Ti-45at.% Al合金定向凝固过程中显微组织演化的计算机模拟

采用基于溶质扩散控制模型CA方法对Ti-45at.% Al合金定向凝固过程中显微组织演化过程进行了数值模拟.模拟结果表明,在温度梯度较高时,初生晶核间距无论大小,均可通过分枝或竞争生长而使一次胞晶/枝晶间距得到调整.在抽拉速度一定情况下,随着温度梯度增加,胞晶/枝晶间距减小,在温度梯度一定情况下,随着抽拉速度增大,观察到胞晶/枝晶混合结构,混合结构区随温度梯增大而增大,模拟结果与实验观察相符合. 关键词： Ti-45at.% Al合金 定向凝固 组织演化 数值模拟     

晶体取向对定向凝固平界面失稳行为的影响

采用丁二腈-丙酮透明模型合金研究了不同晶体取向的晶粒在定向凝固条件下的平界面失稳过程.实验选择了三个界面失稳后具有不同生长形态的典型晶粒作为研究对象, 分别为择优生长枝晶、倾斜枝晶和海藻晶.结果表明可发展为择优生长枝晶的晶粒的平界面失稳孕育时间和初始扰动波长最小,海藻晶次之, 倾斜枝晶最大,这与以往的解析结果和相场模拟结果一致. 同时,实验观察发现可发展为择优生长枝晶和倾斜枝晶的晶粒的界面非稳态演化过程与海藻晶显著不同,这表明平界面失稳的非稳态演化过程与晶体取向相关.     

各向异性表面张力对深胞晶界面形态稳定性的影响

应用匹配渐近展开法和多变量展开法研究各向异性表面张力对定向凝固中深胞晶界面形态稳定性的影响, 通过寻找定向凝固系统的模式解获得了深胞晶界面形态满足的量子化条件. 结果表明, 与各向同性的定向凝固系统中深胞晶界面形态稳定性比较, 考虑各向异性表面张力的定向凝固中深胞晶生长界面形态也有两种整体不稳定性机制: 整体波动不稳定性和低频不稳定性. 随着各向异性表面张力的增加, 中性模式产生强振荡的枝晶结构的整体波动不稳定性的不稳定区域减小, 中性模式产生弱振荡的胞晶结构的低频不稳定性的不稳定区域增加.     

对流作用下枝晶形貌演化的数值模拟和实验研究

合金凝固过程中存在于枝晶尖端液相区的强制对流和自然对流均能改变溶质扩散层厚度,从而会对枝晶形貌产生较大影响.在元胞自动机模型基础上,耦合液体流动方程、热传导方程和溶质对流扩散方程,建立了新的计算微观组织演化的数值模型,并利用该模型研究了强制对流和自然对流对枝晶生长的影响.三维数值模拟结果再现了强制对流作用下等轴枝晶的生长过程,揭示了强制对流对枝晶生长速率和尖端半径的影响特点.同时利用该模型模拟了NH₄Cl-H₂O溶液定向凝固过程中自然对流对柱状晶生长的影响,并采用相应的实验进行验证.模拟结果与实验结果符合良好,从而证明该模型是可靠的,可推广到实际合金系中. 关键词： 元胞自动机 对流 4Cl-H₂O溶液')" href="#">NH₄Cl-H₂O溶液 定向凝固     

切向流动作用下SCN-3wt% H2O枝晶定向生长过程研究

实时观察了切向流动作用下SCN-3wt% H₂O合金的定向凝固过程,研究了该合金枝晶生长方向、尖端半径、枝晶一次臂间距以及二次臂生长速度的变化规律.实验观察到能够代表枝晶尖端溶质边界层的“亮带”,该亮带在流动作用下的非对称性证实了切向流动能够改变枝晶前沿溶质的对称分布,使溶质边界层厚度沿背流侧向迎流侧逐渐减薄,枝晶生长发生迎流偏转,且偏转角度随抽拉速度的提高而减小.同时,流场与浓度场的耦合促进枝晶间的优胜劣汰,枝晶一次臂间距显著增大.固液界面处的强迫流动还能够引发相邻枝晶间环流,加速迎流处二次臂生长而抑制背流处生长. 关键词： 定向凝固 枝晶生长 切向流动     

