遥感FTIR在大气环境监测中的新发展

遥感傅里叶变换红外光谱(RS-FTIR)是当前大气环境监测中的一种重要手段,它具有灵敏度高,选择性好,不需取样和样品的预处理,能够同时监测多种化合物,能提供远距离实时自动监测的优点,适用于大气有毒易挥发有机化合物(VOCs)的定性、定量测定和遥感实时动态监测。文章综述了南京理工大学现代光谱研究室近几年来在RS-FTIR大气环境监测领域的研究进展,包括化学计量学,计算机层析(CT),FTIR谱图解析,大气污染物空间浓度分布监测,被动式遥感监测等方面的最新研究成果。这些研究成果充分表明,遥感FTIR技术的快速发展和应用,促进了分析化学在时空上的延伸,在大气环境监测领域中必将有更广泛的应用前景。     

人工神经网络法对多组分大气污染物的同时监测

用 18 7 8的反向传播人工神经网络 (BP ANN)模型 ,对FTIR光谱图存在着严重混叠干扰的八种有毒易挥发有机化合物 (VOCs)组成的大气污染物进行了同时定量测定 ,得到了各污染物的浓度。所测定的八种VOCs为苯乙酮 ,苯酚 ,三氯甲苯 ,1,3丁二烯 ,氯苯 ,甲醇 ,三氯代乙烷和二氯甲烷。用标准预测误差 (%SEP) ,平均预测误差 (MPE)和平均相对误差 (MRE)来评价其预测能力。结果表明 ,本方法对多组分大气污染物定量分析 ,能够得到较为满意的结果。     

在不同空间高度下遥感FTIR定量测定大气中的某些VOCs

应用遥感FTIR在不同高度下,测定大气中的有毒易挥发有机化合物(VOCs)——甲苯,正己烷和丙酮的浓度。并对相同的高度下,测量的精度做了研究。当高度为0.61 m时,所测得的气体的浓度值最大,而当仪器高度为0.36和0.86 m时,测得的浓度则较低。实验结果表明,在不同的高度下VOCs的挥发是不同的。     

主成分提取在遥感FTIR谱图解析中的应用

建立了基于人工神经网络(ANN)的遥感FTIR谱图解析方法。针对人工神经网络(ANN)训练时间过长和模型“过拟合”的问题,采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)和主成分分析法(PCA),对输入ANN的光谱数据进行了主成分提取,使ANN分析时间从30多分钟缩短为10多秒钟;模型传递技术的引入,克服了遥感FTIR谱图分析中反复建模问题。经过优化的方法,实现了用EPA数据建模,对大气中的四组分混合体系——丙酮、苯、三氯甲烷和甲醇的遥感、实时、准确测定,PLS-ANN模型得到的结果最好,对丙酮、苯、三氯甲烷和甲醇的预测误差分别为0.043,0.031,0.034,0.051,保证了遥感FTIR对大气中有毒气体混合物实时、准确、快速监测。     

基于地基高分辨率太阳吸收光谱观测大气中硝酸的时空分布

利用高分辨率傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)技术探测合肥地区大气硝酸(HNO_3)的浓度,基于最优估算法由中红外太阳吸收光谱反演出HNO_3的垂直廓线和柱总量。获得了2017年大气HNO_3的垂直廓线和柱总量的时间序列,分析了HNO_3的季节变化、浓度探测敏感性高度、反演平均核和自由度等特征。不同季节大气HNO_3的垂直廓线表明,HNO_3在20～30km的大气平流层浓度较高,在对流层浓度较低。HNO_3的柱浓度显示出明显的季节变化,春季出现最大值,冬季出现最小值,季节变化幅值为9.82×10~(15) molecule/cm~2。为了对地基FTIR的观测进行比对,选取Aura MLS卫星数据产品与地基测量数据进行比对。比对结果表明,地基遥感观测与卫星数据显示出的季节变化一致;尽管卫星偏柱量整体小于地基遥感的柱总量,但两者的相关系数为0.83,表明两者具有较好的一致性。地基观测结果验证了地基FTIR技术观测大气中HNO_3时空分布的可靠性和准确性。     

基于扫描DOAS系统对北京城市大气中甲醛的梯度测量与分析

利用扫描长程DOAS(差分吸收光谱技术)系统结合气象高塔于2009年7月28日至8月13日开展了测量大气污染物廓线的外场,实验,对北京市大气中的SO2,NO2,O3,HCHO,HONO五种痕量气体进行实时监测,获得了 HCHO等污染物的浓度时间序列及垂直梯度时间序列.通过分析HCHO气体的垂直分布频率特征,并结合其他气...     

