晶体取向对定向凝固枝晶生长的影响

采用类金属透明模型合金丁二腈-1.0 wt%乙醇(SCN-1.0 wt% Eth)合金, 考察了晶体取向对定向凝固过程中晶粒的平界面失稳孕育时间、枝晶形态演化以及枝晶一次间距的影响. 结果表明, 随着枝晶择优生长方向与温度梯度方向夹角的增大, 晶粒的平界面失稳孕育时间增加, 界面的稳定性增强; 对于不同晶体取向的枝晶形态演化, 枝晶择优生长方向与温度梯度方向夹角越大, 枝晶二次臂不对称生长越严重, 同时, 具有生长优势的枝晶二次臂对相邻枝晶的生长的抑制越强烈; 至于不同晶体取向的枝晶一次间距, 随着枝晶择优生长方向与温度梯度方向夹角的增大, 枝晶一次间距增大. 关键词： 定向凝固 平界面失稳 枝晶间距 晶体取向     

界面能各向异性对定向凝固枝晶生长的影响

采用元胞自动机 (cellular automaton, CA) 模型研究了界面能各向异性对二维定向凝固枝晶生长的影响. 模拟结果显示当晶体的择优生长方向与热流方向一致时, 随着界面能各向异性强度的增大, 凝固组织形态由弱界面能各向异性时的海藻晶转变为强界面能各向异性时的树枝晶. 同时, 界面能各向异性强度会影响稳态枝晶尖端状态的选择, 界面能各向异性越强, 定向凝固稳态枝晶尖端半径越小, 尖端界面前沿的液相浓度和过冷度越小. 稳态枝晶生长的尖端状态选择参数与界面能各向异性强度也存在标度律的指数关系, 而枝晶一次间距则受界面能各向异性强度影响较弱. 当晶体的择优生长方向与热流方向呈-40°夹角时随着界面能各向异性强度的增大, 凝固组织形态由海藻晶逐渐转变为退化枝晶, 后又逐渐转变为倾斜枝晶. 关键词： 元胞自动机 枝晶 界面能各向异性     

定向倾斜枝晶生长规律及竞争行为的相场法研究

采用多相场模型对定向凝固过程中倾斜枝晶生长进行了研究, 模拟了单一取向枝晶列的演化规律及不同取向枝晶列汇聚生长竞争淘汰行为. 结果表明, 枝晶尖端过冷度随倾斜角度的增大而增大, 即相同条件下倾斜枝晶尖端位置总是低于非倾斜枝晶; 汇聚生长时择优取向枝晶总是阻挡非择优取向枝晶, 但在抽拉速度较低时, 由于溶质扩散场的相互重叠, 晶界处择优取向枝晶的生长受到相邻非择优枝晶的影响而延缓, 这可能导致非择优取向枝晶淘汰择优取向枝晶.     

三维溶质枝晶生长数值模拟

建立了在低Péclet数条件下三维溶质枝晶生长的数值模拟模型.该模型采用Zhu和Stefanescu 提出的溶质平衡方法,即根据固/液界面的平衡浓度和实际浓度之差计算固/液界面演化的驱动力.界面的平衡浓度由界面温度和曲率所确定,实际浓度通过采用有限差分法对溶质扩散控制方程进行数值求解而获得.该方法能够合理定量地描述枝晶从初始的非稳态到稳态的生长过程,并且具有较高的计算效率.为了描述具有不同晶体学取向的三维枝晶生长,提出了一种权值平均曲率算法用于计算固/液界面的曲率,在权值平均曲率的算法中耦合了界面能各向异性的因素.该算法简单易实现,并易于从二维推广到三维系统.为了对模型进行验证,将模拟的枝晶尖端稳态生长数据和理论模型的预测结果进行了比较.结果表明,模拟的Al-2wt%Cu合金枝晶尖端稳态生长速率和半径随过冷度的变化接近于Lipton-Glicksman-Kurz解析模型的预测结果.模拟分析了稳态枝晶尖端的形貌,发现三维枝晶尖端是非轴对称的,以四次对称的方式偏离旋转抛物面.最后,应用所建立的模型模拟出具有发达分枝和不同晶体学取向的三维等轴多枝晶生长形貌. 关键词： 微观组织模拟 溶质枝晶生长 权值平均曲率 三维     

凝固界面形态演化的实验研究

本文采用典型的透明模型合金丁二腈-1.1wt%乙醇进行定向凝固实验,对从平界面失去稳定性到建立起新的稳定的界面形态之间时间相关的形态演化过程进行了详细的直接观察研究。发现:1)平界面失稳初始扰动波长在Mullins-Sekerka(缩写为MS)稳定性理论所预言的波长范围内,但与理论预言的振幅发展最快的波长不一致;2)平界面失稳初期,扰动振幅发展速率确实是振幅的线性函数,但在具体数值上实测值比理论值小得多;3)胞晶和枝晶形态演化过程具有不同的特征,导致这种差别的主要原因是稳态一次间距与初始扰动波长之间相对尺 关键词：     

