球磨法对不同基质上转换发光的影响

分别利用高温固相法和高能球磨法,在反应温度为1 100 ℃、反应时间为2 h的条件下合成了以Y₂O₃、La₂O₃、LiTaO₃为基质的双掺和三掺Tm³⁺、Er³⁺、Yb³⁺发光粉。XRD测试结果表明,高能球磨法制备的Y₂O₃、La₂O₃、LiTaO₃材料的相纯度高于高温固相法。用980 nm红外激光分别对两种合成方法制得的样品粉末进行发光性质的检测,结果表明高能球磨法制得样品的发光强度高于高温固相法样品。不同基质样品的上转换发光性质表现为：Tm³⁺、Yb³⁺掺杂呈蓝光;Er³⁺、Yb³⁺掺杂呈黄光;Tm³⁺、Er³⁺、Yb³⁺三掺样品的发光减弱,颜色可调。     

Yb~(3+)/Tm~(3+)共掺杂Sb_2O_4荧光粉的制备及上转换发光性质研究

高温固相法制备了Yb3+/Tm3+共掺的Sb2O4发光粉体,研究了其上转换发光性质。在980nm半导体激光器的激发下,样品发射较强的近红外(800nm)和较弱的蓝色(480nm)及红色(680nm)上转换发光。粉末样品中稀土Yb3+及Tm3+浓度对上转换发光性质具有显著的影响,随着Yb3+或Tm3+浓度的增加,上转换发光增强;Tm3+掺杂浓度达0.8%时其上转换发光强度达到最大,之后上转换发光随Tm3+浓度的增加而减弱,这是由于浓度猝灭引起的。探讨了粉末样品的上转换发光机理,在980nm激发下Tm3+的蓝光和近红外上转换发光均属于二光子的上转换发光过程。     

Yb3+和Er3+共掺杂的Y2O3,Y2O2S和NaYS2粉末材料的上转换发光

在980 nm LED激光器激发下,研究了Yb3+-Er3+共掺杂的Y2O3,Y2O2S和NaYS2粉末材料的上转换发射特性。比较了Y2O3∶0.20 Yb3+,0.03Er3+和Y2O2S∶0.20 Yb3+,0.03Er3+以及NaYS2:0.20 Yb3+,0.03Er3+粉末样品的上转换发光光谱,探讨了Er3+上转换发射对基质的依赖性,分析了S2--Yb3+和S2--Er3+电荷转移态对Yb3+-Er3+间能量传递和能级间跃迁几率的影响,借助于能级图解释了在不同基质中Yb3+-Er3+间的能量传递和Er3+的上转换发光机制。     

Er3+,Yb3+共掺杂NaGd（MoO4）2荧光粉的发光特性

采用高温固相法制备了Er3+,Yb3+共掺杂的NaGd(MoO4)2荧光粉,通过X射线衍射对样品的物相结构进行了分析,采用荧光光谱手段对样品的下转换发光特性和上转换发光特性进行了研究。通过对激发、发射光谱的分析,发现基质到Er3+存在有效的能量传递。通过对样品上转换发光光谱的分析,发现在不同Yb3+掺杂浓度样品中,红光和绿光上转换发光均为双光子过程,并对样品上转换发光强度与LD泵浦电流和掺杂离子浓度的关系进行了讨论。     

掺杂浓度对BaGd_2ZnO_5∶Er~(3+)/Yb~(3+)荧光粉上转换发光的影响

采用传统高温固相法合成了一个系列不同Er3+浓度单掺的BaGd2ZnO5荧光粉和两个系列分别改变Er3+、Yb3+浓度的共掺杂BaGd2ZnO5荧光粉.采用X射线衍射对得到荧光粉的晶体结构进行了分析,证实所有产物均为纯相BaGd2ZnO5,掺杂浓度的变化未引起晶相改变.采用980nm激光作为激发源,在同样条件下测量了不同稀土掺杂浓度样品的上转换发射光谱.实验发现Er3+单掺杂样品的绿色上转换发光强于红色上转换发光;当Yb3+浓度为20%,不同Er3+浓度共掺杂样品的红色上转换发光强于绿色发射上转换发射;而固定Er3+浓度为5%,不同Yb3+浓度样品的红色和绿色上转换发射强度均较强.研究了不同稀土离子掺杂浓度样品的上转换发光强度与激光器工作电流(即不同激发功率密度)的关系,通过分析发现所有样品的红色和绿色上转换发光均为双光子过程.计算了不同稀土掺杂浓度样品的色坐标,发现掺杂浓度对样品色坐标具有较大影响,通过调整掺杂浓度可对色坐标进行调整.     

