V-5Cr-5Ti合金弹性和力学性质的第一性原理研究

V-5Cr-5Ti合金作为核聚变堆第一包层的主要候选结构材料之一,但对其力学性质的理论研究相对较少.采用随机固溶体模型,利用第一性原理方法计算出V-5Cr-5Ti合金的弹性常数、体模量、剪切模量、杨氏模量、泊松比和柯西压力等,并与计算出的纯钒的相关数值进行对比,结果表明V-5Cr-5Ti合金具有良好的塑性和强度,但其塑性要略低于纯钒的.并对加入氧原子后的V-5Cr-5Ti合金进行了相关计算,通过对比计算结果发现,由于氧原子的加入,使V-5Cr-5Ti合金的塑性和强度都出现了不同程度的降低.最后对V-5Cr-5Ti合金和纯钒的理论强度进行了计算,并绘制出两者的应力-应变关系图,通过对比再次验证了上面的结论.     

钒合金的时效强化和高温稳定性

作为聚变堆候选结构材料之一的钒基合金是V-4Cr-4Ti。在高温下，合金中的C，N和O间隙杂质原子与Ti相互作用强烈，形成Ti-CON型沉淀相，影响合金的性能。已有的研究结果表明，对于经固溶处理的V-4Cr-4Ti合金，在-700℃退火时形成高度弥散分布的细小沉淀相，强化合金的同时，降低合金的塑性。但A．Nishimura的研究结果显示，合金的塑性降低值不大，应在可接受的范围。     

氢对钒合金拉伸性能的影响

作为聚变堆结构材料，钒合金具有许多显著的性能优势。一方面，它是一种较典型的低活化结构材料，可显著地降低因中子辐照而产生的诱生放射性污染。另一方面，它具有高的高温强度、耐中子辐照和抗液态金属腐蚀，使用寿命长。但是，就目前而言，钒合金应用仍然存在几个关键问题。主要是中子辐照脆性、氢脆和高温氧化等。已有的研究结果表明，钒合金的韧性受合金成分及组织结构的影响较大。目前世界上普遍认为V－Cr-Ti合金具有较好的性能，而其中以V－4Cr-4Ti的韧性最好，且有较好的高温蠕变性能，其韧脆转化温度被认为在液氮温度以下，并具有较好的抗氢脆性能。为认识钒合金的氢脆行为和氢脆断裂机理，本文研究了自行研制的两种钒合金在渗氢后的拉伸性能，通过比较和断口微观分析，掌握其氢脆断裂机理。     

16Cr-ODS铁素体钢的初始氧化物弥散相结构对抗辐照硬化和Ne离子脆化性能的作用研究

依托兰州重离子研究装置(HIRFL),开展了3 种不同氧化物弥散强化的16Cr-ODS铁素体钢的重离子辐照损伤研究,旨在探究氧化物颗粒结构参数(尺寸和密度)对材料辐照硬化和Ne离子辐照脆化效应的影响。采用6.17 MeV/u的Ni离子辐照和Ne离子,借助辐照终端的梯度减能装置在材料样品中产生了均匀的辐照损伤坪区。借助纳米压痕和小冲杆测试技术分别获得了辐照前后材料的纳米硬度和延伸率数据。探究了氧化物纳米颗粒的界面对于缺陷的的吸收尾闾(sink strength)和材料的辐照硬化/脆化的关系。结果表明,吸收尾闾越大,ODS钢的抗辐照硬化和脆化能力越强。     

