一种显示器颜色特性的反向查找新方法

根据实验的数据建立了CRT的设备颜色空间(RGB空间)与标准颜色空间(CIELAB空间)之间的颜色特性转换模型。通过分析大量的实验测量数据,以改进的三维查找表形式建立了RGB和L*a*b*之间的正逆转换关系。其中正向查找表的建立是按照三维线性的插值方法,逆向查找表的建立则利用一种插值和迭代相结合的新方法,使L*a*b*查找到较为准确的RGB值。通过用标准图像的的随机误差检验,其转换的平均色差ΔE为0.9286色差单位。     

彩色视觉装置的颜色校正对比实验研究

鉴于利用彩色视觉装置进行在线测量是颜色测量在工业应用发展的趋势,而光源的光谱分布和相机响应函数与人眼的光谱响应曲线的不一致会严重影响测量的精确性,在人工D65光源和LED阵列光源照明下,利用相同的工业相机获取校正图片,采用多项式回归方法在与设备无关空间sRGB和CIEL*a*b*空间进行校正。实验结果显示在校正前平均色差分别为27.68E和16.09E,人工D65光源照明下获取的图片色差较小,校正后不同光源下获取图片的色度趋于一致,分别为2.56E和2.39E。采用sRGB颜色空间,在校正精度、校正步骤、图片显示等方面都要优于CIEL*a*b*空间。以一幅拍摄的实际图片校正为例,显示了色度校正对彩色装置的重要性。     

实测反射率与影像反射率对土壤碱化预测的对比分析

以新疆奇台绿洲碱化土壤及其可见光/近红外光谱反射率为研究对象,通过实地定点土壤取样和光谱测量,将碱化土壤的实测反射率与同期获取的TM影像反射率相对照,分析二者与土壤pH值的关系,分别建立对土壤pH值的多元线性回归预测模型并对模型精度进行后验差检验。结果表明:研究区土壤pH值与反射率呈极显著的正相关关系,pH值增加,反射率随之增加,以板结为特征的碱化土壤对光谱具有良好的响应特性。实测反射率与影像反射率对研究区碱化土壤均具有良好的监测潜力。实测反射率预测pH值的模型精度较高,其预测精度主要受地表板结程度的影响。植被对TM反射率预测精度的影响较大,直接用TM反射率预测pH值精度较低,去除植被影响后,其预测模型等级与实测反射率预测模型等级接近,均达到良。     

颜色视觉匹配中显示器颜色色差阈值的评价

为了对阴极射线管(Cathode ray tube,CRT)显示器颜色恰可辨别的小色差阈值进行评价,在中性灰背景下,用编制的颜色匹配程序,在CRT显示器上随机产生颜色,分别调节程序中R、G、B通道的值,使匹配色与随机色达到视觉上的一致,进行颜色视觉匹配实验,测量CRT显示器上随机色和匹配色的L*a*b*值.用不同的色差公式对实验数据分别从明度、色调、饱和度进行比较分析,色差公式评价小色差的性能是CIEDE2000优于CMC(2∶1)和CIEL*a*b*.在a*b*图上绘制实验颜色恰可辨别图.不同色差公式计算的CRT显示器恰可辨别小色差阈值不同.     

基于高光谱散射特征的牛肉品质参数的预测研究

研究利用光谱散射特性预测牛肉的pH值、嫩度和颜色。使用高光谱成像系统,获取400～1 100 nm波长范围内新鲜牛肉表面的高光谱散射图像,预测牛肉的品质参数。提取高光谱图像在400～1 100 nm波长范围内的散射特征,利用洛伦兹分布函数,拟合各个波长处的散射曲线,获取不同波长散射曲线的洛伦兹函数参数。使用逐步回归方法,选择优化波长及其相应的拟合参数,建立多元线性回归模型预测牛肉的品质参数,使用全交叉验证方法评价模型性能。对嫩度的预测相关系数达到0.86,预测标准差为11.7 N,分级准确率达到91%;pH值的预测相关系数为0.86,预测标准差为0.07;对颜色参数L*, a*, b*的预测相关系数分别达到0.92, 0.90和0.88,预测标准差分别为0.90,1.34和0.41。研究结果表明,利用光谱散射特征可以较好的预测牛肉的品质参数。     

