合肥上空大气二氧化碳Raman激光雷达探测研究

Raman激光雷达是用于大气成分探测与特性研究的有效工具.介绍了中科院安徽光学精密机械研究所自行研制的一台用于测量低对流层大气CO₂时空分布的Raman激光雷达系统,并进行了一系列观测实验和对比分析.系统选用波长355 nm的紫外激光作为光源,利用光子计数卡双通道采集大气中N₂和CO₂的Raman后向散射信号与Li-7500型H₂O/CO₂分析仪进行对比标定,通过反演获得了大气CO₂水平与垂直方向时空分布廓线,并且获得了合肥地区大气边界层CO₂的夜变化趋势.结果表明,大气CO₂在空间的分布相对均匀,Raman激光雷达与CO₂分析仪变化趋势一致性较好,能够对大气CO₂时空分布进行有效、连续的观测.     

Capability of Raman lidar for monitoring the variation of atmospheric CO2 profile

Lidar （Light detection and ranging） has special capabilities for remote sensing of many different behaviours of the atmosphere. One of the techniques which show a great deal of promise for several applications is Raman scattering. The detecting capability, including maximum operation range and minimum detectable gas concentration is one of the most significant parameters for lidar remote sensing of pollutants. In this paper, based on the new method for evaluating the capabilities of a Raman lidar system, we present an evaluation of detecting capability of Raman lidar for monitoring atmospheric CO2 in Hefei. Numerical simulations about the influence of atmospheric conditions on lidar detecting capability were carried out, and a conclusion can be drawn that the maximum difference of the operation ranges caused by the weather conditions alone can reach about 0.4 to 0.5km with a measuring precision within 30ppmv. The range of minimum detectable concentration caused by the weather conditions alone can reach about 20 to 35 ppmv in vertical direction for 20000 shots at a distance of 1 km on the assumption that other parameters are kept constant. The other corresponding parameters under different conditions are also given. The capability of Raman lidar operated in vertical direction was found to be superior to that operated in horizontal direction. During practical measurement with the Raman lidar whose hardware components were fixed, aerosol scattering extinction effect would be a significant factor that influenced the capability of Raman lidar. This work may be a valuable reference for lidar system designing, measurement accuracy improving and data processing.     

Capability of Raman lidar for monitoring the variation of atmospheric CO2 profile

Lidar (Light detection and ranging) has special capabilities for remote sensing of many different behaviours of the atmosphere. One of the techniques which show a great deal of promise for several applications is Raman scattering. The detecting capability, including maximum operation range and minimum detectable gas concentration is one of the most significant parameters for lidar remote sensing of pollutants. In this paper, based on the new method for evaluating the capabilities of a Raman lidar system, we present an evaluation of detecting capability of Raman lidar for monitoring atmospheric CO$_{2}$ in Hefei. Numerical simulations about the influence of atmospheric conditions on lidar detecting capability were carried out, and a conclusion can be drawn that the maximum difference of the operation ranges caused by the weather conditions alone can reach about 0.4 to 0.5km with a measuring precision within 30ppmv. The range of minimum detectable concentration caused by the weather conditions alone can reach about 20 to 35 ppmv in vertical direction for 20000 shots at a distance of 1 km on the assumption that other parameters are kept constant. The other corresponding parameters under different conditions are also given. The capability of Raman lidar operated in vertical direction was found to be superior to that operated in horizontal direction. During practical measurement with the Raman lidar whose hardware components were fixed, aerosol scattering extinction effect would be a significant factor that influenced the capability of Raman lidar. This work may be a valuable reference for lidar system designing, measurement accuracy improving and data processing.     

Measurement of tropospheric CO2 and aerosol extinction profiles with Raman lidar

A prototype Raman lidar was designed for monitoring tropospheric CO2 profile and other scientific investigatious.The third harmonic of Nd:YAG laser (354.7-nm wavelength) was used as stimulated light source to provide nighttime measurements.Filter with high rejection ratio performance was used to extract CO2 Raman signals from Rayleigh-Mie scattering signals effectively.To improve the real time monitoring function,a two-channel signal collection system was designed to collect CO2 and N2 Raman scattering signals simultaneously. The N2 Raman scattering signals were used to retrieve aerosol extinction coefficient.Typical features of CO2 concentration profile and aerosol extinction coefficient in Herei were presented.The mixing ratio of atmospheric CO2 in Hefei can reach about 360-400 ppmv.     