载能离子辐照的ODS铁素体钢硬化效应的研究

研究了氧化物弥散强化(ODS) 的3 种铁素体钢,包括: 19Cr-3.5Al ODS钢(MA956),16Cr-0.1TiODS和16Cr-0.1Zr ODS铁素体钢,在多能量的氦离子和MeV能量级的Bi、Xe 离子辐照条件下的硬化效应。获得了辐照硬化与原子离位损伤水平(dpa)、He 注入浓度的关系。结果表明,材料的硬度在低剂量范围会随着辐照剂量迅速增加,而在高剂量范围材料的硬度逐渐趋于饱和,可以用1/2 次的幂函数拟合辐照硬化与离位损伤水平之间的关系。不同入射离子——Bi离子和Xe离子都会引起ODS 钢的硬化,而氦离子还会在材料中聚集导致氦泡的形成,造成更加明显的硬化。实验证明,Ti 或Zr 掺杂的16Cr-ODS 铁素体钢较19Cr-3.5AlODS钢具有更强的抗辐照硬化能力,原因可归于其含有更高数密度的细小氧化物粒子——能够有效俘获点缺陷和氦原子,从而有效抑制晶粒内部和晶界出缺陷的长大。The present work investigates the irradiation hardening of ODS ferritic steels after multi-energy Heion implantation, or energetic Bi-ion and Xe-ion irradiation, to get an understanding of dependence of irradiationhardening on atomic displacement damage and gas accumulation. Three kinds of high-Cr ODS ferritic steels including the commercial MA956 (19Cr-3.5Al), the 16Cr-0.1Ti and the 16Cr-0.1Zr ODS ferritic steels were used.The results show that the hardness increases rapidly at the lower doses but tends to saturate at the higher dose.An 1/2-power law dependence on dpa value is obtained. Helium implantation contributes significantly to the irradiation hardening, possibly due to the impediment of the motion dislocations by helium bubbles. 16Cr-ODS (Ti or Zr added) ferritic which contains finer oxide particles in higher number density shows higher resistance to irradiation hardening than the MA056.     

6061-Al合金的自离子辐照损伤效应

铝合金是国内外研究堆的主要结构材料,在前期300#研究堆主要结构材料铝合金辐照性能研究的基础上,通过离子辐照研究6061-Al合金的微观结构损伤和引起的硬度变化,以开展较高辐照剂量下6061-Al合金损伤效应的前期探索。结果表明,经过自离子辐照后,6061-Al合金中产生了夹角为72°的位错环等缺陷,随着辐照剂量从0.218×1016 cm?2增加到4.367×1016 cm?2,缺陷密度明显增加,但选区电子衍射表明合金保持了很好的晶体结构,并没有发生非晶化。纳米压痕测试表明,不同辐照剂量下,样品中产生了不同程度的硬化,且微观硬度随着辐照剂量的增加而增加,当剂量增加到2.183×1016和4.367×1016 cm?2时,辐照硬化达到饱和,约为11%。研究结果可为初步预测较高中子辐照剂量下6061-Al合金结构和性能的变化提供数据支撑。     

反应堆压力容器钢A508-3辐照硬化的剂量率效应研究

针对不同剂量率对国产反应堆压力容器钢(Reactor Pressure Vessel, RPV)A508-3辐照硬化的影响，利用3.5 MeV的Fe离子在3种不同剂量率(0.1, 0.5和 1.0 dpa/h)下将样品辐照至4个不同剂量点(0.1, 0.3, 1.0和3.0 dpa)，采用纳米压痕技术表征样品在不同辐照条件下的硬化效应。结果表明，在高剂量率(1.0 dpa/h)下，材料的硬度随剂量的增大快速增加，在0.3 dpa以后逐渐达到饱和；中剂量率(0.5 dpa/h)和低剂量率(0.1 dpa/h)下，样品硬度随剂量的变化趋势与高剂量率相似，但在0.3 dpa以后材料的硬度随剂量仍在缓慢增加。在辐照剂量低于0.3 dpa时，不同剂量率引起的辐照硬化差异较小，但在辐照剂量大于0.3 dpa时，不同剂量率辐照下的硬化效应差异显著。数据拟合结果表明，在实验剂量范围内辐照硬化的饱和值随剂量率的增加呈减函数关系。     

铜的织构对晶粒间界内耗峰的影响

本文研究了不同变形量的冷轧铜板经再结晶退火后的内耗和切变模量随温度的变化。在内耗-温度曲线上280℃附近出现一个内耗峰,这个内耗峰是晶粒间界粘滞性滑动引起的,它的高度随退火前的冷轧变形量的增大而降低,经过大的变形后内耗峰消失。实验表明,晶粒间界内耗峰的消长与(100)[001]立方织构的形成有关。从晶粒间界的结构作了进一步的讨论。与晶粒间界内耗峰消长相对应,切变模量的相对值也不同。切变模量的增加量也与退火前的冷轧变形量和立方织构形成有关,实验结果与理论计算作了比较,符合得较好。     

Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金He离子辐照效应研究

 在Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金中注入能量为75 keV的He离子，注入剂量分别为5×10¹⁶cm^-2，1×10¹⁷ cm^-2。通过显微硬度测量和剖面电子显微观察，研究了He离子对Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金力学性能和显微组织的影响。结果表明:样品的显微硬度随He离子注量的增加而升高，在温度为350和550 ℃的Ar气中退火后硬度有所下降。剖面电子显微观察发现有位错环和He气泡生成，退火后He气泡有长大、缺陷有回复的趋势。辐照产生的位错环是辐照后硬度升高的直接原因，其退火发生回复又引起硬度随退火温度的升高而降低。     