基于数码相片和颜色空间转换的滨海土壤盐渍化定量估算

土壤盐渍化是土壤退化的重要原因之一,快速精确地监测土壤盐渍化对农业可持续发展和生态环境保护有积极作用。提出一种基于数码相片的滨海地区表层土壤盐分的定量估算方法,旨在复杂天气状况下快捷方便的获取土壤盐分信息。以江苏盐城沿海地区裸露地表土壤作为研究对象,在晴天和多云天气下全天时采样和拍照获取52个土壤样本和相片。土壤样品通过室内测试获取土壤电导率（EC）,pH值和土壤含水量等参数。利用RStudio软件对土壤相片进行处理,首先从相片中提取RGB三种颜色参数,再通过颜色空间转换关系计算另外5种颜色空间（HIS,CIEXYZ,CIELAB,CIELUV和CIELCH）,每个颜色空间有三个颜色参数,加上RGB颜色空间共有18个颜色参数,其中CIELAB,CIELUV和CIELCH中L参量表示的意义和数值相同,因此6个颜色空间共有16个颜色参数。土壤电导率与颜色参数相关分析结果表明,相片颜色的纯度和亮度与土壤电导率之间的相关系数较高,并达到了极显著水平,相片颜色的色相与土壤电导率之间的相关性较低,且未达到显著水平。随机抽取70%的样本数据并用随机森林方法对土壤盐分含量进行建模,采用留一法（LOOCV）进行交叉验证,再用余下30%的样本数据进行精度检验,重复100次以获取精度最高的模型。最终获取估算土壤盐分的随机森林模型,验证集数据的模型精度达到R2_val=0.75,RMSE_val=3.52,RPD_val=2.02。对颜色参数进行重要性分析发现,颜色纯度对模型的重要性最大,其次是颜色亮度,色相的贡献较小。综上,利用数码相机获取表层土壤相片,通过颜色空间转换得到的颜色参数为有效估算滨海土壤盐分含量提供一个新思路。该研究对近地表参数定量估算提供了新视角,将来结合无人机平台能够为精准农业和滨海生态环境的精准管理提供技术支持和有效手段。     

GA-BP神经网络结合PCA的多基色颜色预测模型

颜色分区法是简化多基色颜色复制的主要方法,本研究以3基色为组将7基色色空间分成6个子空间,结合主成分分析(PCA)对分区内颜色样本的光谱反射率降维,通过3层BP神经网络,建立样本网点面积率与多基色复制色光谱反射率的转换模型,并通过遗传算法(GA)对神经网络权值阈值进行优化,提高多基色复制的颜色预测精度.实验结果表明,在各分区训练样本数为64、检测样本数为216时,GA-BP神经网络模型颜色预测的平均色差(△Eab*)为1.669,光谱均方根误差(RMSE)为0.7％,预测精度和稳定性均高于BP神经网络模型和胞元Neugebauer模型.最后,将训练样本数为64的GA-BP模型与训练样本数量为125,216,343的BP神经网络模型(平均△Eab*分别为3.267,2.776,2.175,光谱RMSE为0.97％,0.79％,0.76％)进行了比较,结果表明训练样本数为64的GA-BP模型的预测精度与训练样本数量为343的BP神经网络模型相当.GA-BP模型仅需少量样本即可实现高精度的颜色预测,在应用中具有良好的可移植性.     

LCD液晶显示器的颜色特性研究

定量描述了液晶显示器的颜色特性以及对显示彩色图像的影响。在实验测量的基础上,得到了LCD液晶显示器的颜色特性数据。以3D LUT方法建立了设备颜色空间RGB与标准颜色空间L a b 之间的近似转换模型。通过分析比较它们的色域边界特性,了解了与CRT显示器颜色色域的差异以及影响显示彩色图像时颜色失真的特点。     

顾及土壤湿度的土壤有机质高光谱预测模型传递研究

高光谱遥感技术作为当前遥感发展的前沿科技,通过电磁波与地物的相互作用,可以定量反演地物的物理化学性质。土壤有机质是重要的土壤养分信息参数,利用高光谱遥感技术快速获取其含量信息可以为精准农业的发展提供必要的数据支撑。然而,由于受到外部参数差异的干扰,导致建模精度降低的同时,还会造成已有模型传递性的“失效”。为了消除湿度差异的干扰,进一步拓展已有模型的适用空间,以江汉平原滨湖地区为例,通过对95个土壤样本进行加湿处理,在实验室自然风干的条件下,量测得到13套不同湿度等级土壤样本的可见—近红外反射光谱数据,建立了各湿度等级下土壤有机质的光谱反演模型,研究水分差异对建模精度的影响;在此基础上,运用Direct Standardization(DS)算法对湿土光谱进行校正,进而探讨该算法在提高模型传递性能方面的潜力。结果表明：基于风干土光谱建立的模型预测精度最高,未经校正的湿土光谱无法通过该模型进行土壤有机质含量预测,预测偏差在-8.34～3.32 g·kg-1,RPD在0.64～2.04;经过DS算法校正后的湿土光谱可以通过该模型进行土壤有机质含量预测,预测偏差降低至0,RPD值提高至7.01。研究表明DS算法能有效降低湿度差异对光谱反演土壤有机质的影响,使土壤有机质光谱反演模型适用于不同水分含量的土壤样本。     

基于中国颜色体系的色差公式分析

CIE均匀颜色空间及利用色差公式对色差进行计算对彩色复制品的评价具有很关键的作用。利用中国颜色体系在视觉上为等色差系统以及色调、彩度和明度可以单独改变的特性,分别从色调、彩度、明度三方面对CIEL*a*b*、CMC(l:c)、CIE94、CIEDE2000色差公式进行了比较分析。结果表明:用各色差公式计算出的平均色差值是不同的,它们的均匀性也不同。需要针对不同的明度、彩度、色调选择使用不同的色差公式。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.