偏振-米散射激光雷达的研制

研制的偏振-米散射激光雷达（PML）,可用于探测卷云和沙尘气溶胶的后向散射光退偏振比以及研究流层大气气溶胶的消光特性。采用窄带滤光片和光阑,将接收到的激光大气回波信号谱线（米散射和瑞利散射光谱）从天空太阳背景噪声中分离出来,以提高系统的白天探测能力。介绍了偏振-米散射激光雷达的结构、技术参数、测量方法和数据处理方法。对偏振-米散射激光雷达的性能参数进行了测定,并对测定结果进行了分析与讨论,给出了偏振-米散射激光雷达对合肥市地区(117.16°E, 31.90°N)上空大气气溶胶的消光特性和卷云的结构、退偏振比垂直廓线以及光学厚度的典型探测结果,对这些结果进行了分析和讨论。结果表明：研制的偏振-米散射激光雷达性能可靠,能对大气气溶胶和卷云的物理和光学特性进行有效的探测。     

Combined raman elastic-backscatter LIDAR for vertical profiling of moisture,aerosol extinction,backscatter, and LIDAR ratio

A combined Raman elastic-backscatter lidar has been developed. A XeCl excimer laser is used as the radiation source. Inelastic Raman backscatter signals are spectrally separated from the elastic signal with a filter or grating polychromator. Raman channels can be chosen to register signals from CO₂, O₂, N₂, and H₂O. Algorithms for the calculation of the water-vapor mixing ratio from the Raman signals and the particle extinction and backscatter coefficients from both elastic and inelastic backscatter signals are given. Nighttime measurements of the vertical humidity distribution up to the tropopause and of particle extinction, backscatter, and lidar ratio profiles in the boundary layer, in high-altitude water and ice clouds, and in the stratospheric aerosol layer are presented. Daytime boundary-layer measurements of moisture and particle extinction are made possible by the improved daylight suppression of the grating polychromator. Test measurements of the CO₂ mixing ratio indicate the problems for the Raman lidar technique in monitoring other trace gases than water vapor.     

基于差分吸收激光雷达的云消除算法研究

差分吸收激光雷达测量臭氧浓度过程中,云层信号会造成对流层臭氧浓度剧烈的抖动,带来了很大的测量误差.本文提出了一种云消除算法,该算法通过插值云层高度区域内的臭氧浓度,有效消除了对流层臭氧浓度的剧烈抖动.通过阐述其理论基础,给出了其算法关键点,即云信号的识别和云高度的精确定位.根据云层消光系数的特点,通过设定气溶胶消光系数阈值获取云层高度信息,利用累加平均有效减少噪音造成的测量误差.结果表明,在精确确定云高、云底的基础上,运用线性插值算法对臭氧测量结果进行修正,可以有效克服云层对测量结果造成的急剧起伏.     

基于InGaN/GaN多量子阱双波长发光二极管生长及发光性能

差分吸收激光雷达测量臭氧浓度过程中,云层信号会造成对流层臭氧浓度剧烈的抖动,带来了很大的测量误差.本文提出了一种云消除算法,该算法通过插值云层高度区域内的臭氧浓度,有效消除了对流层臭氧浓度的剧烈抖动.通过阐述其理论基础,给出了其算法关键点,即云信号的识别和云高度的精确定位.根据云层消光系数的特点,通过设定气溶胶消光系数阈值获取云层高度信息,利用累加平均有效减少噪音造成的测量误差.结果表明,在精确确定云高、云底的基础上,运用线性插值算法对臭氧测量结果进行修正,可以有效克服云层对测量结果造成的急剧起伏.     

Raman激光雷达探测气溶胶消光系数求解新方法

利用Raman激光雷达测量的回波数据求解气溶胶消光系数,选用美国标准大气模式时,反演结果有可能会产生较大的误差。提出一种采用温度模式求解Raman激光雷达回波方程探测对流层大气气溶胶消光系数的新方法,并对这种新方法进行了详细的理论推导。通过与利用无线电探空仪测量数据计算的结果进行对比,发现二者具有较好的一致性。理论和实验均表明：通常情况下,采用温度模式方法求解Raman激光雷达方程探测对流层大气气溶胶消光系数是可行的。温度模式方法包含了探测地点的季节和地理海拔因素,较直接采用美国标准大气模式更加符合实际,可以减少反演结果的误差。     

