电芬顿降解苯乙酮过程中有机物三维荧光特征的变化规律

采用荧光光谱技术检测分析了苯乙酮在电芬顿处理过程中的三维荧光光谱特征变化规律,研究了苯乙酮的三维荧光特征及其指纹特征,对苯乙酮去除率和荧光峰强度变化进行线性拟合研究.结果表明,苯乙酮具有两个荧光峰,分别在λEx/Em=270/305 nm(Peak A)和λEx/Em=215/305 nm(Peak B)处,且荧光指纹...     

垃圾渗滤液水溶性有机物荧光谱特性研究

选取不同填埋年限的垃圾渗滤液样品,利用荧光检测技术,分析了渗滤液水溶性有机物(DOM)组成变化。DOM荧光同步扫描光谱表明,在填埋的0～5年,结构简单的化合物在较短波长(335,385 nm)的特征峰荧光强度急剧降低,而在5～10年的降低幅度较小。DOM三维荧光光谱显示,填埋0年,垃圾渗滤液DOM产生2个类蛋白荧光峰(Ex/Em = 270 nm/355.5 nm和Ex/Em=220 nm/350 nm);而填埋5年后,类蛋白荧光峰消失,形成2个分子结构复杂的类富里酸荧光峰(Ex/Em=330 nm/412.5 nm和Ex/Em=250 nm/416.5 nm),表明DOM分子中简单化合物减少,缩合度高的化合物增加。而后随着填埋时间的推移,DOM成分相对稳定,以富里酸类物质为主,但其数量及芳构化程度则呈增加的趋势。以上结果证实,随着填埋年限的增加,DOM分子呈复杂化趋势。     

保定府河溶解性有机质三维荧光光谱分析(英文)

利用三维荧光光谱法(3D-EEM)研究了保定府河溶解性有机质(DOM)的荧光特性,根据三维荧光光谱图中荧光峰的位置、数量及强度变化,荧光峰之间的相关性,初步判断荧光物质的类别、分布和来源。府河水体溶解性有机质主要有类蛋白质和类溶解性微生物代谢产物两类,类蛋白荧光峰Ex/Em=225~230/340nm(A);类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光峰Ex/Em=275/340~350nm(B)。不同采样时间和采样点,府河水体基本上都存在类蛋白荧光峰和类溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光峰。分析各荧光峰强度与水质指标相关性发现,两荧光峰之间呈显著性相关,表明研究区域中类蛋白质和类溶解性微生物代谢产物具有同源性;DOM两类荧光峰与COD,TN,TP,NH3-N呈显著正相关,表明通过两类荧光峰强度可推测府河污染程度,为府河污染防治和沿河流域生态环境治理提供参考。     

藻类内源产生有色溶解有机物的吸收和三维荧光特性研究

利用吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析(EEM-PARAFAC) 方法,研究了海洋中常见的四种硅藻、两种甲藻藻液的CDOM的光吸收性质和三维荧光特性。吸收光谱测定结果表明在六种藻类生长过程中,旋链角毛藻、三角褐指藻、小新月菱形藻和盐生舟行藻四种硅藻以及东海原甲藻和裸甲藻两种甲藻的α(355)分别增加了64.8%,242.3%,535.1%,903.2%,836.0%和196.4%。表征CDOM分子量和类腐殖质组分比例的Sg呈下降趋势,分别降低了8.7%, 34.6%, 39.4%, 53.1%, 46.7%和35.7%。在三维荧光光谱测定中检测出小新月菱形藻和盐生舟行藻两种硅藻藻滤液的CDOM包括三种类腐殖质组分和一种类蛋白质组分：C1(Ex/Em=350(260) nm/450 nm),C2(Ex/Em=260(430) nm/525 nm),C3(Ex/Em=325 nm/400 nm)和C4(Ex/Em=275 nm/325 nm)。随着藻类的生长,小新月菱形藻和盐生舟行藻藻滤液的CDOM荧光强度分别增加了8.68,24.9,7.19,39.8倍和2.64,0.07,4.39,12.4倍,经过相关性分析表明各组分的荧光强度与α(355)和Sg之间均表现为良好的相关性。综上研究结果表明不论是甲藻还是硅藻,在生长过程中藻类内源所产生的CDOM的含量及分子量均表现为上升趋势,且硅藻类相比甲藻增长变化更为明显。在CDOM的组成中,类腐殖质成分随藻类生长所占比重同步增大,类蛋白质组分增长缓慢。另外通过该研究可以发现不同种类的藻所产生的CDOM的吸收光谱有明显差异,由三维荧光光谱得到的不同荧光组分强度也因藻种不同而不同,说明不同藻种在天然海水中对CDOM的贡献有很大区别。     

