉第束流的稳定输出.该方法使得励磁电流能够快速、准确地寻找并跟踪谐振腔频率,克服了频率偏移导致的滑相,完成束流的稳定输出.     

用打点计时器作弦振动实验

在传统的普物实验教材中,常用电动音叉与一端固定的弦来作“弦的振动实验”,如图1所示。实验时常用方法是固定弦长L,改变张力T,或改变张力T的同时调节弦长L,使弦上产生基频或某次谐频共振。由于张力T改变时,弦线的线密度将随之改变,这会给实验带来误差。另外,实验中策动源频率不可改变,使实验的“自由度”受到一定限制。用音频振荡器(可用音讯——1甲型)的功率输出去驱动打点计时器(可用中学物理实验用的)作弦的振动实验可以固定弦长和张力,而改变策动源的频率(频率的大小可以由刻度盘读出,也可以用频率计测出)。     

第30届国际物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题及分析

本届比赛的扭摆实验装置是在一个金属方框中间固定一根钢丝 ,钢丝中点与一个长度可调的金属杆的底部紧固连接 .钢丝张紧后 ,使杆有一初始角位移 ,然后杆便在钢丝弹性作用下来回摆动 ,形成扭摆 .这是一个典型的力学实验 .试题分为 8小题 .第 1题要求实验确定摆的质心位置及其与摆长的变化关系 .第 2题要求用线性拟合的方法求出组成摆的两部分各自的质量 .所谓线性拟合即用作图法 ,将数据点拟合成直线 ,通过计算直线斜率求得实验结果 .第3 ,4题要求写出摆的转动惯量公式和摆的振动方程 .这些都是普通物理学中的基本知识 .第 7题叙述了当转轴水…     

非线性实验的哲学意义

以Chua电路、扭摆非线性振动和光学混沌3个非线性实验的实验现象,来阐明客观世界乃是确定性和随机性、有序与无序、稳定性与非稳定性的对立统一体,遵循着唯物辩证法的发展规律。长期的教学实践表明,非线性实验不仅对于学生研究自然现象客观规律的自然观及科学观的培养,而且对于学生认识客观事物的世界观及方法论的培养,都发挥了积极的促进作用。     

流动氩气介质阻挡放电特性及振动温度研究

采用双水电极介质阻挡放电装置,在流动氩气中通过改变气隙间距、驱动电源频率和气体流量等研究放电电学特性和振动温度的变化。电学测量结果发现如果固定其他实验条件而只改变某一参数,小气隙间距放电的电流峰值和功率比大气隙间距的高。同样,增大驱动电源频率也能够使放电的电流峰值和功率增加,而增加气体流量使得放电电流峰值和功率减小。最后利用光谱学方法,通过对放电发射光谱中氮分子振动带系的分析,发现振动温度随着放电气隙间距、电源频率和气体流量的变化关系与放电的电流峰值和功率的变化关系基本一致。这些结果对流动气体中大气压介质阻挡放电的应用具有重要意义。     

自动倒扭摆内耗仪的研制简讯

这台自动倒扭摆内耗仪的主要用途是,用衰减法测量内耗和弹性模量(与频率的平方成正比)及其与温度的关系.自1947年葛庭隧教授创制第一台低频扭摆内耗仪以来,内耗研究得到了迅速的发展.但是长期以来,扭摆内耗仪一直停留在只是利用灯尺进行目测的水平.随着电子技术的发展,人们注意到扭摆测量的自动化问题,即能够自动控制,自动测量和自动记录内耗、振动频率、动态弹性模量和温度.目前国际上的最先进自动倒扭摆,是西德斯图加特马克斯-普朗克学会金属物理研究所和材料所,在七十年代创制的、能够自动地画出内耗和弹性模量曲线(作为测量温度的函数)…     

基础实验题B:线性及非线性LC振荡电路

介绍了第4届全国大学生物理实验竞赛基础性实验试题B的实验内容、参考解答以及竞赛结果的分析.实验包括线性及非线性LC振荡电路的暂态及稳态性质.实验1涉及线性RLC电路,重点考察学生的实验基础知识和能力;实验2在线性LC振荡电路基础上,增加了非线性阻尼器件,要求学生参照线性振荡电路的性质,初步了解非线性振动的性质.该试题旨在考察学生通过实验观察理解概念,探索物理规律的能力.非线性振荡电路部分还可以作为RLC电路实验的拓展补充,初步观察理解非线性振动的现象和性质.     

