磁镜阵列像增强器的调制传递函数研究

基于三代近贴式像增强器,设计了磁镜阵列装置的结构,从理论上计算了该装置的调制传递函数以及将其引入像增强器后整体的调制传递函数,以此来分析对成像质量的影响.通过对实际参量绘制的调制传递函数曲线分析,得出磁镜阵列装置在X、Y方向的极限分辨率分别为117lp/mm、121lp/mm,奈奎斯特频率处的调制传递函数值分别为0.55、0.59,同时磁镜阵列像增强器的极限分辨率也分别达到了87lp/mm、89lp/mm,相应的奈奎斯特频率处的调制传递函数值为0.49和0.52.结果表明X和Y方向的调制传递函数曲线之间差异较之磁镜阵列装置变小,这对保证成像质量起到了积极的作用.文章为进一步深入研究磁镜阵列像增强器提供了重要的理论依据.     

磁镜阵列像增强器的调制传递函数研究

基于三代近贴式像增强器,设计了磁镜阵列装置的结构,从理论上计算了该装置的调制传递函数以及将其引入像增强器后整体的调制传递函数,以此来分析对成像质量的影响.通过对实际参量绘制的调制传递函数曲线分析,得出磁镜阵列装置在X、Y方向的极限分辨率分别为117 lp/mm、121 lp/mm,奈奎斯特频率处的调制传递函数值分别为0.55、0.59,同时磁镜阵列像增强器的极限分辨率也分别达到了87 lp/mm、89 lp/mm,相应的奈奎斯特频率处的调制传递函数值为0.49和0.52.结果表明X和Y方向的调制传递函数曲线之间差异较之磁镜阵列装置变小,这对保证成像质量起到了积极的作用.文章为进一步深入研究磁镜阵列像增强器提供了重要的理论依据.     

超二代与三代像增强器低照度分辨力的比较

比较了超二代像增强器和三代像增强器在不同照度下的分辨力。结果表明,增益、极限分辨力、信噪比以及调制传递函数相同的超二代像增强器和三代像增强器,当照度大于4.3×10-3lx时,分辨力均为常数,均不随照度的变化而变化;当照度小于4.3×10-3lx时,分辨力均不为常数,均随照度的降低而降低,并且超二代像增强器的分辨力均低于三代像增强器的分辨力,照度越低,差别越大。此外,当采用品质因子来比较像增强器的综合性能时,只能在相同光电阴极的像增强器之间进行比较,而不能在不同光电阴极的像增强器之间进行比较,即品质因子不能用来比较超二代像增强器和三代像增强器的性能。     

三代微光像增强器分辨力计算理论模型

分辨力和传递函数MTF是微光像增强器的2个重要参数。长期以来，人们对于三代微光像增强器阴极发出的电子初能量分布没有统一的认识，从而没有一个公认的分辨力和MTF计算模型。通过理论分析和假设，给出一定条件下一个分辨力计算模型。把实际测得的第一近贴距、第二近贴距、阴极电压和荧光屏电压等数值代入分辨力计算模型中，可以得到分辨力理论值。经与实际测量值进行比对，发现二者偏差值在12.3%以内，此理论模型基本符合实际需求。该分析方法和所得结果有一定实用价值，可作为设计三代微光像增强器的技术参考。     

双近贴聚焦微光像增强器分辨力理论极限问题研究

分辨力和MTF是微光像增强器的2个重要参数。根据线性系统傅里叶频谱理论,分析了微光像增强器的MTF和分辨力特性。 计算出理想条件下,基于光阴极/MCP/荧光屏3部件结构以及带内电子增益机制的光阴极/荧光屏2部件结构的近贴聚焦像管的理论极限分辨力。它们分别是96.6lp/mm和98.1lp/mm。该结果可供人们改进像管MTF及分辨力特性时参考。     

