基于Angel型龙虾眼X射线透镜的数值模拟

为了研究Angel型龙虾眼X射线透镜的聚焦成像特性,基于X射线全反射原理和旋转坐标系方法,建立X射线在方孔内壁的数值模型。通过求解X射线在方孔内壁的交点,得到所有光线的传输路径。为了验证模型的准确性,对透镜的焦距和传输效率分别进行实验测试和模拟。在365mm焦距处,参与反射的X射线被会聚为十字线,中心焦斑光强最大,与模拟所得结果相符。在能量4.5keV下,透镜镀金属Ir膜前、后的传输效率分别为1.23%和9.18%,模拟结果的传输效率分别为1.44%和10.14%。结果表明:构建的数值模型是合理的,可为龙虾眼透镜的研制提供理论基础。     

Angel型平面龙虾眼光学器件微孔统计特性测试和分析

为了研究Angel型平面龙虾眼光学器件微孔统计特性对聚焦成像性能的影响,研发了一套点对点的真空X射线束流测试装置,采用微焦斑X射线束对研制的光学器件进行了聚焦成像测试。通过利用刀口狭缝系统对平面龙虾眼光学器件进行二维扫描测试,发现光学器件的不同区域存在不同程度的Tilt型工艺缺陷;基于蒙特卡罗软件模拟了Tilt工艺缺陷对聚焦成像的影响。实验结果表明:实验所采用的平面龙虾眼光学器件能在3650 mm焦距处将入射的X射线束会聚成清晰的十字图像,焦斑最大半峰全宽约为4.63 mm,对应的角分辨率最大约为4.36′,点扩展函数的不均匀性约为33.7%。模拟结果表明:Tilt型工艺缺陷会导致中心亮斑强度下降,十字线弥散、不连续,二次焦斑畸变,成像质量变差。     

Wolter型X射线嵌套望远镜成像质量分析

X射线成像技术在空间探测中的应用日渐广泛,为了提高孔径利用率和系统有效面积,通常采用Wolter-Ⅰ型嵌套望远镜对空间X射线源进行会聚成像。由于传统的光学设计软件在分析掠入射系统方面存在一定的缺陷,因此使用MT_RAYOR工具库自编程对X射线望远镜进行成像质量分析。MT_RAYOR用于Wolter-Ⅰ型嵌套结构望远镜系统的分析,具有全面、准确和快捷的优势。基于MT_RAYOR,对用于0.2~20 ke V波段成像的嵌套型双锥结构望远镜进行了系统设计,从有效面积、点扩展函数、能量集中度等方面进行了成像质量分析。该结构在10 ke V以内保持500 cm2以上的稳定有效面积,在硬X射线波段的有效面积也可达到250 cm2以上,系统工作波段跨度大、稳定性高。分析了辐条和反射面的面形误差对系统在实验中成像质量的影响,对望远镜系统的优化和装调具有指导作用。     

影响X射线像增强器分辨率的因素分析

对采用双近贴聚焦成像结构的MCP(Micro Channel Plate)-X射线像增强器的工作原理与结构进行了分析,对影响其空间分辨率的主要因素进行了研究.影响X射线成像系统分辨率的因素主要有X射线源焦斑的大小和X射线像增强器自身的分辨率,而影响X射线像增强器分辨率的因素主要有MCP输出面到荧光屏之间的距离、MCP输出面与荧光屏之间的电压差以及MCP自身的分辨率.通过对两种具有不同参量的X射线像增强器分辨率的理论计算及分辨率测试实验,将理论计算结果与测试实验结果对比,验证了分辨率计算公式及影响分辨率因素分析的正确性.     

