涡流及其应用

 大块金属在交变磁场中或相对磁场运动时,在金属内会出现流线为闭合涡旋状的感应电流,该电流叫涡旋电流,简称涡流。一、涡流产生的原因由法拉第电磁感应定律知,当通过闭合回路的磁通量发生变化时,将产生感生电动势,形成感生电流。由于金属内部处处可以构成回路,当大块金属处在变化着的磁场中或相对磁场运动时,穿过金属任意回路的磁通量都可能发生变化,在磁通量变化过程中,金属块内将产生感应电流,这种电流的流线在金属块内自行闭合,形成涡流。     

一种永磁磁共振中磁体涡流场的测量方法

磁共振成像（Magntic Resonance Imaging,MRI）技术是一种先进的医疗影像技术.在MRI系统中,通过梯度线圈电流快速切换方向,对待测区域施加梯度磁场,产生的梯度磁场会在其周围的金属体内激发出变化的涡旋电场,进而导致金属体内闭合的回路中产生对原来的梯度电流起抑制作用的感生电流,也就是我们所说的涡流.本文介绍了一种测量磁体涡流场的方法,结合电磁感应定律,设计了一种磁体涡流场测量装置,通过硬件采集以及软件处理的方法,将理想梯度场与实际磁场进行相减并将波形实时呈现,实验结果表明该方法可实现对磁体涡流场的测量.     

电流磁场作用下YBCO颗粒膜的非平衡微波响应

文中从二维 Josephson弱连接网络模型出发 ,讨论了二维超导体系的磁通“涡流 -反涡流”束缚对的激发问题 ,并进一步讨论了涡旋在电流、磁场作用下的激发问题 ,给出了自由涡旋的密度分布 n(I,H ,T)随温度的分布图 ,对比高温超导体的非平稳微波响应曲线图 ,发现两者具有相似的分布特征。该结果表明 ,高温超导体的非平稳微波响应与磁通“涡旋 -反涡旋”束缚对的激发有关。     

涡流管能量分离过程实验研究

利用涡流管部分轴线温度测量实验装置,考虑到进气压力和涡流室结构对涡流管能量分离过程的影响,针对不同进气压力和不同涡流室结构的涡流管部分轴线温度分布进行了实验研究。根据实测结果,得到了进气压力及涡流室几何结构对涡流管部分轴线温度分布的影响曲线。在此基础上,根据实验结果并结合热力学原理对涡流管制冷的物理行为作了分析。结果表明:涡流导致涡流室中心区域气流膨胀是涡流管产生制冷效应的一个重要原因。     

涡流对电真空器件内磁分布的影响及抑制方法

短脉冲线圈电流励磁是高频电真空器件中实现超强磁场的重要技术途径之一,此时器件内将不可避免地产生涡流并进一步对内部磁场分布构成影响。针对使用短脉冲磁场时涡流对电真空器件内磁分布的影响进行了研究,分析了线圈电流脉冲宽度、金属电导率和金属厚度等对涡流的影响,结果表明:随着线圈电流脉冲宽度的减小、金属电导率和金属厚度的增加,涡流对内部磁场的影响也随之增加,导致管内空间无法有效励磁。提出了两种抑制涡流影响的措施,包括采用高电阻率导体进行薄层电镀和对管壁金属纵向切槽开缝。计算结果表明,这两种方法能够有效抑制涡流对器件内部磁场分布的影响,具有良好的实用性。     

涡旋压缩机三维数值模拟及排气过程研究

为了揭示涡旋压缩机内部流动规律提高数值模拟精度,本文建立了涡旋压缩机流体区域三维结构化动网格模型,并讨论了数值模拟方法;基于结构化动网格对涡旋压缩机工作过程进行三维数值模拟,得到其内部流场分布;分析了压力场、温度场的分布规律,研究了排气过程中流场的变化特点,并讨论了排气过程中的压力损失;结果表明在排气过程中排气腔的顶部和底部及排气口内部都存在涡流,由此引起流场分布的不均匀。研究内容有助于涡旋压缩机的设计及排气口的开设。     

非平衡辐射响应与准二维高温超导体系的磁通涡旋激发

从实验上揭示了高温超导体YBa₂Cu₃O_{7-δ(YBCO)颗粒膜具有准二维结构的输运特征以及超导弱连接行为特征.在此基础上,将超导颗粒膜样品等效为准二维Josephson弱连接阵列系统,讨论了电流引起的二维超导体系中磁通“涡旋-反涡旋”束缚对的拆对激发问题,并给出了自由涡旋分布n(T,I)的分析表达式.将颗粒膜样品的非平衡辐射响应测量结果与电流激发自由涡旋分布n(T,I)相比较,两者具有相似的分布特征.该结果表明,高温超导体颗粒膜 关键词：}     

