The influence of Exciting Frequency on N2 and N2+ Vibrational Temperature of Nitrogen Capacitively Coupled Plasma

By using optical emission spectroscopy （OES）, N2 and N2^＋ vibrational temperatures in capacitively coupled plasma discharges with different exciting frequencies are investigated. The vibrational temperatures are acquired by comparing the measured and calculated spectra of selected transitions with a least-square procedure. It is found that N2 and N2^＋ vibrational temperatures almost increase linearly with increasing exciting frequency up to 23 MHz, then increase slowly or even decrease. The pressure corresponding to the maximum point of N2 vibrational temperature decreases with the increasing exciting frequency. These experimental phenomena are attributed to the increasing electron density, whereas the electron temperature decreases with exciting frequency rising.     

Anomalous electron emission spectra and polarization phenomena in a lead magnesium niobate single crystal

The time dependences of the intensity and the energy positions of fine-structure of the spectra of anomalous electron emission from a polarized lead magnesium niobate (PMN) single crystal irradiated with soft x-rays are investigated experimentally. It is shown that the relaxation time of the electret charge can be determined from the graphs of these dependences, and the depth distribution of the potential in the surface layer of the sample can be determined from the profile of the anomalous electron emission spectrum. Estimates of the fields in the surface layers of a polarized PMN single crystal, obtained from the characteristics of the anomalous electron emission spectra, agree with data obtained by electrophysical research techniques. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 39, 1446–1451 (August 1997)     

极高β等离子体中由电子温度各向异性引起的不稳定性

用数值方法研究了电子速度分布为双麦克斯韦分布的极高β等离子体的动力学不稳定性,考虑了离子热效应、离子漂移运动、少量超热电子及其漂移运动对不稳定性的影响。     

First Observation of Neoclassical Tearing Modes in the HL-2A Tokamak

The m/n = 2/1 neoclassical tearing modes are first observed in HL-2A low density, low beta plasma with central electron cyclotron resonance heating. The neoclassical tearing modes （NTMs） are triggered by a sawtooth crash with m/n = 1/1 precursors, which are toroidal coupled with a small scale m/n = 2/1 mode. The time history of the island width is compared with the prediction of the NTM theory, showing a good agreement between theory and experiment.     

Evidence for high-efficiency laser-heated hohlraum performance at 527 nm

A series of experiments conducted on the HELEN laser system [M. J. Norman, Appl. Opt.4120023497], into thermal x-ray generation from hohlraum targets using 527 nm (2omega) wavelength laser light, has shown that it is possible to exceed radiation temperatures previously thought limited by high levels of superthermal or hot electron production or stimulated backscatter. This Letter questions whether the assumptions traditionally applied to hohlraum design with respect to hot plasma filling and the use of 2omega light are too conservative.     

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用软X射线脉冲高度分析(PHA)阵列系统获得了等离子体的电子温度剖面和电子速率分布的时间演化。测量结果表明,电子温度剖面在OH阶段较平缓,接近抛物线1.0×[1-(r/a)2]2分布;而在ECRH(功率0.8MW)阶段,等离子体中心(z＝0)电子温度上升了0.6keV,边缘(z＝30cm)处只上升了0.1keV,反映出ECRH功率沉积在等离子体中心区域;在ECRH期间有大量的高能电子产生,因而电子速率分布在ECRH期间显著改变;等离子体中心的高能电子的数量和能量都比等离子体边缘的增加更大,ECRH(～0.8MW)期间等离子体中心(z＝0)产生的高能电子的能量可达17keV。分析表明：在ECRH(纵场Bt=1.3T)放电期间,ECRH加热效果显著,ECRH的功率主要沉积在等离子体中心附近;电子温度剖面在ECRH阶段较OH阶段峰化;ECRH期间有大量的高能电子产生,电子速率分布被改变成为非麦克斯韦分布。     

Application of Zernicke polynomials on HT-7 tomography

Zernicke polynomials method was first used in HT-7 tomography. Combining the characteristics of the soft X-ray imaging system in HT-7 tokamak, some of the technical consideration in applicating the tomography method are reported in this Letter. Through analyzing experimental soft X-ray data of a typical discharge with m=1 mode superimposed on sawtooth, it is shown that in the mid-mode and precursor phases, the central magnetic surface structure is composed of a hot core and a small magnetic island. In the crash phase, the hot core is obviously pushed outside and evolves into a crescent. The magnetic island is large. In addition, we compared the reconstructions obtained with Zernicke polynomials method and the Fourier-Bessel expansion method. The comparison result shows that as the magnetic island is large, Zernicke polynomials method seems more suitable to reconstruct the central plasma emissivity distribution on HT-7 tokamak. At last, through analyzing the oscillation amplitude and island size of the m=1 mode superimposed on sawtooth, it is thought that the large oscillation amplitude is due to large pressure gradient at the vicinity of inversion surface.     