使用曲面微通道板和感应电荷位置灵敏阳极的软X射线-极紫外光子计数成像探测器研究

本项目对我国空间探测的极紫外(EUV)波段大视场相机所需求的球面光子计数成像探测器的关键技术进行了研究。首先,建立了光阴极材料次级电子产出模型,利用该模型计算了软X射线-EUV波段常用的光电阴极材料—碱卤化物的次级电子产出,分析了微通道板(MCP)的次级电子产出。建立了测量MCP量子探测效率的装置,并推导出MCP量子探测效率的计算公式,测量了MCP在软X射线-EUV波段的量子效率以及MCP量子效率随掠入射角的变化。其次,建立了球面实芯微通道板的制备装置,利用高温热成型方法制备出曲率半径为150 mm球面MCP,利用光刻技术制备出有效直径为48 mm的楔条形感应电荷位置灵敏阳极,在此基础上集成了一套使用球面MCP和感应电荷位置灵敏阳极的两维光子计数成像探测器。再次,研制出包括快速前端模拟电路与后续数字电路的成像读出电路,编制了能矫正图像畸变的图像实时采集和处理软件。最后,建立了MCP探测器空间分辨率、图像线性的检测装置,对研制出的探测器性能进行了检测,检测结果表明:探测器的各项技术指标完全满足要求。     

现代实验室型X射线荧光元素分布成像和形态分析技术的研究进展

近年来,随着X射线光源、单色、聚焦及探测系统的发展,在实验室可借助低功率X射线光源开展X射线荧光(XRF)和X射线吸收谱(XAS)分析。液体金属射流源等新型X射线光源系统、闭合反馈系统、电荷耦合元件和方孔微通道板等技术和计算方法的进步促进了聚焦扫描型、全场型和XRF计算机断层扫描等实验室型XRF元素空间成像技术的发展。超环面、球面和柱状弯晶等单色聚焦系统的发展推动了实验室型XAS技术的发展。探索新型的实验室X射线光源系统,开发更高效的单色聚焦系统,推动X射线动态电影拍摄技术等将是未来研究的重要发展方向。     

平面圆孔微通道板用于X射线聚光的理论预测

微通道板(MCP)在X射线的会聚成像方面有视场大、重量轻、对装调精度要求低等优点。基于全反射理论,研究了平面圆孔MCP对X射线的聚光特性,计算了MCP的像面光照度增益和点扩散函数与微通道板结构参数之间的关系。使用Trace Pro软件对直径为25μm的圆孔MCP的聚光效果进行了仿真,仿真结果与计算结果基本吻合。结果表明,MCP的相对光照度增益与光源距离ls近似成正比,而与MCP的最大孔径无关,当光源距离为110 mm时,相对光照度增益大约可达到18倍。进一步研究了MCP离轴、俯仰、倾斜等装调误差对像面光斑的影响,结果表明,MCP的离轴对像面光斑影响很小;而角度偏差将影响光斑的位置和形状。     

微聚焦菲涅耳波带板聚焦特性研究

通过激光轰击Ti平面靶,用微聚焦菲涅尔波带板做成像器,测到了在放大倍数为66倍时X射线焦斑图像.利用Fresnel-Kirchhoff衍射积分公式数值模拟了微聚焦菲涅尔波带板的点扩展函数,模拟结果表明该微聚焦菲涅尔波带板在两倍焦距处强聚焦.改变物距和像距但保持透镜的物像距公式,也可得到类似的结果.模拟和实验表明微聚焦波带板可以应用于X射线点对点成像,实现激光等离子体X射线高空间分辨成像. 关键词： 菲涅尔波带板 Fresnel-Kirchhoff衍射 数值模拟 点扩展函数     

一种透射式软X光带通方法研究

基于微通道板(MCP)X射线光学, 提出了一种透射式软X光带通方法. 通过三种通道结构的MCP-X光传输特性比较, 给出了带通设计方法. 利用北京同步辐射装置开展了方孔MCP和滤片标定. 结果表明, MCP透射谱具有宽能带选择范围和高效率的特点, 并且在1 keV以下可以在多个多能点实现100 eV带宽的带通设计. 关键词： X射线光学 微通道板 软X光带通     

Angel型龙虾眼X射线光学器件的研制及性能测试

Angel型龙虾眼X射线光学器件是一种新型X射线聚焦成像器件,具有独特的4π立体角聚焦能力和最佳有效面积-重量比,是未来最具有运用前景的X射线成像光学系统之一。依据龙虾眼的结构特性,采用微通道板方孔阵列制作技术成功研制了龙虾眼光学器件。采用Zygo干涉仪、条纹反射面型仪以及X射线束流检测设备对龙虾眼光学器件球面成型精度和聚焦成像特性进行了测试。测试结果表明:微孔光学器件的球面面型精度均方根为0.72μm,峰谷值为2.27μm,曲率半径约为752.3 mm。在电压为2 kV,电流为50μA条件下,横轴和纵轴的焦斑半峰全宽的直径约为0.39 mm和0.42 mm,对应的成像角分辨率分别为3.65 arcmin和3.93 arcmin。     