力学共振吸收谱探测耦合振动模式

提出探测复杂力学振动系统耦合振动模式的方法:通过测量力学振动系统中某一易于探测的振动模式对外力的响应行为,在该振动模式应变落后于应力的相位差-频率谱(表观机械能耗散-频率谱)中,除了能观察到与被测量振动模式本征频率所对应的相位变化外,与被测量振动模式耦合的其他振动模式也表现为共振吸收峰;从共振吸收峰的性质,如峰位、峰宽、峰高等可以得到相应耦合振动模式的本征频率、损耗以及耦合强度等信息.以倒扭摆力学系统为例,通过测量扭摆的扭转振动模式应变落后于应力的相位差-频率谱研究了扭摆系统中摆杆的进动振动模式.     

基于PASCO系统的混沌摆实验

基于PASCO系统研制了受周期外力驱动的混沌摆实验仪,调节混沌摆系统的参量可演示非线性动力学特征行为,描绘了无驱动及有驱动下的系统相位图,并分析了初值敏感性、奇异性(奇异吸引子)现象.应用混沌摆的动力学方程,进行Matlab仿真实验.实验结果表明:混沌摆实验系统动力学的性质依赖于振动频率值,系统驱动振幅必须大于一定阈值是混沌相出现的必要条件.     

弦振动实验的改进

弦振动实验是一个传统实验,一般由电振音叉带动有一定张力的细线作振动,它对于研究驻波、弦的基频与谐频等规律是很有意义的,但此实验存在一定的问题: 1.弦线在音叉带动下振动,固定在音叉上的端点实际上不是书点; 2.弦的振动频率不能改变,不利于研究不同频率下的振动; 3.张力改变时,线密度将变化; 4.弦线绕过滑轮加负载,滑轮阻力给实验引入误差. 我们去掉电振音叉和滑轮,改用金属弦,用磁场对通电导体的作用力去强迫弦线振动,可以较好的解决上述问题,还可以讨论振动的品质因数,实验误差也较小. 实验装置:图1为装置的示意图,将低频电流加在铜…     

受迫振动非线性特性的教学拓展

受迫振动在大学物理和大学物理实验中均是重点教学内容,为了使学生更加深入理解受迫振动的非线性特性,本文基于波耳共振仪所涉及的非线性因素和实验数据,对受迫振动方程进行非线性修正,利用数值分析探讨其非线性特性.通过引入硬弹簧型杜芬方程,探讨系统由周期性运动进入混沌状态的演化,将受迫振动中相对稳定的平衡点与奇异吸引子进行类比,拓展非线性振动教学内容.     

Suppression of the primary resonance vibrations of a forced nonlinear system using a dynamic vibration absorber

In a single degree-of-freedom weakly nonlinear oscillator subjected to periodic external excitation, a small-amplitude excitation may produce a relatively large-amplitude response under primary resonance conditions. Jump and hysteresis phenomena that result from saddle-node bifurcations may occur in the steady-state response of the forced nonlinear oscillator. A simple mass-spring-damper vibration absorber is thus employed to suppress the nonlinear vibrations of the forced nonlinear oscillator for the primary resonance conditions. The values of the spring stiffness and mass of the vibration absorber are significantly lower than their counterpart of the forced nonlinear oscillator. Vibrational energy of the forced nonlinear oscillator is transferred to the attached light mass through linked spring and damper. As a result, the nonlinear vibrations of the forced oscillator are greatly reduced and the vibrations of the absorber are significant. The method of multiple scales is used to obtain the averaged equations that determine the amplitude and phases of the first-order approximate solutions to primary resonance vibrations of the forced nonlinear oscillator. Illustrative examples are given to show the effectiveness of the dynamic vibration absorber for suppressing primary resonance vibrations. The effects of the linked spring and damper and the attached mass on the reduction of nonlinear vibrations are studied with the help of frequency response curves, the attenuation ratio of response amplitude and the desensitisation ratio of the critical amplitude of excitation.     

Linear and nonlinear vibrations analysis of viscoelastic sandwich beams

In this paper, numerical models are proposed for linear and nonlinear vibrations analyses of viscoelastic sandwich beams with various viscoelastic frequency dependent laws using the finite element based solution. Real and various complex eigenmodes approaches are investigated as Galerkin bases. Based on harmonic balance method, simplified and general approaches are developed for nonlinear vibration analysis. Analytical frequency-amplitude and phase-amplitude relationships are elaborated based on the numerically computed complex eigenmodes. The equivalent loss factors and frequencies as well as the forced harmonic response and phase curves are performed for sandwich beams with various boundary conditions and frequency dependent viscoelastic laws.     