多超导线圈并联下的电流分布研究

与多超导线圈串联相比,多超导线圈并联通流的电流分布特性比较复杂。本文提出一种基于H方程和均质化方法的有限元模型,研究了4 YBCO单饼线圈并联下的电流分布,并与场路耦合模型对比。仿真结果表明,多超导线圈并联下的电流分布与各线圈的接头电阻、等效电感和等效超导电阻有关。线圈失超之前,各线圈的等效超导电阻几乎可以忽略,电流分布主要受线圈的接头电阻和等效电感控制;线圈开始失超后,电流分布主要受等效超导电阻影响,电流会重新分配,最终各线圈稳流值与各线圈的临界电流有关。     

可持续性涡旋的产生与测量

基于兰金涡原理设计了应用于实验室中的液体涡旋发生和测量装置,可产生形态稳定的涡旋,并能够测量得到涡旋的相关信息.通过设计电机在平静的水体中转动时使得水体受到剪切力,从而产生现象明显的涡旋,利用高速CCD相机记录涡旋状态图像序列,利用粒子图像测速法技术对图像序列中涡旋的速度、涡度等进行定量测量和定性分析.通过测量和分析速度分布,研究涡旋的具体结构,并总结涡旋其他物理量的分布规律,可以形象直观地演示出涡旋的产生及原理.     

贝塞尔-高斯涡旋光束相干合成研究

基于相干合成技术,提出了对特定离散空间分布的高斯光束阵列加载离散涡旋相位生成二阶贝塞尔-高斯(Bessel-Gaussian,BG)涡旋光束的方案.利用干涉法、桶中功率和相关系数对合成BG涡旋光束的拓扑荷、光束质量进行了定量评价及参数优化.结果表明:基于相干合成技术能够产生特定的目标BG涡旋光束,阵列子光束紧密排布时合成BG光束的光束质量更高.该方法的提出对于其他涡旋光束的产生或者涡旋光束功率的提高具有一定的参考意义.     

电子束二极管脉冲磁场的涡流分析及抑制

针对强流脉冲电子束二极管金属表面涡流引起的器件内部磁场分布不均、电子束辐照材料表面处理效果不佳等现象,提出了多板钢联接式内壁与玻璃外壁相结合的双层结构设计。基于有限元仿真软件对电子束系统的磁场与涡流进行了数值计算,分析了涡流的影响因素和涡流对于电子束源磁场的影响。通过数值计算表明,设计的新型介质壁结构能有效降低涡流对于电子束的影响。该分析为消除感应涡流对真空二极管内部磁场的影响提供了理论依据,具有良好的参考价值。     

太阳与地磁活动对超低轨重力卫星电推进系统工作的影响

面向当前第25太阳活动周, 评估太阳与地磁活动对超低轨重力卫星电推进系统工作的影响。通过对超低轨道重力卫星进行轨道仿真和分析GOCE任务数据, 得出大气阻力的变化规律, 并获得了太阳活动极大年附近任务和极小年附近任务对携带工质量的影响、地磁暴对电推进系统保持"无拖曳"工作的影响。结果表明: 其余情况相同下, 卫星在太阳活动低年附近任务的工作轨道高度可较高年降低约20 km, 有利于提高重力信号强度。强地磁暴通常引起超低轨道卫星阻力增加30%~90%, 飞行控制需为克服地磁暴影响留足够的推力裕度。推力器设计应保证最大推力的10%~70%推力区间具有高比冲, 且着重考虑此区间的寿命问题。      

GaN发光二极管表观电容极值分析

利用正向交流(ac)小信号方法对GaN发光二极管的电容-电压特性进行测量,可以观察到GaN发光二极管中的负电容现象。正向偏压越大,测试频率越低,负电容现象越明显。测量到的负电容现象是表象,不存在负电容;提出GaN发光二极管p-n结的结电容在特定的正向电压范围内等效于可变电容。分析可变电容对正向交流小信号响应得到:特定参数的可变电容使结电容电流相位落后于交流小信号电压相位π/2,使得在测量中表现为负电容。发现表观电容-正向电压曲线的极值点与理论模型相吻合,证明了该理论模型的正确性。     

Discharge characteristics of an atmospheric-pressure capacitively coupled radio-frequency argon plasmas

In this Letter, the electrical discharge characteristics of plasmas generated in coaxial cylindrical electrodes capacitively powered by radio-frequency power supply at atmospheric pressure are investigated with respect to argon gas. The electrical discharge parameters, the current and voltage characteristics (I–V) and the current and power characteristics (I–P), are measured for argon plasmas, and the electron temperatures and electron densities are estimated based on the equivalent circuit model and by making use of the power balance equation. Furthermore, the influence of the additive gas, oxygen gas, on the electrical discharge characteristics is also investigated in the argon plasmas, which is closely related to the electron temperature of plasmas.     