基于虚拟源技术的双层固体结构超声成像

本文提出虚拟源与合成孔径技术相结合的成像方法来实现对双层结构的内部缺陷成像。通过相控阵探头延时聚焦的方法在界面形成虚拟声源,并对有机玻璃/钢双层结构中的聚焦声场进行了仿真,结果显示聚焦声束穿过界面后形成扩散球面波,适合采用合成孔径聚焦技术成像。实验中采用128阵元探头对含有横穿孔缺陷的有机玻璃/钢样品进行测量和波形采集,应用自适应滤波方法抑制界面回波,最后对波形使用合成孔径聚焦成像,得到的图像比B扫描成像具有较高的信噪比和横向分辨率,并且分辨率不随深度变化。     

X射线相衬成像技术应用于高能量密度物理条件下内爆靶丸诊断

内爆压缩过程中多层球壳靶丸变化规律的研究是惯性约束聚变的核心内容. 利用相衬成像技术可以提高低Z材料分界面成像衬度的特点在神光Ⅱ大型激光装置上开展了相关研究. 实验通过激光打Ti靶和针孔点背光的方式产生4.75 keV的X射线微点源, 针对内爆压缩过程中的靶丸样品投影成像获得了清晰的多层球壳靶丸图像, 空间分辨率优于10 μm.同时利用一维流体力学数值模拟程序分析了球壳运动的过程, 实验结果与数值模拟结果符合较好.表明了X射线相衬成像技术在高能量密度物理环境下仍然能够提高低Z材料分界面的衬度,获得高质量的物理图像,能够广泛应用于可控聚变能源、 天体物理等前沿科学领域.     

CsI/MCP X射线阴极及其在低强度X射线影像仪中的应用

报道了X射线阴极的光电发射原理,给出CsI／MCPX射线阴极的制作方法。分析了反射式和透射式X射线阴极的量子效率和噪声特点,提出了改进工艺,给出CsI／MCP的输出特性和扫描电镜正面和剖面照片,且指出Lixiscope的发展以及在生物医学中的应用前景。     

A new structural model for the SiC(0 0 0 1)(3 × 3) surface derived from first principles studies

A new structural model with fluctuant Si-trimers and missing Si-adatom is proposed for Si-terminated 6H-SiC(0 0 0 1)(3 × 3) reconstruction. The atomic and electronic structures of the model are studied using first principles pseudopotential density-functional approach. The calculated surface electronic density of states coincides quantitatively with the experimental results of photoemission and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Based on the calculations, the Patterson map and scanning tunneling microscopic (STM) images simulated for the new model agree more satisfactorily with the experimental X-ray diffraction and STM observations than that for previously proposed models. The calculations of formation energies suggest that the new structure would be formed under the environment of dilute Si vapor around the surface in the preparation process.     

优化X射线同轴相位衬度成像的理论研究

采用同轴相位衬度成像方法，基于PGW理论获得的频域相位衬度传递函数，对于理想光源和多色X射线源，用计算机模拟分析了如何选择物像距离和空间频率以获取最佳相位衬度像。实际应用中要综合考虑具体成像实验装置对于物像距离的可调范围以及成像分辨率的要求。对于具有一定谱宽的X射线源，应选择谱宽尽量小的源，以获得含信息量丰富、分辨率高的图像。     

X射线相衬成像法在线表征冷冻靶技术

阐述了冷冻靶类球面物体X射线相衬成像机理;Tracepro软件模拟研究证明了X射线相衬成像法能用于冷冻靶燃料层参数的表征;研制了在线表征冷冻靶的X射线相衬成像实验装置,利用该装置开展了二乙烯基苯泡沫球壳及实际氘氘冷冻靶的X射线相衬成像实验研究,获得了玻璃微球内氘氘冷冻层X射线相衬图像,成像分辨力达1.5 m;利用X射线相衬成像法可同时表征烧蚀球壳及冷冻燃料层,为惯性约束聚变实验提供冷冻靶参数。     

