投影校正系统的参数标定技术研究

针对投影仪-摄像机系统参数标定过程中角点识别精度低、抗噪性差的问题,提出一种新型的投影彩色模式特征图像和角点亚像素检测算法以提高角点检测识别精度。鉴于投影仪-摄像机在光子信号传输过程中会因系统通道耦合性导致光子信号损耗,特进行建模分析,并提出一种系统耦合性校正方案,以降低系统耦合性串扰的影响。在系统标定参数解算过程中,投影特征点会因外界因素的干扰而与摄像机反馈的特征信息匹配错误率高,从而导致投影仪的标定参数误差值较大,考虑到投影仪-摄像机具有对极几何约束关系,提出一种成像反馈式的射影几何约束优化方法,用于对系统参数优化标定。通过实验分析可知,本文方法识别精度能够到达0.25pixel,同时具有较高的面平行度和线垂直度。投影画面的几何畸变校正实验显示,畸变校正效果基本符合人眼视觉感知一致性。     

基于合作目标姿态测量的新型摄像机校准方法

针对在姿态测量中摄像机成像的复杂畸变问题,提出了一种新型的摄像机校准方法。该方法不需要高精度的标定参照物,只需要利用标定靶标间的相互约束关系建立摄像机内参数与靶标特征的约束方程,从而线性求解摄像机内参数。通过非线性优化方法优化摄像机内参数,完成摄像机的标定。仿真和实验结果表明,所提出的算法对图像噪声不敏感。测量精度和可靠性都得到有效的改善,精度可达0.03pixel,说明该算法在合作目标的姿态测量中具有方法易于实现、测量精度高、可靠的优点。     

基于两个正交一维物体的单幅图像相机标定

提出了一种利用两个正交一维物体构成"T"型靶标进行摄像机标定的新方法。该方法只需对"T"型靶标上已知坐标的5点投影一幅图像,然后根据柔性靶标原理计算出由虚点和标记点组成的共直线的4点,由射影变换同素性、接合性以及交比不变性标定出镜头的一阶径向畸变参数。利用已知畸变参数对图像进行畸变校正,然后由基于两个正交一维物体坐标变换的方法即可标定出相机的内外参数。该方法线性求解镜头畸变参数,避免了传统方法非线性迭代优化过程中产生的参数耦合现象。实验表明,不进行镜头畸变校正则相机标定精度随着图像噪声的增加呈不稳定状态;进行畸变校正后对简单标定计算的初始值进行优化得到稳定的高精度标定结果。整个实验设备简单,操作方便,只需一幅图像即可实现镜头畸变和相机内外参数的标定,可以达到实时的效果。     

基于矩形的摄像机自标定几何方法

基于矩形两组对边的消隐点特性和隐含的长宽比信息,提出了一种新的摄像机自标定几何方法。该方法仅依据同一个矩形的两次或三次成像,即可在摄像机传感器特性已知或未知时标定摄像机内参数并辨识矩形长宽比。利用空间中有限距离点与同一无穷远点的连线相互平行和完全四边形的调和分割特性,以及被多次成像的矩形长宽比相同的特点,建立了摄像机内参数约束方程。通过建立与直线段成像相关的代价函数,提出了畸变参数寻优与线性内参数标定相迭代的畸变校正方法,可获得与摄像机无畸变情况下相当的自标定精度。在确定矩形任意两个顶点坐标的情况下,即可求解摄像机所有外参数。仿真实验表明,该标定算法收敛快速,对图像噪声不敏感。实际图像实验表明,与传统平面靶标法相比,该方法不但减少了预知条件,而且提高了标定精度和效率。     

移动特征靶标的摄像机径向畸变标定

针对成像测量系统中镜头径向畸变影响测量精度的问题,提出了一种基于物面移动同心圆特征靶标的径向畸变标定方法。该方法先将固定在二维精密平台上的同心圆靶标置于垂直物面的特定位置,然后采集靶标图像,同时用最小二乘法以拟合得到的圆直径为条件,按一定方式移动特征靶标,直到拟合值达到极值或者在一定误差范围内。记录该幅图像,则其拟合得到的圆心坐标便是畸变中心,同时利用该幅图像,根据等差值半径和摄像机成像模型的半径的成像关系求出其畸变多项式系数。为提高特征靶标的移动效率,提出了坐标轮换最优化移动的方案。实验结果表明,该方法对畸变中心的标定精度可达0.6pixel,畸变多项式系数有效数字重复误差小于0.02,并可实现两者的一靶标定,且利用该法获得的参数能实现对畸变图像的准确校正。     