定向凝固宏微观热质传递及双扩散流作用

针对氯化铵水溶液定向凝固实验,从枝晶微尺度到宏观尺度耦合模拟了相变热质传递过程,并考察了双扩散流的影响.研究结果表明,NH4CI-H2O溶液的枝晶微界面浓度变化与非平衡态的谢尔方程趋于一致.两相区内液相率较高,易于流动的产生;热浮升力形成逆时针回流,溶质浮升力形成顺时针回流;热浮升力作用大于溶质浮升力.但双扩散流几乎不影响凝固沿着结晶室高度方向进行的一维定向特性.数值模拟中低估了两相区的渗透率,是造成两相区厚度模拟结果小于实验值的原因.     

过冷熔体中枝晶生长的相场法数值模拟

利用相场法模拟了过冷纯金属熔体中的枝晶生长过程,研究了各向导性、界面动力学、热扩散和界面能对枝晶生长的影响.结果表明,热噪声可以促发侧向分支的形成,但不影响枝晶尖端的稳态行为;随着各向异性的增加,枝晶尖端生长速度增加,尖端半径减小;当界面动力学系数减小及在界面动力学系数小于1的条件下热扩散系数减小时,枝晶尖端生长速度随之减小,而尖端半径相应增大;界面能趋于增大枝晶尺度并保持界面在扰动下的稳定,界面能越大,形成侧向分支的趋势越小 关键词： 过冷 枝晶生长 相场法 数值模拟     

宏微观耦合模拟熔池不同区域中枝晶竞争生长过程

针对熔化焊过程建立了宏微观耦合模型,模拟了熔池内不同区域凝固过程中随机取向枝晶的竞争生长过程. 通过宏观三维有限元模型计算熔池中瞬态的传热传质过程,利用双线性插值算法将凝固参数传递给微观组织模型. 采用元胞自动机法模拟随机取向的枝晶在熔池凝固条件下的竞争生长过程. 模拟结果表明,所建立的微观模型能够精确模拟任意生长取向的枝晶. 凝固条件中最大温度梯度方向对枝晶竞争过程有明显选择作用,生长方向与最大温度梯度方向相同或接近的枝晶在竞争中具有更大优势. 焊缝中的晶粒组织由枝晶簇发展形成,晶粒组织的形貌演变取决于相邻枝晶簇之间的竞争过程,具有择优取向的枝晶簇会逐渐排挤非择优取向的枝晶簇并最终将其阻挡在凝固组织内部,宏观晶粒的取向与其内部枝晶簇的生长方向并不一定相同. 熔池中心线附近区域在焊接过程中具有更小的温度梯度、更大的凝固速率以及更大的局部冷却速率,凝固后可以获得更加细小的焊缝枝晶组织. 枝晶间距的模拟结果与相应凝固条件下的试验数据符合较好. 关键词： 焊接熔池 枝晶形貌 竞争生长 元胞自动机     

界面能各向异性对定向凝固枝晶生长的影响

采用元胞自动机 (cellular automaton, CA) 模型研究了界面能各向异性对二维定向凝固枝晶生长的影响. 模拟结果显示当晶体的择优生长方向与热流方向一致时, 随着界面能各向异性强度的增大, 凝固组织形态由弱界面能各向异性时的海藻晶转变为强界面能各向异性时的树枝晶. 同时, 界面能各向异性强度会影响稳态枝晶尖端状态的选择, 界面能各向异性越强, 定向凝固稳态枝晶尖端半径越小, 尖端界面前沿的液相浓度和过冷度越小. 稳态枝晶生长的尖端状态选择参数与界面能各向异性强度也存在标度律的指数关系, 而枝晶一次间距则受界面能各向异性强度影响较弱. 当晶体的择优生长方向与热流方向呈-40°夹角时随着界面能各向异性强度的增大, 凝固组织形态由海藻晶逐渐转变为退化枝晶, 后又逐渐转变为倾斜枝晶. 关键词： 元胞自动机 枝晶 界面能各向异性     