A new method of spatial compounding imaging

A new method of spatial compound imaging is presented that improves image quality without the usual requirement to decrease the frame rate. The new method of imaging utilizes three transducers for data acquisition. The transducer located at the center of the transducer system is a phased array probe that acts as both transmitter and receiver. The other transducers are unfocused pistons that act only as receivers. Envelope data acquired by each transducer are combined to form a final image with improved quality (speckle contrast, target detectability and lateral resolution). It is shown that the improvement in speckle contrast depends on the correlation between individual images acquired by the transducers. The effective aperture approach is used for analytic estimation of the correlation between images in order to optimize the lateral separation between transducers. Using simulations, several compounding strategies have been performed to find the strategy that maximizes image quality. The central frequency of 2.5 MHz is used in simulations. Quantitative analysis of simulated B-mode images shows that the new method of imaging efficiently improves visibility, detectability, and lateral resolution of low contrast regions. The image frame rate is preserved because multiple scans are not required for the spatial compounding.     

Space-time encoding for high frame rate ultrasound imaging

Frame rate in ultrasound imaging can be dramatically increased by using sparse synthetic transmit aperture (STA) beamforming techniques. The two main drawbacks of the method are the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the motion artifacts, that degrade the image quality. In this paper we propose a spatio-temporal encoding for STA imaging based on simultaneous transmission of two quasi-orthogonal tapered linear FM signals. The excitation signals are an up- and a down-chirp with frequency division and a cross-talk of -55 dB. The received signals are first cross-correlated with the appropriate code, then spatially decoded and finally beamformed for each code, yielding two images per emission. The spatial encoding is a Hadamard encoding previously suggested by Chiao et al. [in: Proceedings of the IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1997, p. 1679]. The Hadamard matrix has half the size of the transmit element groups, due to the orthogonality of the temporal encoded wavefronts. Thus, with this method, the frame rate is doubled compared to previous systems. Another advantage is the utilization of temporal codes which are more robust to attenuation. With the proposed technique it is possible to obtain images dynamically focused in both transmit and receive with only two firings. This reduces the problem of motion artifacts. The method has been tested with extensive simulations using Field II. Resolution and SNR are compared with uncoded STA imaging and conventional phased-array imaging. The range resolution remains the same for coded STA imaging with four emissions and is slightly degraded for STA imaging with two emissions due to the -55 dB cross-talk between the signals. The additional proposed temporal encoding adds more than 15 dB on the SNR gain, yielding a SNR at the same order as in phased-array imaging.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of structural disordering and forming defects in a milling process for selenium

In our previous paper, structural changes of selenium powders ground by a planetary ball mill at various rotational speeds were investigated for the nanostructural modification of particles using mechanical grinding process. The experimental results indicated that the amorphisation of Se by grinding accompanies lattice strain, and the lattice strain arises from impact energy which is more than an energy related to intermolecular interaction. In this paper, molecular dynamics simulations of selenium have been carried out under compressing conditions of various pressure strengths for obtaining information of the lattice strain at atomic level. Then, dynamical behaviour of atomic configuration has been discussed in this process. The structural disordering and formation of the structural defects were estimated by deviations of bond length and angle and the number of created defects before and after compressing from simulated results. The disordering took place during compressing at various pressure strengths, and the disordered atoms return to their initial positions at lower pressure. Stable disordered state and defects after the compression can however remain by compression at more than a certain pressure strength mainly associated with binding energy of selenium.     

电导率各向异性金属薄板感应式磁声图像的仿真

为了给金属薄板感应式磁声(MAT-MI)成像算法的研究提供数据源,提出一种电导率各向异性金属薄板表面MAT-MI图像的数值仿真方法。建立含缺陷的电导率各向异性金属薄板仿真模型,并将其置于静磁场中。将通入交变电流的折线线圈置于金属薄板上方,对金属薄板在静磁场和交变磁场共同作用下产生的感应涡流以及声源(即洛伦兹力)进行数值仿真,得到金属薄板表面波位移分布的灰度图像。仿真实验结果表明,根据表面波位移在缺陷处迅速衰减的特性,可从图像中准确地识别并定位金属薄板表面的缺陷。忽略金属材料的电导率各向异性会降低成像质量,进而导致对缺陷的误判。通过提高表面波位移信号的信噪比可改善成像质量。减小提高距离或增大激励电流频率,可提高系统对微小缺陷和不规则缺陷检测的分辨力。