微光像增强器常用荧光粉性能研究

荧光粉是微光像增强器荧光屏的关键材料,可将电子图像转换为可见光学图像,其性能对像增强器的分辨力、发光光谱、调制传递函数、余辉等性能有重要影响。针对国内外目前像增强器的发展情况,就国内外像增强器荧光屏常用的P20（（Zn,Cd）S∶Ag）、P22（ZnS∶Cu,Al）、P31（ZnS∶Cu）、P43（Gd₂O₂S∶Tb）和P45（Y₂O₂S∶Tb）开展相应的性能对比研究,分别对这5种荧光粉的物相结构、光谱特性、发光效率及分辨力等性能进行了表征,分析了不同种类荧光粉的适用条件。结果表明:这5类常用荧光粉对于像增强器的不同性能提升各有贡献,其中分辨力较高的为P43荧光粉,发光效率较高的为P22荧光粉,而人眼观测舒适度最好的则为P45荧光粉。鉴于对微光像增强器高性能的要求,在选用微光像增强器用荧光粉时可选用综合性能较为优越的P22和P43荧光粉,也可根据像增强器的具体性能要求及实际使用需求选用合适的荧光粉种类。     

超二代微光像增强器Na2KSb(Cs)多碱光电阴极荧光谱研究

利用785 nm波长激光作为激发源,测量了超二代微光像增强器Na2KSb(Cs)多碱光电阴极的荧光谱.试验中发现该荧光谱不是一条光滑的高斯型曲线,而是一条在高斯型荧光谱上叠加了一定频率间隔小锯齿峰的曲线.经实验验证和理论分析证明该荧光谱上的小锯齿峰是一种干涉条纹,与超二代微光像增强器的结构有关.干涉条纹之间的间距与相邻两干涉峰波长的乘积成正比,与超二代微光像增强器的近贴聚焦距离成反比.干涉条纹调制度大小与Na2KSb(Cs)多碱光电阴极的厚度成反比.通过测量超二代微光像增强器Na2KSb(Cs)多碱光电阴极荧光谱上两相邻干涉条纹的间距和调制度,就可以测量或比较出不同超二代微光像增强器Na2KSb(Cs)多碱光电阴极的膜厚、近贴聚焦距离.研究结果对提高超二代微光像增强器阴极灵敏度和分辨力提供了一个有效的分析手段.     

xx1610“超Ⅱ代”像增强器

Philips实验室经过多年的研究,研制出了××1610Ⅱ代像增强器。该器件的性能接近Ⅲ代像增强器。本文将介绍确定××1610优良性能的各种技术参数,例如光电阴极灵敏度、信噪比、调制传递函数和平均衰减寿命。对Ⅱ代、Ⅲ代和××1610像增强器作了比较。就仪器性能而言,××1610几乎与Ⅲ代像增强器的性能相当。如果考虑经济因素,××1610被认为是非常有竞争力的像增强器。     

前近贴脉冲电压对三代微光像增强器halo效应的影响

为了探讨三代微光像增强器的合适工作电压,研究了前近贴脉冲电压对微光像增强器halo效应的影响.将脉冲电压信号加在光电阴极上,分别改变脉冲信号的高低电平电压幅值和占空比,利用高分辨率CCD采集了微光像增强器的halo图像,对比分析了halo图像中心线上各像素点对应的灰度值分布和光子计数.研究结果表明,随着高电平电压幅值和占空比的提高,灰度值为255的像素点数目变多,halo图像中背景和信号的边界越来越清晰.当前近贴电压增加到200 V以上和占空比大于60％左右时,其对三代微光像增强器halo图像中心线上各像素点的灰度值分布影响不大.当低电平电压增加到2V以上时,光电子在低电平阶段无法克服阻滞场到达微通道板.此研究有利于探讨微光像增强器的最佳工作电压和光电子从阴极面出射时的能量分布,为提高三代微光像增强器的性能提供了实验支撑.     

超二代及三代像增强器不同响应波段的参数测量及比较

对A光源分别进行550 nm、625 nm以及675 nm的短波截止,对比测量了超二代和三代像增强器的光谱响应、阴极灵敏度、增益、分辨力以及信噪比。在10^-1lx照度条件下,当对A光源进行675 nm的短波截止之后,三代像增强器的分辨力未出现下降,而超二代像增强器的分辨力却下降到初始值的94%;但在10^-4lx照度条件下,当对A光源进行675 nm的短波截止之后,三代像增强器的分辨力下降到初始值的90%,而超二代像增强器的分辨力下降到初始值的85%。但信噪比越高的像增强器,分辨力降低的比例越低。对于超二代和三代像增强器而言,如果在A光源条件下的性能参数相同,但在不同的短波截止条件下使用时,其性能并不相同,三代像增强器的性能更好。尽管超二代像增强器在不同短波截止波长条件下性能参数下降的比例较三代像增强器下降的比例高,但差距并不大,因此使用过程中的性能差距也不大。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.