藻类内源产生有色溶解有机物的吸收和三维荧光特性研究（英文）

利用吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析(EEM-PARAFAC)方法,研究了海洋中常见的四种硅藻、两种甲藻藻液的CDOM的光吸收性质和三维荧光特性。吸收光谱测定结果表明在六种藻类生长过程中,旋链角毛藻、三角褐指藻、小新月菱形藻和盐生舟行藻四种硅藻以及东海原甲藻和裸甲藻两种甲藻的α(355)分别增加了64.8%,242.3%,535.1%,903.2%,836.0%和196.4%。表征CDOM分子量和类腐殖质组分比例的Sg呈下降趋势,分别降低了8.7%,34.6%,39.4%,53.1%,46.7%和35.7%。在三维荧光光谱测定中检测出小新月菱形藻和盐生舟行藻两种硅藻藻滤液的CDOM包括三种类腐殖质组分和一种类蛋白质组分:C1(Ex/Em=350(260)nm/450nm),C2(Ex/Em=260(430)nm/525nm),C3(Ex/Em=325nm/400nm)和C4(Ex/Em=275nm/325nm)。随着藻类的生长,小新月菱形藻和盐生舟行藻藻滤液的CDOM荧光强度分别增加了8.68,24.9,7.19,39.8倍和2.64,0.07,4.39,12.4倍,经过相关性分析表明各组分的荧光强度与α(355)和Sg之间均表现为良好的相关性。综上研究结果表明不论是甲藻还是硅藻,在生长过程中藻类内源所产生的CDOM的含量及分子量均表现为上升趋势,且硅藻类相比甲藻增长变化更为明显。在CDOM的组成中,类腐殖质成分随藻类生长所占比重同步增大,类蛋白质组分增长缓慢。另外通过该研究可以发现不同种类的藻所产生的CDOM的吸收光谱有明显差异,由三维荧光光谱得到的不同荧光组分强度也因藻种不同而不同,说明不同藻种在天然海水中对CDOM的贡献有很大区别。     

嘉陵江重庆段沉积物中腐殖酸的特性研究

从嘉陵江不同河段沉积物中提取腐殖酸,采用元素分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和荧光光谱对腐殖酸的化学组成和结构特征进行研究.元素分析显示,腐殖酸样品的H/C,O/C和C/N摩尔比具有明显差别,说明其化学组成和结构特征存在差异.FTIR分析显示,腐殖酸样品的官能团结构相似,含有大量的羧基、羟基、羰基等活性官能团,芳香族结构特征显著.三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)显示,腐殖酸样品在Ex/Em=270/390 nm和Ex/Em=230/350 nm附近出现两个特征峰a和b,其荧光强度Ia/Ib=1.31～2.53,揭示其含有多种类型的荧光发色基团.荧光指数f450/500=1.43～1.53,表明腐殖酸主要以陆源输入为主.     

石油污染水体荧光图谱特征分析

石油类物质对水体吸收系数的影响主要通过黄色物质(CDOM)体现出来,CDOM和石油类物质皆具有荧光基团,如果两者的荧光图谱各自特征明显的话,那么有望利用荧光技术分离出水中石油物质和CDOM各自对水体总吸收系数的贡献,从而提高水体石油类物质含量的遥感反演精度。以大连周边海水和山区水库水为自然水体本底,分别与取自采油污水厂和炼油污水厂的污水进行混合配比,利用试验数据分析了仅含CDOM、含油与CDOM混合、仅含石油三种水样的荧光图谱特征,旨在为利用荧光技术分离出水中石油物质和CDOM各自对水体总吸收系数的贡献提供依据。分析结果表明：(1)自然水体中,海水的CDOM具有三个典型荧光峰,分别位于Ex:225-230 nm/Em:320～330 nm,Ex:280 nm/Em:340 nm和Ex:225-240 nm/Em:430～470 nm,为海水叶绿素碎屑物所致;淡水具有两典型荧光峰,分别位于：Ex：240～260 nm/Em：420～450 nm和Ex：310～350 nm/Em：420～440 nm,为陆源物质所致;(2)用正己烷萃取后的仅含油水样,具有1～3个荧光峰,分别位于Ex: 220～240 nm/Em：320-340 nm,Ex:270～290 nm/Em：310～340 nm和Ex: 220～235 nm/Em：280～310 nm,为各自烃类成分所致;(3)在自然水体中混入油污水后,含油和CDOM的水样荧光图谱呈现出一个非常强的荧光峰,位于Ex：230～250 nm/Em：320～370 nm,为CDOM和石油类物质荧光成分共同作用所致。     