基于差分吸收激光雷达的一种新的对流层臭氧浓度反演算法

差分吸收激光雷达探测对流层臭氧浓度时,气溶胶的干扰会造成较大的误差。提出了一种算法,该算法能够同时反演得到对流层臭氧浓度和气溶胶消光系数,减少气溶胶对反演结果的影响。使用实验数据,分析计算了气溶胶雷达比,气溶胶波长指数、标定点气溶胶后向散射比各种变化参数对反演结果的误差。结果表明,1 km以下,各种变化参数造成的反演误差小于8%,1 km以上臭氧浓度误差主要来源于信号和背景噪声,各种参数反演误差小于3%。最后给出了利用该算法得到对流层臭氧浓度和气溶胶的消光系数垂直廓线,并和传统的双波长差分算法反演结果作了比较分析。实验结果表明该算法是可行的,该算法可以减少气溶胶对差分吸收激光雷达测量结果引起的误差。     

一种无需定标的地基激光雷达气溶胶消光系数精确反演方法

如何对低云下雾霾的激光雷达探测数据进行准确定标,一直是米散射激光雷达数据反演中一个有待解决的问题.对于低云和雾霾同时出现的天气,激光很难穿透云层,不能利用大气清洁层对激光雷达信号定标.而对于探测高度小于6 km的便携式米散射激光雷达,由于探测高度较低,也很难利用大气清洁层对激光雷达数据进行定标.本文根据Fernald前向积分方程的特点,提出了一种气溶胶消光系数迭代算法.通过对反演过程进行特定设置,每经过一次迭代,利用气溶胶消光系数迭代算法得到的气溶胶消光系数反演值与其真实值之间的差值就会相应减小.经过几次迭代后,气溶胶消光系数反演值与真实值之间的差值就会小到可以忽略不计.初步反演结果表明:利用气溶胶消光系数迭代算法,无需对激光雷达探测数据定标就能精确反演出气溶胶消光系数廓线.     

基于Madaline网络的气溶胶消光系数反演算法

运用激光雷达监测气溶胶是大气环境监测的一项重要内容,通过激光雷达方程可以反演得到气溶胶消光系数,并进而获得气溶胶的其他特性。然而传统方法在反演气溶胶消光系数时需要很多假设,使得反演精度受到很大限制。提出了一种利用多层自适应线性(Madaline)人工神经网络来反演气溶胶消光系数的方法,通过对网络进行训练,可由激光雷达回波信号直接反演气溶胶消光系数,从而可有效避免传统方法的诸多假设。对比实验表明该方法使反演精度大大提高,获得了很好的反演结果。     

Raman激光雷达探测气溶胶光学特性

介绍了武汉大学自行研制的Raman多通道激光雷达系统,给出了整个系统的设计原理及主要技术参量.详细描述了利用Raman激光雷达原理反演大气气溶胶消光系数、后向散射系数和激光雷达比等光学特性的方法,并对求解消光系数过程中的关键部分做了讨论分析.同时对武汉上空对流层低空大气气溶胶、云以及边界层等光学特性进行了实时探测反演.实验结果表明:该Raman多通道激光雷达系统在夜晚对低空气溶胶的垂直分布特性具有较好的探测能力,工作性能可靠.     

Raman Lidar Measurements of Aerosol and Cloud Optical Properties in the Troposphere

A Raman lidar has been developed with photon counting technique. Aerosol and cloud extinction coefficients are derived by nitrogen (N2) molecular Raman scatter returns in the troposphere. Both backscatter coefficients and extinction-backscatter-ratios of aerosol and cloud are presented by simultaneously combining N2 Raman and Mie-Rayleigh returns of aerosol and molecule. Ratios of extinction to backscatter between 20 sr and 70 sr are usually found for aerosol, but less than 15 sr for mid-high altitude cloud in the troposphere.     

Raman Lidar Measurements of Aerosol and Cloud Optical Properties in the Troposphere

1　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　　Ｔｒｏｐｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃａｅｒｏｓｏｌａｎｄｃｌｏｕｄａｒｅｔｗｏｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｆｆｅｃｔｉｎｇｅａｒｔｈ ａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅｒａｄｉａｔｉｏｎｂａｌａｎｃｅａｎｄａｌｓｏｔｗｏｏｆｔｈｅｌａｒｇｅｓｔｕｎｃｅｒｔａｉｎｔｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｃｌｉｍａｔｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇａｎｄｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎ ,ｓｏｔｈｅｉｒｏｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｓｂｅｃｏｍｅｖｅｒｙｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ.Ｌｉｄａｒ (ＬｉｇｈｔＤｅｔｅｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄＲａｎｇｅ)ｉｓ…     