浓度相关的扩散系数对定向凝固枝晶生长的影响

采用定量相场模型模拟了定向凝固过程中浓度相关的扩散系数对枝晶生长的影响.模型中,通过在液相溶质扩散方程中耦合浓度相关的扩散系数实现了浓度依赖的扩散过程.一系列模拟结果证实了浓度相关的扩散过程对枝晶定向生长具有显著的影响.结果表明:溶质扩散系数对溶质浓度耦合强度的增加会增强枝晶间的溶质扩散对尖端排出的溶质原子横向扩散的抑制作用,造成枝晶尖端固-液界面处的溶质富集程度增加,从而增加尖端过冷度;液相中扩散系数的改变对枝晶的尖端半径影响较小,模拟结果与理论模型计算结果较好吻合;液相中溶质扩散系数对溶质浓度依赖性的增加会使侧向分枝的振幅逐渐减小;在对枝晶列的研究中发现,与溶质浓度相关的扩散系数会增加枝晶列的一次间距,降低稳态枝晶的尖端位置.因此,在浓质分配系数严重偏离1的体系中,对现有模型的定量实验检验应考虑浓度相关的扩散对尖端过冷度的影响.     

Dendritic sidebranches of a binary system with enforced flow

In the present paper, the problem of sidebranches in the binary dendritic growth with enforced flow is studied. The positions of the first sidebranch and spacing of dendritic sidebranches are presented. For the neutral stable mode of dendritic growth, effects of various parameters on sidebranches are analysed. Our result shows that sidebranches are produced behind a critical point ξ'_C.     

On low frequency sound transmission loss of double sidebranches: a comparison between theory and experiment

The sound power transmission losses of various sidebranches installed along a rectangular duct below the first cut-off frequency of the duct are studied experimentally. Special efforts are made to examine how accurately the plane-wave theory predicts the sound-power transmission loss. Four types of sidebranch impedance are established and their effects to the sound power transmission loss discussed. It is found that under the nonresonant conditions the plane-wave theory can give reasonable prediction when the branch separation is large or the original sound transmission loss of the corresponding single side-branch is weak. The theory always overestimates the sound transmission loss at resonant conditions but gives underestimation if the transmission loss is due to the noise breakout in the sidebranches, especially for short branch separation.     

The nature of the spectrum for a Landau Hamiltonian with delta impurities

We consider a single-band approximation to the random Schrödinger operator in an external magnetic field. The random potential consists of delta functions of random strengths situated on the sites of a regular two-dimensional lattice. We characterize the entire spectrum of this Hamiltonian when the magnetic field is sufficiently high. We show that the whole spectrum is pure point, the energy coinciding with the first Landau level in the absence of a random potential being infinitely degenerate, while the eigenfunctions corresponding to energies in the rest of the spectrum are localized.     

舰船辐射噪声模拟发射系统的设计研究

本文依据典型舰船噪声的频谱特性规律,设计研制了一套舰船辐射噪声发射系统实验样机,包括信号结构设计、换能器选择配置、系统构成设计等,本噪声模拟发射系统具有100Hz～16kHz频带噪声的模拟发射功能,包括线谱、连续谱成分,频谱分配和谱线形式可调可控,信号总声源级动态范围达60dB。     

Sound pressure in cylindrical shells with regular orthogonal system of stiffeners excited by a random fields of forces

To identify deterministic and random vibrations of a closed cylindrical shell with a regular orthogonal system of stiffeners (stringers and frames) the effective prediction method was worked out. This method is a generalization of the known method of space-harmonic expansion based on the theorem of Bloch-Floquet for a two-dimensional case. The method permits considering correctly the stiffener discreteness and their interaction with the shell through all the components of displacement. On the basis of the method worked out the task of determining the sound field inside the cylindrical volume bounded by the shell excited by the deterministic and random fields of external forces is solved. The high efficiency of the method permits making the prediction of the shell vibrations and of the sound pressure levels inside the volume with account for sound-insulating layers over a wide frequency range. Examples of predicting the strengthened shell vibrations at large aircraft fuselage parameters are given as well as the sound pressure levels inside it under the point force excitation and under excitation by the random field of wall pressure fluctuations of the turbulent boundary layer (within the limits of one of the representation of the space correlation spectrum).     