外来夹杂物颗粒对枝晶生长形态影响的相场法研究

在KKS相场模型基础上提出了一种耦合取向场的二元合金相场模型.通过该模型分析了外来夹杂物颗粒与晶粒之间的取向错配对于枝晶生长的影响，模拟结果表明外来夹杂物颗粒的大小、位置、数量以及与晶粒的取向差等因素均对枝晶生长形态有较大影响，外来夹杂物颗粒会造成枝晶臂的偏转与分叉，从而最终形成各种形貌的非规则枝晶. 关键词： 相场法 枝晶 外来夹杂物颗粒 晶体取向     

弱磁场对Zn分枝状电解沉积物形貌的影响

用金相显微镜和原子力显微镜分析了存在外加磁场情况下的Zn分枝状电解沉积物的微观形貌 ，并且根据实验结果提出了磁场使沉积物分枝呈现螺旋状偏转的机理.1)在沉积物晶粒的早 期生长阶段，当晶粒已经形成了择优生长方向但又非常小,仍然悬浮于电解液中时，磁流体 动力学对流作用于它上面的不平衡力使得晶粒连同它的择优生长方向向着对流下方偏转，直 到晶粒足够大，和它的前一个单晶枝晶连接在一起为止.2)当晶粒和它的前一个单晶枝晶连 接在一起以后，磁流体动力学对流的作用力已不足使它偏转.此时，如果电解液的浓度比较 高，单晶枝晶的一级分枝和二级分枝之间不存在对电解质的竞争关系，则此单晶枝晶将完全 按照初期形成的晶体择优生长方向直线生长，直到新的晶粒形核为止;如果电解液浓度较低 ，造成第一级分枝与第二级分枝的竞争关系，二级分枝总在第一级分枝的上游侧生长，使得 一级分枝向下游方向偏转.通过上述两个步骤，无论是枝晶沉积物还是分形沉积物都产生螺 旋状偏转. 关键词： 电解沉积 磁流体动力学对流 晶体择优生长方向 生长形态     

等温凝固多晶粒生长相场法模拟

采用Kim模型，利用耦合溶质场的相场模型对Al-2-mole-Cu合金等温凝固过程中多晶粒相互影响下枝晶的生长过程进行数值模拟，为了提高计算效率，采用差分去实现宏微观场之间的耦合.研究了不同过冷度对多晶粒枝晶形貌和溶质分布的影响，结果表明：成分过冷对枝晶生长速度和溶质分配有着重大的影响，溶质元素Cu在固液界面前沿重新分布，结果导致实际热过冷减小，进而影响枝晶的生长和溶质向外层的扩散，致使相互接触的枝晶产生萎缩而其余没有受到抑制的枝晶生长方向产生择优现象. 关键词： 相场法 模拟 择优生长 等温凝固 二元合金     

LiNbO_3晶体-熔体界面的失稳及向胞状界面演化的实验研究

利用周期旋转生长条纹作为时标(timemarker),研究了直拉法掺钇LiNbO_3的各向异性生长系统中晶体-熔体界面的失稳及向胞状界面的演化。测得平界面失稳的临界条件,观测到失稳初期的界面上存在的两种干扰,即正弦式干扰和正弦式行波干扰。实验结果表明,平界面失稳后,经历正弦干扰、干扰振幅的增长、干扰的小面化、干扰的合并,最后演化为稳态胞状界面。实验观测还表明,稳态胞状界面的波长甚大于界面初始干扰的波长,且为初始干扰波长的整数倍;以及同一系统中平界面向胞状界面转变的临界生长速度小于胞状界面向平界面转变的临界速度,这表明小面化的胞比非小面的平面更为稳定。     

LiNbO3晶体-熔体界面的失稳及向胞状界面演化的实验研究

利用周期旋转生长条纹作为时标(timemarker),研究了直拉法掺钇LiNbO₃的各向异性生长系统中晶体-熔体界面的失稳及向胞状界面的演化。测得平界面失稳的临界条件,观测到失稳初期的界面上存在的两种干扰,即正弦式干扰和正弦式行波干扰。实验结果表明,平界面失稳后,经历正弦干扰、干扰振幅的增长、干扰的小面化、干扰的合并,最后演化为稳态胞状界面。实验观测还表明,稳态胞状界面的波长甚大于界面初始干扰的波长,且为初始干扰波长的整数倍;以及同一系统中平界面向胞状界面转变的临界生长速度小于胞状界面向平界面转变的临界速度,这表明小面化的胞比非小面的平面更为稳定。 关键词：     

Orientation evolution of single-crystal superalloys under different solidification interface

The single-crystal superalloys with different deviation angle are prepared by using the liquid metal cooling high-temperature gradient directional solidification furnace, and the orientation evolution of single-crystal superalloys under different solidification interface is studied. The results indicate that the increase of the deviation angle will make the planar interface unstable. With the increase of the solidification rate, the growth direction of the crystal will deviate from the direction of heat flow to the preferred orientation direction. Under the developed dendrite crystal growth, the branches of the dendrite will follow the preferred orientation, nearly free from the effect of the heat flow.     