时效Ag-7wt.%Cu合金的微观组织、电阻率和硬度

采用差示扫描量热法、X射线衍射及透射电子显微镜研究了固溶和固溶一冷轧Ag-7wt.%Cu合金在时效过程中富Cu相的析出动力学和形貌特征,同时结合电阻率和显微硬度的测量,定量对比了固溶和固溶一冷轧Ag-7wt.%Cu合金时效过程中富Cu相对电阻率和硬度的影响及其机理.研究结果表明:固溶样品中富Cu相反应温度为300℃-350℃,析出激活能为(111±1.6)kJ/mol;而固溶一冷轧样品中由于形变能的存在,富Cu相温度降低为290℃-330℃,析出激活能升高为(128±12)kJ/mol.XRD结果证实富Cu相的析出过程与时效温度有关.固溶和固溶一冷轧合金在450℃时效后均能观察到球状的富Cu相,富Cu相的析出和溶解过程对电阻率和显微硬度有显著影响.当时效温度低于450℃时,随时效温度的提高,固溶一时效样品的电阻率降低,显微硬度增加:而固溶一冷轧一时效样品的电阻率和显微硬度均逐渐降低.显微硬度除了受富Cu相的影响外,还受到位错和形变孪晶的影响.当时效温度高于450℃时,两种样品的电阻率增大,而显微硬度降低.     

Hydrogen permeation characteristics of rolled V85Al10Co5 alloys

Thin sheets of V₈₅Al₁₀Co₅ alloy were produced by a thermo-mechanical treatment consisting in successive hot rolling, cold rolling steps and annealing treatment at high temperature followed by either air cooling or water quenching. Though the values of hydrogen permeability measured for these sheets were significantly reduced as a consequence of the rolling process, the annealing treatment restored almost the hydrogen permeation properties to those of the alloy in the cast condition. EBSD analyses suggested that the post-annealing treatment performed at 1100 °C for 3 min after cold rolling induced a recrystallization of the grains resulting in a preferred orientation along the {002} planes. For the sample annealed and water quenched, the value of the hydrogen flux reached about 45 ml/cm².min, which is more than twice the value of the flux obtained for thin foils of Pd alloys tested under identical conditions.     

氢离子辐照纯钒中形成的位错环

钒合金作为聚变堆候选材料, 其辐照损伤行为一直是关注的重点. 研究辐照时形成的位错环的性质, 其意义在于揭示纯钒中辐照空洞的长大机理. 这种机理表现为不同类型位错环对点缺陷吸收的偏压不同, 从而影响金属的辐照肿胀. 本文利用加速器对纯钒薄膜样品进行氢离子辐照, 然后, 利用透射电镜的inside-outside方法分析氢离子辐照所形成的位错环的类型. 结果表明, 在氢离子辐照纯钒中没有发现柏氏矢量b=<110>的位错环, 只有柏氏矢量b=1/2<111>和b=<110>的位错环, 这两种位错环的惯性面处于{110}-{112}之间. 能确定性质的位错环全部为间隙型位错环, 未发现空位型位错环.     

Effect of thermomechanical processing on microstructural evolution and deformation behaviour of polycrystalline magnesium under quasi-static and high strain rate conditions

Abstract

The effect of thermomechanical processing on microstructure evolution and room temperature flow behaviour of polycrystalline magnesium in compression at strain rates of ~10^?2 and ~10³ s^?1 was investigated. Different initial microstructures were produced by optimising rolling and annealing cycles. Prior to annealing for 1 h at 350 °C, Mg samples were processed by two different treatments such as (i) hot rolling at 350 °C and (ii) hot rolling at 350 °C plus cold rolling at room temperature. Introduction of cold working step led to an increased fraction of hard oriented grains with a marginal grain size difference in post-annealed samples. A profound effect of thermomechanical processing on strain hardening rate as well as rate-sensitive flow behaviour of Mg was observed. The influence of prior processing history and strain rate on flow behaviour of Mg was clearly reflected in terms of texture strengthening/weakening phenomena and formation of microstructural deformation bands.     