Current transport and mass separation for an asymmetric fluctuation system with correlated noises

We discuss the transport of an underdamped particle driven by an external fluctuation force in a spatially periodic asymmetric potential with correlated noises. The corresponding mathematical model is established. The movement of the steady current of an underdamped particle is presented by the method of the numerical simulation. It is indicated that the value of the current may be negative, zero, or positive. The external fluctuation force and correlated noises can effect the current direction. Under the appropriate parameters, the correlated noises intensity may even raise a reversal of the current.Besides, we have noticed a phenomenon that particles with different weight have different directions during movement by the impact of the correlated noises and external fluctuation force. Therefore, the Brownian particles can be effectively separated according to their masses.     

Negative optical inertia in optomechanical systems

A method of improving the sensitivity of laser-interferometer-based gravitational-wave detectors by using double (two-frequency) optical pumping is proposed. Proper selection of the optical parameters of each pump wave allows implementation of the so-called “negative inertia,” that is, an increase in the detector’s mechanical response to an external force in a wide frequency range, which is equivalent to the reduction of the inertial masses of the test bodies of the detector, while their gravitational masses remain the same. This effect allows overcoming the standard quantum limit of sensitivity for a free mass in a wide frequency range due to an enhanced signal response, rather than due to the mutual compensation of quantum noises, as in other methods. The advantage of the proposed method is its much higher immunity to the noise caused by optical losses as compared to schemes based on mutual compensation of quantum noises. A practical scheme of the gravitational-wave detector based on the “negative-inertia” effect is explored, and a set of optimal optical parameters facilitating achieving a maximum signal-to-noise ratio for the main types of astrophysical gravitational-wave sources is obtained.     

Correlation dimension analysis and capillary wave turbulence in Dragon-Wash phenomena

This paper describes the evolution of surface capillary waves of deep water excited by gradually increasing the lateral external force at a single frequency. The vertical velocities of the water surface are measured by using a Polytec Laser Vibrometer with a thin layer of aluminium powder scattering on the surface to reflect the laser beam. Nonlinear interaction processes result in a stationary Fourier spectrum of the vertical surface velocities （the same as the surface elevation）, i.e. Iω -ω^-3-5. The observed spectrum can be interpreted as a wave-turbulent Kolmogorov spectrum for the case of ‘narrowband pumping＇ for a direct cascade of energy. Correlation dimension analysis of the whole development process reveals four distinct stages during the wave structure development and identifies the wave turbulence stage.     

Near-eutectic Zn-Mg alloys: Interrelations of solidification thermal parameters,microstructure length scale and tensile/corrosion properties

Zn-Mg alloys are considered to have potential application in bone implants, since both metals are biocompatible and have biodegradable characteristics. Adding Mg to Zn can boost mechanical and corrosion resistances. However, the literature is very limited on quantifying the interrelation of solidification parameters, microstructural features and mechanical/corrosion properties of Zn-Mg alloys. The present study examines the interrelations of alloy Mg content, macrosegregation effects, morphology and scale of the matrix and eutectic phases, nature of intermetallics and tensile and corrosion properties of near-eutectic Zn-Mg alloys. The alloys samples are obtained by unsteady-state directional solidification resulting in a wide range of solidification thermal parameters and microstructures. We examine microstructural features of both dendritic and complex regular eutectic phases. It is shown that the eutectic exhibits a bimodal pattern with neighboring areas of coarse and fine lamellae. Experimental growth laws relating the primary, secondary and eutectic spacings to the solidification cooling rate and growth rate are proposed. Hall-Petch type equations are derived expressing tensile strength and elongation to dendritic and eutectic spacings. Electrochemical parameters determined by polarization curves during corrosion tests and SEM analyses of corroded areas have shown that the alloy having an essentially eutectic microstructure is associated with better corrosion resistance.