气动驱动变厚变曲率反射镜技术

以环形线负载驱动模型为基础,分析了环形线负载驱动变曲率反射镜难以兼顾大中心形变与高精度面形保持的原因;从薄板弹性理论出发,得到了一种气动驱动变厚变曲率反射镜物理模型.理论分析表明,将反射镜的厚度分布从等厚改为变厚,并采用气压均匀驱动替代推力环环形驱动,反射镜不仅能产生大的中心形变,而且在形变过程中的面形精度也远高于环形线负载驱动变曲率反射镜的.基于超硬铝反射镜样片的试验验证了对变厚变曲率反射镜的理论分析;试验中,反射镜初始面形精度接近λ/50(632.8nm),施加0.032 MPa驱动气压产生约22μm中心形变时,反射镜面形精度依然优于λ/20(632.8nm),证明该气动驱动结合变厚设计这一技术具有较大的应用潜力.     

气动驱动渐变厚度变曲率反射镜技术

在完善基于有限元分析的跨平台综合优化流程的基础上,获得了反射镜最优结构参数,并通过21阶Zernike多项式面形拟合得到球差是导致反射镜形变过程中面形精度退化的主导像差模式.根据有限元优化得到的最优结构参数研制了第二块气动驱动渐变厚度变曲率反射镜样片(口径135mm,中心厚度8mm,初始曲率半径2 807mm)并进行了曲率变化能力及面形精度保持试验研究.研制工艺的改进使本文所研制的变厚铝合金反射镜初始面形精度优于λ/80(632.8nm),当驱动气压达到约0.07 MPa时,反射镜中心形变量接近37μm并且去掉球差影响后的面形精度可以优于λ/40(632.8nm).与前期所研制的第一块样片相比,第二块样片的中心形变能力以及面形精度保持能力均显著提升.     

用等效应力法分析温度变化对胶粘反射镜面形的影响

基于等效应力法分析了温度变化对反射镜面形准确度的影响.对反射镜粘接处施加一定量的径向强迫位移约束,使其受到与热应力大小一致的应力作用,在该强迫位移约束下反射镜面形变化与热应力作用下反射镜面形变化基本一致.对直径为70mm、厚度为15mm的反射镜进行粘接实验,用ZYGO干涉仪测定温变前后反射镜的面形变化.当温度由20℃降到16℃时,反射镜面形峰谷值和均方根值的变化量分别为0.005λ和0.002λ(λ=632.8nm),理论计算的峰谷值和均方根值变化量分别为0.004λ和0.002λ;当温度由20℃升高到30℃时,反射镜面形峰谷值和均方根值变化量分别为0.013λ和0.006λ,理论计算的峰谷值和均方根值变化量分别为0.012λ和0.004λ,实验值和模拟分析值基本一致.     

柔性变焦镜的理论计算和设计

 设计了由压电陶瓷施压的柔性变焦镜的结构。根据弹性力学建立了相应的数学模型,采用有限元法计算了镜面受力的挠变形值。当柔性变焦镜最大挠度为9μm时,镜面的曲率半径从610mm变至590mm,此时采用环形筋条结构的反射镜镜面和理想球面的面形偏差PV值仅为1μm,面形相对偏差为0.3%。     

空间SiC反射镜背部中心支撑特性

基于特定的轻量化形式和支撑结构,采用有限元方法研究了口径为500mm的空间SiC反射镜的背部中心支撑特性.通过分析镜体结构参量对反射镜性能的影响,确定了最佳的支撑孔直径与反射镜口径的比例为0.23,指出对不同口径的反射镜需通过优化确定最佳的背部形状,当重力沿径向作用时,增大支撑深度有利于提高面形准确度.支撑结构分析结果表明,柔性连接件底部螺栓圆半径是影响温变载荷工况下的面形准确度和反射镜组件的一阶固有频率的关键因素,要确定最佳的底部螺栓圆半径需综合考虑面形准确度和结构基频两方面的指标要求;背部中心支撑的反射镜面形准确度受外界装配应力的影响较小,且对柔性连接件切槽深度的变化不敏感;支撑长度主要影响结构的动态刚度,减小支撑长度能提高反射镜组件的一阶固有频率.最后确定了空间SiC反射镜背部中心支撑的最大适用口径为750mm,对口径小于750mm的SiC反射镜在结构允许的前提下采用背部中心支撑均能满足设计要求.     