A model of grain refinement and strengthening of Al alloys due to cold severe plastic deformation

This paper presents a model which quantitatively predicts grain refinement and strength/hardness of Al alloys after very high levels of cold deformation through processes including cold rolling, equal channel angular pressing (ECAP), multiple forging (MF), accumulative roll bonding (ARB) and embossing. The model deals with materials in which plastic deformation is exclusively due to dislocation movement within grains, which is in good approximation the case for many metallic alloys at low temperature, for instance aluminium alloys. In the early stages of deformation, the generated dislocations are stored in grains and contribute to overall strength. With increase in strain, excess dislocations form and/or move to new cell walls/grain boundaries and grains are refined. We examine this model using both our own data as well as the data in the literature. It is shown that grain size and strength/hardness are predicted to a good accuracy.     

Effects of cold rolling deformation on microstructure,hardness, and creep behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel

Effects of cold rolling deformation on the microstructure, hardness, and creep behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel （HNASS） are investigated. Microstructure characterization shows that 70% cold rolling deformation results in significant refinement of the microstructure of this steel, with its average twin thickness reducing from 6.4 μm to 14 nm. Nanoindentation tests at different strain rates demonstrate that the hardness of the steel with nano-scale twins （nt-HNASS） is about 2 times as high as that of steel with micro-scale twins （mt-HNASS）. The hardness of nt-HNASS exhibits a pronounced strain rate dependence with a strain rate sensitivity （m value） of 0.0319, which is far higher than that of mt-HNASS （m = 0.0029）. nt-HNASS shows more significant load plateaus and a higher creep rate than mt-HNASS. Analysis reveals that higher hardness and larger m value of nt-HNASS arise from stronger strain hardening role, which is caused by the higher storage rate of dislocations and the interactions between dislocations and high density twins. The more significant load plateaus and higher creep rates of nt-HNASS are due to the rapid relaxation of the dislocation structures generated during loading.     

Deformation and annealing behaviour of a low carbon high Mn TWIP steel microalloyed with Ti

ABSTRACT

A low carbon high Mn, Ti microalloyed dual phase TWIP steel has been processed through cold rolling and annealing. X-ray diffraction reveals the maximum austenite (≈92%) in HRACST sample whereas, the 50CD sample shows 29% ferrite. The microstructure of HRAC and HRACST samples reveal austenite grains with annealing twins and deformation induced ferrite (DIF). The higher amount of DIF along with deformation twins form during cold deformation. Annealing at 500°C shows recovery, whereas at 700°C shows partial recrystallisation and at 900°C reveals almost full recrystallisation. TEM microstructures of the 900°C for 30?min samples reveal annealing twins with TiC particle. Strong Brass {110}<112> and Goss{110}<001> texture components are observed in HRAC, HRACST and 50CD samples. Goss Twin (GT) {113}<332> and Copper Twin (Cu-T) {552}<115> components are observed in 50CD sample. Addition of Ti results in an average grain size of 20?μm. Maximum YS (1176?MPa) and UTS (1283?MPa) values with the lowest ductility of 11% have been obtained for the 50CD sample which is related to the formation of extensive deformation twin and a higher fraction of DIF. 700°C-30?min and 700°C-60?min samples show an increase in ductility (23% and 34%, respectively) with a marginal decrease in tensile strength (1054?MPa). Annealing at 900°C shows ductility restoration up to 60% with higher tensile strength compared to HRACST sample. Ductile fracture of HRAC and HRACST samples transform to brittle fracture in the 50CD sample. Annealing at 900°C for 30?min shows ductile fracture with some (Fe, Mn)S and TiC particles.     

Development of cube textured Ni–5 at.%W alloy substrates for coated conductor application using a melting process

Biaxially textured Ni–5 at.%W substrates have been prepared by cold rolling, followed by three different annealing routes. In this paper, the processes of melting Ni and W metals, flat rolling, various annealing methods are described in detail. The Ni–5 at.%W tapes annealed under either high vacuum or flowing Ar (7% H₂) gas were characterized by X-ray pole figures, ODF, EBSD as well as AFM analysis. The texture analysis indicated that as fabricated tapes have a sharp cube texture formed after annealing at a wide temperature range of 800–1100 °C. The high quality of cube orientation on tapes was obtained after a two-step annealing (TSA), where the percentage of the cube texture component was as high as 93.5% within a misorientation angle smaller than 8° from EBSD analysis. Furthermore, it was also observed that the number of twin boundaries in this tape decreased with respect to that of tapes annealed both in vacuum and one-step gas annealing. From AFM on 1 μm² areas, it was concluded that the roughness (RMS) on the tape surface reached 0.98 nm.