一种磁场优化结构电磁超声传感器设计*

为了进一步增强电磁超声检测技术在管道厚度测量领域的检测能力,该文对电磁超声传感器(EMAT)的结构进行了优化。提出了多磁铁对称分布型EMAT,能实现更小的磁铁体积,产生更强的表面剩磁强度。采用在硅钢表面开槽的方式限制涡流形成的区域,解决了涡流对测量的影响。建立厚度测量实验系统,对比出单磁铁型与多磁铁对称分布型EMAT在不同提离距离上检测信号的变化规律。结果表明,多磁铁对称分布型结构可通过增强EMAT的偏置磁场达到信噪比更优的效果。采用耐高温探头外壳和钐钴磁铁,提高了EMAT探头在高温环境下的检测性能。     

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC LEVITATION PROCESSING

Electromagnetic levitation has developed from a pure physical phenomenon into a practical containerless processing technique in the fields of both applied physics and materials science. In order to obtain a better understanding of this processing technique, two typical levitation coils were designed and the physical characteristics in levitation droplets suspended in these two coils, such as electromangetic field, levitation force field, total levitation force, and power absorption, were analyzed numerically and calculated in this paper. It was found that the eddy current density, together with the magnetic flux density and levitation force density, increases rapidly with radius as it approaches sample surface. The maximum levitation force produced by coil A is larger than that of coil B, whereas the levitated sample can obtain less power absorption at the equilibrium position in the former coil than that in the latter one. Moreover, the calculated results also demonstrated that the levitation ability decreases as the atomic number increases. The larger the material's electrical resistivity, the easier the samples can obtain more power absorption.     

Finite element analysis of gradient z-coil induced eddy currents in a permanent MRI magnet

In permanent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems, pulsed gradient fields induce strong eddy currents in the conducting structures of the magnet body. The gradient field for image encoding is perturbed by these eddy currents leading to MR image distortions. This paper presents a comprehensive finite element (FE) analysis of the eddy current generation in the magnet conductors. In the proposed FE model, the hysteretic characteristics of ferromagnetic materials are considered and a scalar Preisach hysteresis model is employed. The developed FE model was applied to study gradient z-coil induced eddy currents in a 0.5 T permanent MRI device. The simulation results demonstrate that the approach could be effectively used to investigate eddy current problems involving ferromagnetic materials. With the knowledge gained from this eddy current model, our next step is to design a passive magnet structure and active gradient coils to reduce the eddy current effects.     

Eddy current simulation in thick cylinders of finite length induced by coils of arbitrary geometry

Eddy currents are inevitably induced when time-varying magnetic field gradients interact with the metallic structures of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The secondary magnetic field produced by this induced current degrades the spatial and temporal performance of the primary field generated by the gradient coils. Although this undesired effect can be minimized by using actively and/or passively shielded gradient coils and current pre-emphasis techniques, a residual eddy current still remains in the MRI scanner structure. Accurate simulation of these eddy currents is important in the successful design of gradient coils and magnet cryostat vessels. Efficient methods for simulating eddy currents are currently restricted to cylindrical-symmetry. The approach presented in this paper divides thick conducting cylinders into thin layers (thinner than the skin depth) and expresses the current density on each as a Fourier series. The coupling between each mode of the Fourier series with every other is modeled with an inductive network method. In this way, the eddy currents induced in realistic cryostat surfaces by coils of arbitrary geometry can be simulated. The new method was validated by simulating a canonical problem and comparing the results against a commercially available software package. An accurate skin depth of 2.76 mm was calculated in 6 min with the new method. The currents induced by an actively shielded x-gradient coil were simulated assuming a finite length cylindrical cryostat consisting of three different conducting materials. Details of the temporal-spatial induced current diffusion process were simulated through all cryostat layers, which could not be efficiently simulated with any other method. With this data, all quantities that depend on the current density, such as the secondary magnetic field, are simply evaluated.     

Magnetic resonance sounding: Enhanced modeling of a phase shift

Magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) is a geophysical method for noninvasive groundwater investigation. A wire loop on the surface is energized by a pulse of oscillating current. After the pulse is cut off, the free induction decay signal from groundwater is measured with the same loop. The Larmor frequency depends on the Earth’s magnetic field and varies between 800 and 2800 Hz around the world. Available mathematical models assume that the geomagnetic field is constant and the pulse frequency is equal to the Larmor frequency. These assumptions allow calculation of the phase shift of the signal caused by only the electrical conductivity of the subsurface. However, the existing models are simplified. The Earth’s magnetic field may be locally modified by rocks and often is not homogeneous over the volume investigated by MRS. It may also vary in time. A nonconstant geomagnetic field is changing the Larmor frequency at 1 to 5 Hz during one sounding, whilst the pulse frequency is set in the beginning of the sounding. Under these conditions, the assumption of zero frequency offset between the pulse frequency and the Larmor frequency is often unsound. The nonzero frequency offset causes a phase shift in the MRS signal comparable with the shift caused by electrically conductive rocks. For increasing the accuracy of phase shift modeling, and enhanced mathematical model in which the frequency offset is taken into account has been developed. With the enhanced model, the phase of the MRS signal can be calculated with better accuracy. Field measurements reveal a good correlation between experimental and theoretical signals.