气溶胶消光系数与质量浓度的相关性研究

为了利用激光雷达探测的消光系数垂直分布来反演气溶胶质量浓度的垂直分布,研究气溶胶消光系数与质量浓度之间的关系就显得十分重要.根据Mie散射理论,分析了气溶胶的质量消光系数、消光系数和质量浓度之间的关系,引进了等效参数,分析了Junge指数对等效参数的影响.用实际测量的粒子谱分布、能见度、相对湿度和气溶胶质量浓度验证了气溶胶消光系数和质晕浓度之间的关系.这对利用激光雷达测量的气溶胶消光系数垂直分布来反演气溶胶质量浓度的垂直分布是很有实用价值和指导意义的.     

利用转动拉曼测量大气气溶胶后项散射比

利用大气的弹性散射信号与整个转动拉曼信号的比值,不需要假设任何的气溶胶的消光与后项散射比值,就可得到大气气溶胶的后项散射比。通常测量部分转动拉曼谱线之和代替全部转动拉曼谱线之和。全部的转动拉曼谱线之和是不依赖温度,但部分的转动拉曼谱线之和却是与温度有关的。因此,利用转动部分拉曼谱线之和反演大气气溶胶的后项散射比就会带来误差。模拟了随温度变化不同转动量子数的拉曼谱线之和,并且计算了由这些不同转动拉曼谱线之和反演大气气溶胶后项散射比的误差。然后文章提出了一种新的方法,不需要测量整个转动拉曼谱线之和,而只需要测量单条转动拉曼谱线及大气温度,就可以获得大气气溶胶的后项散射比。最后通过实验给出了实际测量的大气气溶胶的后项散射比的结果。     

探测大气中CO2的Raman激光雷达

基于大气激光后向散射光谱，研究和设计了探测大气CO₂浓度的Raman激光雷达,其发射机采用Nd∶YAG激光的三倍频354.7nm作为工作波长,发射的单脉冲能量350mJ,重复频率20Hz；接收机采用了光电倍增管(量子效率25%)和光子计数器(计数速率200MHz),探测CO₂的Raman散射371.66nm(频移1285cm^-1)信号,(1小时累加)近地面2.5km以内信噪比不小于8.采用组合滤光片来抑制强的354.7nm Mie-Rayleigh后向散射和氧气375.4nm Raman后向散射对信号的严重干扰. 比较分别来自大气CO₂和参考气体N₂的Raman后向散射回波,可反演出大气中CO₂的相对浓度. 关键词： 大气光学 激光雷达 Raman散射光谱 参考气体 Mie-Rayleigh散射     

双扫描激光雷达精细探测低层大气气溶胶方法

为实现水平非均匀分布的低层大气气溶胶光学特性的遥感探测,提出一种基于双扫描激光雷达的气溶胶精细探测方法.该方法以扫描激光雷达为遥感探测工具,通过双激光雷达相向交叉扫描工作模式,实现对同一空域近地表气溶胶全视野剖面的交叉探测,从而提供双激光雷达方程组以精确求解气溶胶消光和后向散射系数.在数据反演过程中,通过对交叉扫描区域进行坐标化和网格化处理、网格像素单元的初值预设,以及双扫描激光雷达方程组的数值逼近反演得到气溶胶消光.利用长距离扫描激光雷达的数据对该方法进行验证,结果表明,该方法与多角度方法反演所得到的结果随高度变化的趋势具有高度的一致性;同时双扫描激光雷达可提供交叉扫描区域剖面的气溶胶浓度分布,相比于单条廓线具有较大的优势.     

合肥上空大气二氧化碳Raman激光雷达探测研究

Raman激光雷达是用于大气成分探测与特性研究的有效工具.介绍了中科院安徽光学精密机械研究所自行研制的一台用于测量低对流层大气CO2时空分布的Raman激光雷达系统,并进行了一系列观测实验和对比分析.系统选用波长355nm的紫外激光作为光源,利用光子计数卡双通道采集大气中N2和CO2的Raman后向散射信号与Li-7500型H2O/CO2分析仪进行对比标定,通过反演获得了大气CO2水平与垂直方向时空分布廓线,并且获得了合肥地区大气边界层CO2的夜变化趋势.结果表明,大气CO2在空间的分布相对均匀,Raman激光雷达与CO2分析仪变化趋势一致性较好,能够对大气CO2时空分布进行有效、连续的观测.