滚球混沌运动演示实验

以滚球在3个凹形槽上的受力体现作用的非线性,导轨由电机推动作简谐振动,滚球在导轨上作受迫(滚动)振动,可以把导轨作简谐振动的频率或振幅作为调整参量.当受迫振动的滚球振幅小时,滚球只在1个凹形槽中作简谐振动;当振幅渐渐增大时,可呈现周期倍增和渐至混沌状态.通过观察安装在同一振动滑板上的2套导轨上的滚球的运动,则可以演示混沌运动对初值的敏感性.     

受迫振动演示实验装置

本文叙述用示波器显示来演示受迫振动的实验装置，可直观地向学生展示受迫振动的幅频特性和相频特性。     

Vibration control by recursive time-delayed acceleration feedback

This paper presents a theoretical basis of time-delayed acceleration feedback control of linear and nonlinear vibrations of mechanical oscillators. The control signal is synthesized by an infinite, weighted sum of the acceleration of the vibrating system measured at equal time intervals in the past. The proposed method is shown to have controlled linear resonant vibrations, low-frequency non-resonant vibrations, primary and 1/3 subharmonic resonances of a forced Duffing oscillator. The concept of an equivalent damping and natural frequency of the system is also introduced. It is shown that a large amount of damping can be produced by appropriately selecting the control parameters. For some combinations of the control parameters, the effective damping factor of the system is shown to be inversely related to the time-delay in the small delay limit. Selection of the optimum control parameters for controlling the forced and free vibrations is discussed. It is shown that forced vibration is best controlled by unity recursive gain and smaller values of the time-delay parameter. However, the transient response can be optimally controlled by suitably selecting the time delay depending upon the gain. The delay values for the optimal forced response may be different from that required for the optimum transient response. When both are important, a suboptimal choice of the delay parameters with unity recursive gain is recommended.     

Thickness-shear vibration of a circular cylindrical ceramic cylinder with unattached electrodes and air gaps

We analyze thickness-shear vibration of an axially poled circular cylindrical tube with unattached electrodes and air gaps. Both free and electrically forced vibrations are studied. Exact solutions are obtained from the equations of linear piezoelectricity. Resonant frequencies and the impedance of the transducer are calculated from the solution. Results show that the resonant frequencies are sensitive to the dimensions of the air gaps when the gaps are thin. The impedance depends strongly on the air gaps. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50778179)     

关于受迫振动、共振的实验研究

简要分析了现行中学物理课本中关于受迫振动和共振的演示实验中存在的缺点,并针对其不足加以改进.改进后的实验装置演示效果更好,便于学生理解和掌握相应的物理规律.     

Method of Green’s function of nonlinear vibration of corrugated shallow shells

Based on the dynamic equations of nonlinear large deflection of axisymmetric shallow shells of revolution, the nonlinear free vibration and forced vibration of a corrugated shallow shell under concentrated load acting at the center have been investigated. The nonlinear partial differential equations of shallow shell were reduced to the nonlinear integral-differential equations by using the method of Green’s function. To solve the integral-differential equations, the expansion method was used to obtain Green’s function. Then the integral-differential equations were reduced to the form with a degenerate core by expanding Green’s function as a series of characteristic function. Therefore, the integral-differential equations became nonlinear ordinary differential equations with regard to time. The amplitude-frequency relation, with respect to the natural frequency of the lowest order and the amplitude-frequency response under harmonic force, were obtained by considering single mode vibration. As a numerical example, nonlinear free and forced vibration phenomena of shallow spherical shells with sinusoidal corrugation were studied. The obtained solutions are available for reference to the design of corrugated shells.     

Nonlinear vibration of micromachined asymmetric resonators

In this paper, the nonlinear dynamics of a beam-type resonant structure due to stretching of the beam is addressed. The resonant beam is excited by attached electrostatic comb-drive actuators. This structure is modeled as a thin beam-lumped mass system, in which an initial axial force is exerted to the beam. This axial force may have different origins, e.g., residual stress due to micro-machining. The governing equations of motion are derived using the mode summation method, generalized orthogonality condition, and multiple scales method for both free and forced vibrations. The effects of the initial axial force, modal damping of the beam, the location, mass, and rotary inertia of the lumped mass on the free and forced vibration of the resonator are investigated. For the case of the forced vibration, the primary resonance of the first mode is investigated. It has been shown that there are certain combinations of the model parameters depicting a remarkable dynamic behavior, in which the second to first resonance frequencies ratio is close to three. These particular cases result in the internal resonance between the first and second modes. This phenomenon is investigated in detail.