微生物接种堆肥胡敏酸三维荧光特性研究

为提高堆肥效率,试验采用接种微生物堆肥技术,通过对堆肥样品中胡敏酸三维荧光光谱特性进行动态分析,探讨了微生物接种对堆肥腐殖化进程的影响。在堆肥初期,胡敏酸只产生一个类富里酸荧光峰(peak a,Ex/Em为330/440)。在堆肥的336 h,与对照(RUN_ck)相比,接种微生物堆肥(RUN_mic)胡敏酸三维荧光光谱中类富里酸特征峰(peak a,Ex/Em约为350/440)荧光强度明显减少,而类胡敏酸荧光峰(peak b,Ex/Em约为390/470)强度则略有增加;并且peak a和peak b对应的激发、发射波长均有一定程度的红移。胡敏酸元素分析表明,堆肥336 h,RUN_ck胡敏酸分子中C/H和O/C依次增加9.68%和10.91%;RUN_mic中胡敏酸C/H和O/C依次增加了11.11%和20.37%,表明RUN_mic中胡敏酸分子缩合度明显。以上结果证实,接种微生物可明加快堆肥腐殖化进程,进而提高堆肥效率。     

天然及有机充填处理绿松石的荧光光谱研究

绿松石常见蓝色、绿色和杂色等颜色,其中蓝色和绿色者因颜色鲜艳,价值最高,因此绿松石优化处理品也多为蓝色和绿色。利用有机树脂对质松色浅的绿松石进行充填处理（简称“有机充填”）是目前最主要的绿松石优化处理方式,常见浸胶和注胶两种处理类型。采用基础宝石学测试、红外吸收光谱仪、三维荧光光谱仪和X射线荧光光谱仪等测试技术分别对天然绿松石、浸胶和注胶充填处理绿松石的宝石学特征及谱学特征进行了系统的对比分析和研究。研究结果显示,天然绿松石紫外灯长波下具中等至弱荧光,荧光强度与色调和致密程度相关,浸胶绿松石长波荧光强于相同颜色天然绿松石,注胶绿松石长、短波下均具有中等至弱荧光。浸胶绿松石的红外吸收光谱显示,除绿松石本身特征峰外,还可见1 739 cm-1附近ν(C═O)吸收峰和2 926和2 851 cm-1亚甲基的吸收峰,注胶绿松石除羰基及亚甲基吸收峰更强外,还可见1 508 cm-1处苯环骨架特征吸收峰。三维荧光光谱测试显示,天然蓝色绿松石具有一个Ex为370 nm的中等强度特征荧光峰、半峰宽约为100 nm,绿色、杂色系和低致密度绿松石荧光极弱;蓝色浸胶绿松石具有Ex为380～400 nm内的强对称荧光特征峰,绿色浸胶绿松石可见一较强的荧光特征峰,半峰宽约为80 nm;蓝色注胶绿松石具有两个Ex分别为278和390 nm附近的较弱强度荧光特征峰,绿色注胶绿松石具有中等强度的荧光峰、半峰宽约为150 nm,荧光峰区域范围增大可能因为含有较多有机物。结合X射线荧光光谱仪分析Fe对绿松石的荧光会产生一定抑制作用。绿松石荧光特征和三维荧光光谱测试作为无损检测技术,具有测试简便、快捷、有效的特点,对准确鉴定绿松石和有机充填处理品具有重要的现实意义。     

分散式农村污水基于三维荧光光谱和紫外-可见全波段吸收光谱的“聚类-回归”COD预测模型

基于三维荧光光谱与有机物特征荧光峰之间的关系,提出利用三维荧光光谱进行聚类,再针对不同类的水样利用紫外-可见全波段吸收光谱数据建立COD预测模型的技术路线。比较分析了平行因子分析（PARAFAC）算法和荧光体积积分（FRI）算法两种不同的光谱分析方法,再使用模糊c-均值（FCM）算法进行聚类,并完成了不同类水样的COD预测模型的建立。研究的水样采集于江苏省常熟市周边的农村区域,样品均来自不同的分散式农村生活污水处理装置出水,共100个实验水样;将测得的水样三维荧光光谱数据经过去散射预处理后利用PARAFAC算法和FRI算法分别提取荧光特征数据;之后,利用FCM聚类算法进行相似性聚类;最后,利用偏最小二乘（PLS）算法建立水样的紫外-可见全波段吸收光谱和COD之间的回归和预测模型,并使用决定系数和均方根误差对模型的预测精度进行评价。研究结果表明：未分类、使用FRI、使用PARAFAC算法提取荧光特征信息后再预测的模型的平均决定系数R2分别为0.632,0.819和0.906;平均均方根误差RMSE分别为27.857,23.621和13.071。聚类后的回归和预测精度均得到显著提升,且使用PARAFAC算法提取荧光特征信息后再建模具有最高的预测精度,相比于未分类预测模型的R2提高了0.274。本研究提出的基于三维荧光光谱联合紫外可见全波段吸收光谱,采用“PARAFAC-FCM-PLS”组合算法构建的COD预测模型,可以有效的提高COD的预测精度,为高精度的水质在线监测提供了一种新的思路。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.