生态水体景观视觉影响下道路交通声评价的实验研究

采用里克特5级量表(1:非常不舒适;5:非常舒适)实验研究了不同声级的道路交通声评价在生态水体景观视觉影响下的规律。分析发现:与单听觉测试条件相比,生态水体景观将道路交通声级与声评价的相关系数由-0.91降低至-0.81~-0.57,其中30 dBA的道路交通声评价值下降0.13~0.68,而70 dBA的道路交通声评价值升高0.10~0.22。在一定声级范围内景观要素对道路交通声评价的影响不同:人工要素比自然要素影响下的道路交通声评价值高0.33/10 dBA;自然水体远景比近景影响下的道路交通声评价值高0.33/10 dBA;人的活动要素比动物活动要素影响下的道路交通声评价值高0.28/10 dBA,     

动态水景声喜好度实验研究

采集不同地域环境中的动态水景声景观数据,采用里克特5级量表,通过实验室实验研究水景声喜好度与声音物理特征、水景形态与环境视觉喜好度和被试等因素的关系。分析发现:单听水景声音时,声喜好度与水景声音A声级显著负相关(r_p=-0.981,p<0.01),与瞬时变率显著正相关(r_p=0.720,p<0.05)。当谱质心与A声级和瞬时变率显著相关时,谱质心与声喜好度也显著负相关(r_p=-0.867,p<0.01);放映水景形态和环境默片,评价其视觉喜好度;将水景声音分别与形态、环境视频同时播放再评价其声喜好度,发现视觉喜好度较高的水景形态和环境能够明显提高大流速流量水景的声喜好度,视觉喜好度较低的水景形态和环境反而降低了小流速流量水景的声喜好度;男女生对水景声喜好度的评价有显著差异,本地学生对黑虎泉声喜好度评价比非本地学生高。因此,水景声喜好度受其声音物理指标、形态和环境视觉因素及被试自身等因素的影响。      

城市社区公园声景分布与景观特征关联性研究——以沈阳鲁迅公园为例*

城市社区公园为附近居民提供休憩与交往的公共空间,使用者是公园声景的创造者也是体验者。在公园设计中,将建成后的声景纳入考虑因素,在支持居民休闲活动的同时,创造良好的听觉环境体验,具有提升人居健康福祉和空间公平的现实意义。该研究以城市社区公园——沈阳鲁迅公园为研究对象,通过现场声景调查和使用者问卷,探究声景时空分布特征及居民体验;建构公园景观特征指数,探讨声景时空分布与景观特征的关联性。数据表明：自然声、居民活动声和周围道路交通声构成公园丰富的声景要素,园区内声压级、各类声事件感知显著性呈现不同的时空分布特征;受访者对典型声事件的愉悦性和干扰性评价呈现聚类性特征;以此为基础构建的表征公园景观特征的自然指数、人群聚集指数和交通影响指数,其分别与对应声事件的感知显著性显著相关。基于景观特征与声景分布的关联性,结合公园使用者的声景体验,提出与公园景观设计相结合的社区公园声景优化策略。     

城市公园声景观危险度评价研究

针对城市公园声景观易受周围环境影响而损耗其景观价值这一问题,应用模糊层次分析法,通过自然、生活和机械3个准则层因素和17个指标层因素构建城市公园声景观危险度评价体系,以福州市闽江公园为例,研究城市公园声景观受负面影响因子损耗的可能性大小。结果表明,闽江公园声景观危险度总体评价结果为中度危险Ⅲ。指标层中,隶属极度危险Ⅴ的指标为修建施工声;隶属重度危险Ⅳ的为电闪雷鸣声;隶属中度危险Ⅲ的有:清洁机器声、大雨瓢泼声、车辆交通声、说话嬉戏声、狂风呼啸声、猫叫犬吠声、鞭炮烟花声、跳舞音响声和练嗓唱歌声;其余指标危险度均低于中度危险Ⅲ。评价结果符合实际,为今后城市公园声景观危险度研究提供了有效方法。     

浣花溪公园不同景观空间下的声景观特性研究

该文以成都市浣花溪公园为研究对象,通过对景观空间中声环境的综合研究探究其声景观特性,以此作为营造城市声环境的有效依据。文章首先通过声压级、声景观多样性指数和清晰度指数来定量探讨公园中17种景观空间下的声环境异同;然后以声景观舒适度指数和重要性-满意度-清晰度模型对12种声音类型进行主客观评价;最后通过声景观提升指数综合反映各景观空间下声景观的提升重点。研究发现,声景观会受到基底-覆盖-围合层面的不同类型和组合的影响,尤其在建设面开敞和绿色半开敞或绿色半封闭空间中得到社会声和自然声最为明显;声景提升应重点关注风声、鸟声、水声、昆虫声和音响声在对应景观空间中的利用。     