Er3+单掺和Er3+/Yb3+共掺碲酸盐玻璃的光谱性质及能量传递

采用高温熔融法制备了新型Er3+单掺和Er3 +/Yb3+共掺的TeO2-Bi2O3-SiO2-B2O3玻璃,测试并分析了样品的吸收光谱、发射光谱以及Er3 +/Yb3共掺杂样品的发射光谱和荧光寿命.计算出了玻璃的J-O强度系数Ωt(t=2,4,6);系统讨论了Er3+/Yb3+共掺杂样品在808 nm激光激发下,Yb...     

Yb3+掺杂浓度对Er3+/Yb3+共掺SiO2-Al2O3-La2O3玻璃光谱性质的影响

测量了不同Yb3+ 离子掺杂浓度下 ,Er3+ /Yb3+ 共掺SiO2 Al2 O3 La2O3玻璃的吸收光谱、荧光光谱和Yb3+离子2 F5/ 2 的能级寿命 ,应用迈克康伯 (McCumber)理论计算了Er3+ 的受激发射截面σemi,讨论了Yb3+ 离子浓度对其自身吸收性质、Er3+ 离子发光性质 ,以及Yb3+ →Er3+ 能量传递效率 (η)的影响 ,初步探明该基质玻璃中Yb3+ 离子掺杂数浓度的最佳范围为 3 .94× 1 0 2 0 cm- 3至 5 .92× 1 0 2 0 cm- 3,在此掺杂范围内 ,Yb3+ 离子的最大吸收系数为9.8cm- 1 ,Er3+ 的峰值发射截面和Yb3+ →Er3+ 能量传递效率 (η)分别为 0 64× 1 0 - 2 4 m2 和 92 %。     

Tm3+/Yb3+共掺碲酸盐玻璃的近红外发光及能量传递机理

采用高温熔融法制备了组分为TeO2-ZnO-Na2O的Tm3+离子单掺和Tm3+/Yb3+共掺碲酸盐玻璃,应用Judd-Ofelt理论计算分析了玻璃样品的强度参量Ωt(t=2,4,6),自发辐射跃迁几率A,荧光分支比β和荧光辐射寿命τrad等光谱参量,测量得到了不同Yb3+离子掺杂浓度下玻璃样品的Tm3+离子上转换发光谱.结果显示,在980nm泵浦光激励下玻璃样品发射出强烈的近红外上转换荧光.对Tm3+离子上转换发光分析表明,强烈的Tm3+离子近红外上转换发光主要来自于Yb3+/Yb3+离子间的共振能量传递以及基于单声子和双声子辅助的Yb3+/Tm3+离子间的非共振能量传递过程,并进一步计算得到了声子贡献比和能量传递系数.最后,计算分析了Tm3+∶3 F4→3 H6能级间跃迁的1.8μm波段吸收截面、受激发射截面和增益系数.研究表明,Yb3+/Tm3+共掺TeO2-ZnO-Na2O玻璃可以作为近红外波段固体激光器的潜在增益基质.     

Gd~(3+),Tm~(3+)和Yb~(3+)掺杂的Y_2O_3微晶中Gd~(3+)离子的紫外上转换发光及其增强的研究

采用均相沉淀法制备了Y(OH)3微米颗粒,经1 100℃焙烧后制备出具有上转换发光性质的Yb3+-Tm3+-Gd3+共掺的Y2O3微米晶体,讨论了Yb3+-Tm3+-Gd3+在Y2O3中能量传递过程及壳层对发光强度的影响。980 nm近红外光激发下的上转换光谱表明,在Yb3+-Tm3+-Gd3+共掺Y2O3体系中,核-壳结构大幅提高了Gd3+离子和Tm3+离子的上转换发光强度,尤其是样品在紫外发光部分的增强相比于可见和红外光部分更为明显。同时,通过研究Tm3+和Gd3+在不同波段的发光强度与泵浦功率的关系探讨了氧化物中上转换发光的机制。     

970nm抽运下Er3+/Yb3+/Tm3+共掺碲酸盐玻璃的发光特性

研究了Er3+/Yb3+共掺、Tm3+/Yb3+共掺、Er3+/Yb3+/Tm3+共掺碲酸盐玻璃在970nm抽运下的荧光光谱和上转换光谱性质，测试了Er3+离子的4I11/2和4I13/2能级荧光寿命变化情况.结果发现Er3+/Yb3+/Tm3+共掺碲酸盐玻璃的常规荧光谱线在1450—1700nm区域明显加宽，并在1630nm有一荧光峰，可能是Tm3+：1G4→3F2跃迁产生.上转换发光研究表明，由于碲酸盐玻璃声子能量低的缘故，三种共掺系统下都存在上转换发光现象.在Er3+/Yb3+/Tm3+共掺中，上转 关键词： Er3+/Yb3+/ Tm3+共掺 碲酸盐玻璃 荧光 上转换光谱     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.