轻质碳化硅反射镜抛光过程镜面变形影响的研究

轻量化的碳化硅反射镜有自己独特的结构特点,加工中的变形与传统实体反射镜不同,对加工后的面形结果有独特的影响。对一直径为318mm的轻量化碳化硅反射镜进行了传统的研磨抛光,由于镜面变形对抛光结果带来了很大的影响,其面形误差的RMS值在0.048λ(λ=0.6328μma)左右就不再收敛。对抛光状态的镜体进行了有限元分析,探讨了减轻镜面变形对抛光结果影响的方法。采用计算机控制小磨头对该反射镜进行了确定性抛光,有效地降低了镜面形变的影响,使面形满足了精度的要求。     

长条形空间反射镜无热化胶层的优化设计

为了实现尺寸为1 200 mm×484 mm的大长宽比长条形空间反射镜的无热装配,减小反射镜面形精度受热应力的影响,本文对环氧胶(GHJ-01(Z))胶层厚度对反射镜面形的影响及胶层在静、动力学载荷下的应力进行了研究。首先,介绍了现有的几种基于胡克定律推导的无热粘结厚度方程及其假设条件,并推导了带有锥度的背部盲孔反射镜无热粘结胶层厚度的方程,得出无热粘结胶层厚度曲线;然后,建立了6种不同胶层厚度的反射镜组件模型并进行了分析与比较。通过分析,在+5℃温升工况下,反射镜胶层厚度为0.07 mm时具有最好的面形精度,其RMS值0.0178λ,其检测方向在自重作用下的面形精度RMS值为0.0173λ,一阶频率为220.17 Hz;最后对胶层无热化设计后的反射镜组件进行了振动试验和粘结剂剪切强度试验,分析与试验表明:反射镜组件一阶频率为216.4 Hz,与有限元分析结果相对误差为1.71%;满足动静态刚度要求;同时,在动力学载荷下该厚度胶层的应力均小于其固化后的抗剪强度,安全裕度为2.46;各项指标满足设计要求。     

多电极静电拉伸薄膜反射镜的光学检测

利用研制的φ300 mm口径多电极薄膜反射镜原理样机,开展了光学检测实验工作.利用高斯光学原理对薄膜反射镜的基本光学参数进行了检测,获得了随电压变化的薄膜反射镜曲率丰径和最大变形值曲线,趋势与理论计算结果一致.对薄膜反射镜的面形特性和面形检测方法进行了分析,采用激光干涉仪测试了无电压时中心区域的平面面形,RMS值为1....     

1.2m轻量化空间反射镜的重力支撑变形分离

在地面环境检测的空间反射镜面形主要是镜面加工残差和重力支撑变形等耦合的结果.为实现1.2m轻量化空间反射镜的重力支撑变形分离,通过测量镜面在等梯度支撑力下的面形,由镜面力学响应得到镜面畸变和支撑力变化的关系,以此作为界定有限元分析结果和优化有限元模型的依据.将由修正模型得到的重力支撑面形畸变从反射镜面形检测结果中移除,即可得到反射镜加工残差.研究表明,修正后的模型对100N支撑力变化引起的面形畸变与实测结果误差≤0.001λ,面形检测为1/30λ的空间反射镜,其无重力和支撑影响的加工残差优于1/40λ.该结果不仅能指导反射镜面形的高精度抛光,还可提高最终系统装调精度.     

用于超低温环境的轻质反射镜制造技术

以椭圆形平面反射镜实例为研究对象,介绍了轻质反射镜材料的选择以及反射镜在真空超低温环境中的应用。分析了各种轻量化孔的特点,设计了一种反射镜结构;在吊带支撑方式下,建立整体结构的有限元模型,对由于镜体自重及超低温环境引起的镜面变形进行了有限元分析。由数控系统在图形方式下控制实际轻量化加工,加工后的反射镜轻量化率达到33％;采用化学方法消除加工过程中产生的应力与微小裂纹;运用环形抛光机结合局部修磨进行光学抛光加工,抛光后面形精度达到0．022A（均方根,λ=633nm）;在实验室进行小范围温度拉偏实验,实验结果表明,面形精度变化量为0．03nm。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.