Diagnostics for first plasma study on EAST tokamak

The first plasma was obtained in the EAST on September 26th, 2006. Single-null (SN) and double-null (DN) diverted plasmas were achieved successfully in the EAST tokamak on January 22nd, 2007. The employed plasma diagnostics for first plasma study of EAST are as follows: a vertical one-channel far-infrared (FIR) hydrogen cyanide (HCN) laser interferometer for measuring the line average density, a 10-channel soft X-ray array for intensity measurement, a 16-channel heterodyne Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) for measuring the electron temperature profile, a 8-channel XUV bolometer array to measure plasma radiation losses, a 3-channel hard X-ray array for intensity measurement, an electromagnetic measurement system, a 35-channel Hα radiation array, 20 probes for divertor plasma, a one-channel visible bremsstrahlung emission, an impurity optical spectrum measurement system and two optical spectroscopic multi-channel analyzers (OMA). The first experimental results of diagnostic systems are summarized in this Letter.     

Application of a newly developed CCD for spectral-width measurements of a 53 eV germanium laser

We report the application of a soft X-ray CCD for X-ray laser experiments. A newly developed CCD which has a thinned protection layer (SiO₂) of about 0.2 m was attached to a grazing incidence spectrometer with a resolving power of 16000 in order to measure high-resolution spectra of a germanium soft X-ray laser. Clear spectra have been recorded with a high sensitivity in the energy range between 51 eV (240 Å) and 55 eV (225 Å). In addition to the two strong lasing lines at 236 Å and 232 Å, more than 20 weak spontaneous emission lines have been recorded in this energy range. The spectral width of the 236 Å lasing line is approximately 20.5 mÅ at the full width at half maximum. It is shown that this direct X-ray detection system has a spatial resolution of about 1/10 of the CCD pixel size in this spectral measurement.     

Temperature and concentration measurements of molecular hydrogen in a filamentary discharge by coherent anti-stokes raman spectroscopy (CARS)

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS) is applied to a filamentary discharge in H₂. Temperature and density profiles of molecular hydrogen are determined. The maximum temperature observed on the discharge axis is 5685 K. Vibrational and rotational transitions are analyzed and a difference in the evaluated temperatures is found which increases with pressure. In addition, the reactive thermal conductivity associated with dissociation is determined and compared with earlier work.     

Effects of Annealing Temperature on Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO Thin Films

The effects of annealing temperature on the structural and optical properties of ZnO films grown on Si （100） substrates by sol-gel spin-coating are investigated. The structural and optical properties are characterized by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and photoluminescence spectra. X-ray diffraction analysis shows the crystal quality of ZnO films becomes better after annealing at high temperature. The grain size increases with the temperature increasing. It is found that the tensile stress in the plane of ZnO films first increases and then decreases with the annealing temperature increasing, reaching the maximum value of 1.8 GPa at 700℃. PL spectra of ZnO films annealed at various temperatures consists of a near band edge emission around 380 nm and visible emissions due to the electronic defects, which are related to deep level emissions, such as oxide antisite （OZn）, interstitial oxygen （Oi）, interstitial zinc （Zni） and zinc vacancy （VZn^-）, which are generated during annealing process. The evolution of defects is analyzed by PL spectra based on the energy of the electronic transitions.     

Theoretical model for study of the voltage-current curve of a Langmuir-probe used in the hot region of the ECR plasma

In the last years the ATOMKI-ECRIS group started a local plasma diagnostics research project, to adapt the probe to the ECR plasma conditions. Until now we made progress in the study of the cold plasma region. The results has been reported in e.g. [L. Kenéz, S. Biri, J. Karácsony, A. Valek, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 187 (2) (2002) 249; L. Kenéz, S. Biri, J. Karácsony, A. Valek, T. Nakagawa, K.E. Stiebing, V. Mironov, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 73 (2) (2002) 617]. In this Letter we make a step further report the first experiments carried out in the hot ECR plasma. We used a simple probe inserted in the hot resonant plasma. We point out that this probe works as emitting probe. We developed a theoretical model to explain the unusual shaped voltage-current characteristics and tested its validity using computational study of the presented theory.     

光折变材料Cu∶KNSBN的晶格振动和d－d电子跃迁

比较了铜掺杂钾钠铌酸锶钡（Ｃｕ∶ＫＮＳＢＮ）和钾钠铌酸锶钡（ＫＮＳＢＮ）两样品的晶格振动和ｄ－ｄ电子跃迁谱，对于拉曼（Ｒａｍａｎ）谱，Ａ１（ｚ）对称类的差别较小，Ｅ（ｘｙ）对称类的差别最大；对于红外反射谱，两对称类的均差别较大，认为Ｃｕ２＋部分填充了晶格Ａ位和Ｃ位，可见光范围内，ｄ－ｄ电子跃迁谱表明Ｃｕ２＋在晶体中形成两个深能级２．５０ｅＶ和２．６４ｅＶ。     

Theoretical Study on Inner Shell Electron Impact Excitation of Lithium

Cross sections for electron impact excitation of lithium from the ground state 1s^22s to the excited states 1s2s^2, 1s2p^2, 1s2snp （n = 2-5）, 1s2sns （n = 3 5）, 1s2pns （n = 3-5）, and 1s2pnp （n = 3-5） are calculated by using a full relativistic distorted wave method. The latest experimental electron energy loss spectra for inner-shell electron excitations of lithium at a given incident electron energy of 2500 eV [Chin. Phys. Lett. 25 （2008）3649] have been reproduced by the present theoretical investigation excellently. At the same time, the structures of electron energy loss spectra of lithium at low incident electron energy are also predicted theoretically, it is found that the electron energy loss spectra in the energy region of 55-57eV show two-peak structures.     