滨海公共空间声环境感知评价及影响因素*

滨海公共空间是滨海城市人居环境的重要组成部分,其声环境质量是影响公共空间环境体验的关键因素。本研究以青岛沿海岸线四类滨海公共空间（步道类、广场类、公园类、沙滩类）的声环境为对象,通过问卷调查和实地测量探索滨海公共空间声环境的特征、感知评价及其影响因素。结果表明：（1）滨海公共空间当前环境噪声水平基本不超过国家标准限值55dB(A) ,各类空间声环境客观特征显著不同：公园噪声水平最低,自然声源丰富;广场噪声水平最高,各种城市噪声较多;步道噪声水平较低,但受到交通噪声的影响;沙滩噪声水平较高,但以中低频的海浪声为主,比较稳定。（2）各类滨海公共空间的声源感知以自然声为主,但是广场的自然声源感知较少。此外,声环境的愉悦感评价普遍较高,但在事件感、吵闹度和总体满意度评价上具有显著差异：沙滩声环境总体评价最好,其次是公园,广场和步道的声环境则亟待改善。（3）交通噪声和最大声级Lmax对声环境的负面影响最为显著,此外受访者年龄也是影响滨海公共空间声环境感知评价的关键因素。研究结论可以为滨海公共空间声环境的优化设计提供理论依据。     

汉语背景下开放式办公室声环境的评价研究

通过对北京4个开放式办公室的声环境特性测试以及一系列现场问卷调查,研究了对汉语背景下开放式办公室声环境评价的特点及其与客观声学参数之间的关系。分析发现:汉语背景下人们对声环境的关注程度仅次于光线,并对语言私密性有一定的要求;声环境评价与办公室的工作性质有关,但均在“不好不坏”和“糟糕”之间;声环境评价与背景噪声L_Aeq和L₁₀显著相关,采用混响时间作为单一指标来评价声环境的方法存在明显不足;当减少语言传输指数STI时,可以同时提高语言私密度和改善声环境;声环境认知、声响大小的敏感度、情绪和疲劳等主观因素对声环境评价具有显著性影响,而工作注意力集中程度、每天工作时间、年龄、收入、职位等则影响不显著。      

沉积层声学特性对浅海低频声场分布的影响

已有对浅海低频水声场的讨论多是关注声能量在水体中的分布特性,对水体下沉积层、基底中低频声传播的同步研究相对较少。本文基于波动方程,在柱坐标系下推导了一种浅海水体/海底统一波导下低频声能流的计算模型,在此基础上结合具体仿真算例与波动理论阐述了不同沉积层声学参数对声场能量分布的影响规律及机理。仿真结果表明,在沉积层纵波声速>水中声速>沉积层横波声速的前提下,沉积层中密度与纵波声速数值越大,声能量越趋于保留在水体中而不向海底泄漏,横波声速的影响正好相反;沉积层厚度增加到一定量后,基底对流体层中声传播的影响可近似忽略不计。      

关于噪声评价用语的研究

在中国进行了关于噪声评价用语的社会调查,250名大学生用选择描述法和SD法等两种实验方法,用事先准备好的调查表,对4个声级的6种声源进行了评价.通过对实验数据的统计分析处理得到了以下结果: 1.声源可被分为高声级噪声、低声级噪声、语言声和音乐声等四类. 2.根据对声音的评价结果、所用的形容词也可被分为四类.对于不同类别的声源,要用不同类别的形容词来进行描述. 3.形容词“大的”一般是用于描述声级高的声音,不大用于描述噪声.“喧闹的”和“讨厌的”是贬义词,一般用来描述人对噪声的感受. 4.用选择描述法做评价声音实验比用SD法能获得更多的信息. 5.Cluster分析法、数量化理论Ⅳ类和Biplot分析法是处理声音评价实验数据的有效手段.     