用于相机标定的球靶标投影误差分析与校正

由于球体具有轮廓连续性好等优点,在摄像机标定,尤其是多相机标定方面获得了广泛的应用。利用球作为标定靶标可以弥补平面靶标在多相机标定中出现视角过大时畸变太大甚至于观测不到的不足,但是空间球经透视投影后成像一般并非标准圆,而是一个椭圆。椭圆几何中心与球心真实成像中心并不一致,从而影响了标定精度。造成球心成像误差的因素主要有两个,即球的相对大小及相对于相机的位置。通过分析空间球成像模型,仿真研究了各因素对球心成像误差影响的大小,寻找球心的透视投影像点与其成像椭圆几何中心之间的误差变化规律,并建立了两者之间的误差校正模型,最后通过实验验证了该校正模型的可行性和有效性。通过校正,球心投影像点定位精度可达到亚像素级。     

面向大视场视觉测量的摄像机标定技术

提出了一种面向大视场高精度视觉测量的摄像机标定新方法,该方法采用亮度自适应的单个红外发光二极管(IR-LED)作为目标靶点,将该靶点固定在三坐标测量机的测头上,并依次精确移动至预先设定的空间位置,每次靶点到达设定的空间位置时,摄像机对靶点进行图像采集。利用三坐标测量机的精确位移,在三维空间构成一个虚拟立体靶标。针对虚拟立体靶标在大视场摄像机标定中只能覆盖一小部分标定空间的问题,通过自由移动摄像机在多个方位对虚拟立体靶标进行拍摄,使得多个虚拟立体靶标分布于整个标定空间。摄像机在每个方位对虚拟立体靶标的拍摄都标定出一组摄像机的内、外参数,然后以摄像机内参数和摄像机在各个方位下拍摄的虚拟立体靶标在摄像机坐标系下的位置及姿态参数为优化变量,建立以所有三维靶点位置重投影误差平方和为最小的目标函数,采用非线性优化方法求解摄像机标定参数的最优解。该方法较好地解决了大视场视觉测量中大尺寸靶标加工困难、摄像机标定精度难以保证的问题。仿真和实际标定实验均证明此方法可以有效提高大视场摄像机的标定精度。     

基于共线向量的非量测镜头畸变校正

针对传统摄像机标定算法中摄像机内外参数与镜头畸变之间存在耦合,提出了一种将镜头畸变从摄像机参数中分离出来单独求解的算法。算法基于"三维空间中的直线经过遵循透视模型的相机投影,在相机平面上仍是直线"这一基本属性。对于无畸变图像,直线上任意两特征点构成的共线向量外积应为零向量。利用非线性优化方法求解畸变参数,讨论了畸变中心与畸变系数之间的耦合性。设计了一种畸变校正效果评估方法,证明了结果的正确性。完成畸变校正后,摄像机的内外参数可线性求解。实验表明,该方法仅需一张图片即可完成所有摄像机参数的求解,提高了标定效率,且稳定度高,精度与传统标定方法相当。     

摄像机的一种主动视觉标定方法

提出了一种快速高精度的摄像机主动视觉标定方法,建立了摄像机模型并详细分析了其各项参数的求解算法。标定时,令摄像机作一组二维的平移运动,采集圆孔靶标件的图像并计算圆心的像点坐标,同时记录摄像机的移动距离,得到标定所需的特征点。利用这些特征点计算摄像机标定参数,标定精度可达到0.005 mm。利用该方法定制的标定模块实现了摄像机的自动标定。该方法对摄像机运动的限制条件较少,并基本实现了摄像机模型参数的线性求解,为主动视觉系统的摄像机标定提供了一种有效的解决方案。     

一种改进的基于直线特征的非量测畸变校正方法

在大型结构件的损伤监测过程中,摄像机镜头畸变往往引起成像畸变,如果直接利用畸变图像进行标定、测量,将引起较大误差,降低损伤监测精度。为了有效地校正成像畸变,提出一种改进的基于直线特征的非量测畸变校正方法。分析实际测量中成像畸变的像差模型;直接利用场景中存在的直线特征,得到带权重因子的直线射影不变约束关系和三点近似共线约束关系,并建立两组畸变校正约束方程求解畸变系数;通过实验验证提出方法的可行性和有效性。校正结果表明,相比不带权重的直线特征标定方法,提出方法优化结果的均方根误差精度提高了0.21pixel。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.