SO2气体排放的紫外成像遥感监测

工业烟囱及船舶尾气中SO2气体排放是造成大气污染的重要因素。SO2容易被氧化生成硫酸雾或硫酸盐气溶胶,产生酸雨,严重危害大气生态环境平衡及人类健康。现有的SO2光学遥感测量技术,如拉曼散射激光雷达、差分吸收激光雷达(DIAL)、傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱(FTIR)、紫外差分吸收光谱(DOAS)、高分辨光谱成像等,难以兼顾气体污染监测对高时间分辨率、高空间分辨率以及便携机动等应用需求。近年来,紫外SO2相机成像探测因探测精度高、实用性强得到迅速发展,该技术时间分辨率高、空间分辨力强,能从解析图像中直观在线获取污染气体浓度在空间的二维分布及随时间的排放率,对于监测环境污染有重要作用。基于紫外SO2相机成像探测技术,围绕SO2柱浓度探测的测量原理及影响因素、仪器设计及实验方法、反演算法及结果比对等方面开展研究。取得的成果主要有:(1)利用窄带滤光片的窄波窗口,用紫外相机测量310 nm附近的SO2紫外吸收,建立了紫外成像遥感监测理论模型,介绍了紫外成像遥感检测获取SO2浓度图像的测量原理;(2)将滤光片放置镜头前后,讨论了不同入射角对滤光片中心波长及透过率曲线的影响,发现滤光片放置镜头后,相机系统对SO2的灵敏度受入射角影响更小,对SO2浓度图像的反演误差更小;(3)分析了太阳高度角对SO2浓度图像反演的影响,阐明了SO2浓度反演曲线实时校准的不可或缺性;(4)通过理论分析设计出了紫外成像遥感探测装置,开展了基于紫外成像遥感监测SO2气体排放的实验研究,通过2-IM法拟合出了人工天空背景,获得了SO2光学厚度图像,利用标准泡进行校准,反演出了SO2浓度图像;(5)采用DOAS技术对SO2气体排放进行监测,与紫外成像遥感获得的SO2浓度进行对比表明,两方法实验结果所计算得到的浓度信息趋势相一致,从而证明紫外成像遥感监测技术测量结果的准确性,同时展现了该技术在工厂烟囱及船舶尾气污染排放遥感监测中的巨大应用前景。     

FTIR固定污染源VOCs在线监测系统

挥发性有机物(VOCs)造成了全球环境污染,给人们日常生活工作带来不利影响。对挥发性有机物进行高效准确监测成为我国大气环境治理的热点。与其他污染物气体相比,VOCs更易挥发并可以和其他污染物发生反应,其物理化学性质的复杂性对已有的检测方法提出了很高的要求。在众多的气体检测方法中,光谱检测技术以其方便快捷、检测准确等优点得到了广泛应用。傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)作为光谱检测技术中重要的一员,不仅可以多通道快速检测,还可以分析上百种污染物种类并实时计算污染物浓度,解决了VOCs气体性质复杂带来的困扰。开展了固定污染源VOCs在线监测系统的研制,整套系统基于傅里叶变换红外光谱,干涉仪出射的红外干涉信号被10 m光程的气体池中的目标气体吸收后进行傅里叶变换,得到含有气体特征吸收峰的红外光谱;将红外光谱与标准谱库的数据进行对比分析即可实现对目标气体的种类鉴定和浓度测量。系统覆盖650～4 000 cm-1光谱范围,由于大多数VOCs在中红外指纹区具有相对独立的吸收峰,因此可实现对多种气体的分析检测。光谱分辨率为1 cm-1,浓度检测范围为1.6～319.47 mg·m-3(以苯为例)。系统对甲苯、丙酮、乙酸乙酯等十几种VOCs进行分析测试,得到不同气体的红外光谱图,与标准数据库吻合得很好,并且可以根据不同气体的吸收峰对其进行区分。为了得到气体的准确浓度,需要对仪器进行标定。为降低气体在气体池内腔和反射镜上的吸附并控制水蒸气含量,加入温控系统对气体池温度进行实时监测。实验中通入不同浓度的二甲苯标准气体,利用五点标定法得到分析浓度与标准浓度之间的关系,分析浓度的相对偏差小于0.06%。为验证系统在实际工作场景下的性能,选取某喷涂车间,对喷漆过程中溶剂和稀释剂挥发形成的VOCs污染进行一周的监测,得到苯、甲基乙基酮、异丙醇以及乙酸乙酯四种主要污染气体的浓度变化。设定浓度安全阈值为安全作业提供参考。从长时间测试数据分析,系统平均无故障时间(MTBF)长达1 000 h,可长时间稳定可靠地实时监测。     

用于FTIR大气成分监测的太阳跟踪系统设计

介绍研制的太阳跟踪和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱技术相结合的大气成分监测系统.该系统跟踪部分以ATmega128芯片为控制核心,结合光学、电子学、GPS模块、PSD位置传感器以及机械部分完成对太阳运行的实时跟踪,利用FTIR光谱仪和计算机处理得到的光谱数据用于大气成分的监测.通过实验验证,FTIR大气成分监测系统运行稳定、可靠,跟踪精度在0.3°以内.     

机载FTIR被动遥测大气痕量气体

介绍了以各种地物为背景的机载傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)被动遥测大气中痕量气体飞行测量试验,讨论了相应的被动下视遥测技术,复杂背景下大气痕量气体红外特征光谱信息获取方法和浓度反演算法模型,定量分析了飞行试验区域内高度1 000 m以下边界层内大气中痕量气体CO和N₂O的平均浓度。这种遥测量技术和数据分析方法可在不预先测量背景辐射光谱的情况下对大尺度区域内大气痕量气体进行快速、机动遥感遥测,以及突发性大气污染事故的应急监测。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.