Phase field investigation on the initial planarinstability with surface tension anisotropy during directional solidification of binary alloys

Phase field investigation reveals that the stability of the planar interface is related to the anisotropic intensity of surface tension and the misorientation of preferred crystallographic orientation with respect to the heat flow direction. The large anisotropic intensity may compete to determine the stability of the planar interface. The destabilizing effect or the stabilizing effect depends on the misorientation. Moreover, the interface morphology of initial instability is also affected by the surface tension anisotropy.     

The effect of interfacial energy anisotropy on planar interface instability in a succinonitrile alloy under a small temperature gradient

The morphological stability of a planar interface with different crystallographic orientations is studied under a small positive temperature gradient using a transparent model alloy of succinonitrile.Novel experimental apparatus is constructed to provide a temperature gradient of about 0.37 K/mm.Under this small temperature gradient,the planar interface instability depends largely on the crystallographic orientation.It is shown experimentally that the effect of interfacial energy anisotropy on planar interface stability cannot be neglected even in a small temperature gradient system.Higher interfacial energy anisotropy leads the planar interface to become more unstable,which is different from the stabilizing effect of the interfacial energy on the planar interface.The experimental results are in agreement with previous theoretical calculations and phase field simulations.     

Multi-phase field simulation of competitive grain growth for directional solidification

The multi-phase field model of grain competitive growth during directional solidification of alloy is established. Solving multi-phase field models for thin interface layer thickness conditions, the grain boundary evolution and grain elimination during the competitive growth of SCN-0.24-wt% camphor model alloy bi-crystals are investigated. The effects of different crystal orientations and pulling velocities on grain boundary microstructure evolution are quantitatively analyzed. The obtained results are shown below. In the competitive growth of convergent bi-crystals, when favorably oriented dendrites are in the same direction as the heat flow and the pulling speed is too large, the orientation angle of the bi-crystal from small to large size is the normal elimination phenomenon of the favorably oriented dendrite, blocking the unfavorably oriented dendrite, and the grain boundary is along the growth direction of the favorably oriented dendrite. When the pulling speed becomes small, the grain boundary shows the anomalous elimination phenomenon of the unfavorably oriented dendrite, eliminating the favorably oriented dendrite. In the process of competitive growth of divergent bi-crystal, when the growth direction of favorably oriented dendrites is the same as the heat flow direction and the orientation angle of unfavorably oriented grains is small, the frequency of new spindles of favorably oriented grains is significantly higher than that of unfavorably oriented grains, and as the orientation angle of unfavorably oriented dendrites becomes larger, the unfavorably oriented grains are more likely to have stable secondary dendritic arms, which in turn develop new primary dendritic arms to occupy the liquid phase grain boundary space, but the grain boundary direction is still parallel to favorably oriented dendrites. In addition, the tertiary dendritic arms on the developed secondary dendritic arms may also be blocked by the surrounding lateral branches from further developing into nascent main axes, this blocking of the tertiary dendritic arms has a random nature, which can have aninfluence on the generation of nascent primary main axes in the grain boundaries.     

A numerical study on pattern selection in crystal growth by using anisotropic lattice Boltzmann-phase field method

Pattern selection during crystal growth is studied by using the anisotropic lattice Boltzmann-phase field model.In the model,the phase transition,melt flows,and heat transfer are coupled and mathematically described by using the lattice Boltzmann(LB) scheme.The anisotropic streaming-relaxation operation fitting into the LB framework is implemented to model interface advancing with various preferred orientations.Crystal pattern evolutions are then numerically investigated in the conditions of with and without melt flows.It is found that melt flows can significantly influence heat transfer,crystal growth behavior,and phase distributions.The crystal morphological transition from dendrite,seaweed to cauliflower-like patterns occurs with the increase of undercoolings.The interface normal angles and curvature distributions are proposed to quantitatively characterize crystal patterns.The results demonstrate that the distributions are corresponding to crystal morphological features,and they can be therefore used to describe the evolution of crystal patterns in a quantitative way.     

斜界面Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性混合实验研究

 实验研究了不相溶流体斜界面Rayleigh-Taylor（R-T）不稳定性湍流混合区的混合不对称性特征。利用高压气体加速装有不同液体的箱体,加速度方向由轻液体指向重液体,此时界面是R-T不稳定性的。利用阴影测试技术,研究了初始倾角9°的ZnCl₂溶液/正己烷斜界面的演化规律,得出混合区内混合不对称、斜界面倾角渐增的规律。