Study of the plasmas produced during the deposition of TiC/SiC thin films in a hybrid magnetron-laser system

Time- and spatially-resolved optical emission spectroscopy was performed to characterize the plasma produced in a hybrid magnetron-sputtering-laser deposition system, which is used for TiC or SiC thin films preparation. A graphite target was ablated by a KrF excimer laser (λ=248 nm,τ=20 ns) and either Ti or Si targets were used for DC magnetron sputtering in argon ambient. Spectra were measured in the range 250–850 nm. The evolution of the spectra with varying magnetron powers (0–100 W) and argon pressures (0.3–10 Pa) was studied. Spectra of the plasmas produced by a) the magnetron alone, b) the ablation laser alone, and c) the magnetron and the ablation laser together, were recorded. Spectra (a) were dominated by Ar atoms and Ar⁺ ions. Emission lines of Ti and Si were detected, when Ti target and Si target was used, respectively. Spectra (b) revealed emission of C, C⁺, C₂, Ar, Ar⁺. Spectra (c) showed presence of all previously mentioned species and further of Ti⁺ ions emission was detected. The research was supported by Grant Agency of the Czech Republic No. 202/06/02161, GA ASCR project number A1010110/01 and Institutional Research Plan AV CR No. AV0Z 10100522.     

Head-on collision of ion acoustic solitary waves in electron-positron-ion plasma with superthermal electrons and positrons

The head-on collision of ion acoustic solitary waves are studied in an electron-positron-ion plasma composed of superthermal electrons, superthermal positrons, and cold ions using the extended Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo (PLK) method. The effects of the ratio of electron to positron temperature, the spectral index of electron and positron, and the concentration of positron component on the phase shift are studied. It is found that the presence of superthermal electrons and superthermal positrons play a significant role on the collision of ion acoustic solitary waves. It is also been observed that the temperature ratio plays a significant role on the collision of ion acoustic solitary waves.     

Metallization of the Ge(111) surface at high-temperature probed by energy-loss and Auger spectroscopies

We present new electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and Auger (AES) experiments aimed to study the structural transition of the Ge(111) surface taking place at high temperatures. Our advanced high-temperature set-up allowed us to collect accurate EELS spectra near the M_2,3 excitation edges and AES MMV and MVV spectra, corresponding to different probing depths ranging from 4 to 10 Å. The metallization of the surface has been clearly detected by the shift of the M_2,3 edge and of the MMV, MVV Auger energies. A detailed study of the transition has been performed using a fine temperature step under thermal equilibrium conditions. The AES and EELS experiments show that a sudden semiconductor-metal transition takes place at about 1000 K involving mainly the topmost layers. Deeper layers within 10 Å are also involved in the metallization process (in a range of 10 above 1010 K) and a smooth change in the topmost layers is also observed at higher temperatures up to 1070 K. These transitions are not fully reversible upon cooling (down to 870 K). Structural and electronic characteristics of the surface transition are discussed in light of available models.     

Nonlinear interaction phenomenon of dust acoustic solitary and shock waves in dusty plasma

The effects of head-on collision on dust acoustic (DA) solitary and shock waves in dusty plasma are investigated considering positively charged inertial dust, Boltzmann distributed negatively charged heavy ions, positively charged light ions, and superthermal electrons in the plasma system. The nonlinear Korteweg-de-Vries (KdV) Burger equations are derived taking the extended Poincaré-Lighthill-Kuo method into account to study the characteristic properties of nonlinearity and production of solitary shock due to collisions. The study reveals that the amplitudes and widths of the DA shock waves are decreasing with increasing viscosity, electron to dust density ratio, and dust to ion temperature ratio, while they are increasing due to the presence of superthermal electrons. The nonlinearity of DA waves are enhanced with increasing density ratio of electron to dust and temperature ratio of dust to ion and electron, respectively, but it is reducing with superthermal electrons. The phase shifts of DA solitary waves are found to decrease with rising superthermality of electrons and increase with the density ratio of electron to dust.     

热离子、超热离子和离子加热

通过区分热离子和超热离子,讨论了ＨＬ－１Ｍ等离子体中性粒子束加热的」初步实验结果,分析表明,虽然电子对离子的磁撞加热机制仍然占主导地位,但中性粒子束也加热了离子。     

LIBS技术对羊毛脂复合物中重金属元素的成分分析

利用激光诱导击穿光谱技术对市面上某型号口红的羊毛脂复合物中重金属元素进行分析,使用波长为532nm的激光在口红表面击穿诱导高温等离子体,通过对MCP增益、延迟、门宽三个参数的优化来获得最佳光谱.由发射光谱线的强度计算等离子体的电子温度,研究了激光诱导等离子体的电子温度随时间演化的特性.