采用CO_2天然混合制冷剂的制冷系统热力学分析

受工况条件的限制,CO2制冷系统在实际应用中往往需要采用跨临界循环,高压侧压力高达10MPa及以上。高的运行压力对系统各部件、设备的安全运行均提出更高要求,从而造成初投资增大。采用CO2混合工质,可以有效地改善纯的CO2系统存在的不足。针对三组CO2天然混合工质——R744/R290、R744/R600、R744/R600 a,在特定的工况条件下,对制冷系统进行了热力学理论分析和计算。探讨了混合工质中CO2不同质量配比、不同蒸发器出口制冷剂温度对系统制冷量、COP和冷凝压力的影响。结果表明:在相同工况下,R744/R290的冷凝压力比R744R/600高12~23%,比R744/R600 a高19~24%;R744/R290的COP值比R744/R600高33~41%,比R744/R600 a高25~32%。     

基于声舒适度的地下餐饮空间声级阈研究

为了确定地下餐饮空间内使用者主观声舒适度可接受时的声压级阈值范围,本文选取典型的封闭式地下餐饮空间作为研究对象,采用实地问卷与实测相结合的方法进行调研。结果表明:地下餐饮空间内整体环境舒适度主观评价偏低,声舒适度评价与整体环境舒适度评价具有强相关性,因此声环境是影响地下餐饮空间内整体环境舒适度的因素。在影响主观声舒适度评价的客观指标中,混响时间可不作为主要影响因素考虑;而背景噪声声压级是影响地下餐饮空间内声舒适度主观评价的重要指标。使用者声舒适度为可接受时,地下餐饮空间内背景噪声声压级阈值为70-75 dB(A)。     

环境噪声对儿童短时记忆力和注意力的影响

通过实验室研究探讨了不同噪声源在不同声压级条件下对儿童短时记忆力和注意力的影响。在每一个实验中都选取了30名710岁的儿童作为被试,在他们完成相应认知任务的同时,用耳机随机播放3565 dBA的交通噪声、白噪声和空调噪声,考察各种噪声条件对被试认知成绩和主观烦恼度的影响。研究结果表明,噪声对儿童的影响主要体现在主观烦恼度的变化上,不同的噪声条件并没有引起作业成绩的显著差异。影响儿童主观烦恼度的主要因素是声压级,随着声压级的增大,儿童的烦恼度会增加,当声压级在4550 dBA时,儿童对噪声开始产生烦恼感,当声压级在6065 dBA时,儿童对噪声产生了较显著的烦恼感。声压级对儿童烦恼度的影响没有随着噪声源的改变而改变。在相同的噪声条件下,短时记忆力实验中儿童的主观烦恼度都高于注意力实验,说明随着认知过程复杂程度的增加,噪声引起的烦恼度会相应增加。      

基于大能量火花放电的枪声模拟系统设计*

为准确模拟某型枪械实弹射击枪声,设计了一种基于大能量火花放电的枪声模拟系统,理论分析和仿真验证了系统工作原理,并对所模拟枪声的声级以及时域和频域特性进行了试验测试。仿真和测试结果表明:点火电容放电所辐射的电场击穿高能电极空气间隙,可有效控制储能电容组火花放电模拟枪声;模拟与真实枪声的声级误差约为-2.1~5.8 d B(A),标准差为1.974 dB(A),模拟与真实枪声的时域信号随时间增加均以指数形式迅速减小且频谱分布规律一致;模拟与真实枪声信号在时域进行相关运算后存在着明显的相关峰,二者有较好的相似性。     

Acoustic comfort evaluation in urban open public spaces

This paper presents the results of an intensive questionnaire survey and objective measurements on soundscape, aiming at the evaluation of acoustic comfort in urban open public spaces. From summer 2001 to spring 2002, 9200 interviews were made for four seasons in 14 urban open public spaces across Europe. The results suggest that the subjective evaluation of the sound level generally relates well with the mean L_eq, especially when the sound level is below a certain level, which is 73 dBA on the basis of this study. However, considerable differences have been found between the subjective evaluation of the sound level and the acoustic comfort evaluation: people tend to show more tolerance in terms of acoustic comfort evaluation. The background sound level has been found to be an important index in evaluating soundscape in urban open public spaces - a lower background level tends to make people feel quieter. Analyses of individual sound elements show that the acoustic comfort evaluation is greatly affected by the sound source type - introducing a pleasant sound can considerably improve the acoustic comfort, even when its sound level is rather high. No significant difference was found among different age groups in terms of subjective evaluation of a sound level, whereas in terms of acoustic comfort, there were significant differences.     

Adjustment on subjective annoyance of low frequency noise by adding additional sound

Structure-borne noise originating from a heat pump unit was selected to study the influence on subjective annoyance of low frequency noise (LFN) combined with additional sound. Paired comparison test was used for evaluating the subjective annoyance of LFN combined with different sound pressure levels (SPL) of pink noise, frequency-modulated pure tones (FM pure tones) and natural sounds. The results showed that, with pink noise of 250-1000 Hz combined with the original LFN, the subjective annoyance value (SAV) first dropped then rose with increasing SPL. When SPL of the pink noise was 15-25 dB, SAV was lower than that of the original LFN. With pink noise of frequency 250-20,000 Hz added to LFN, SAV increased linearly with increasing SPL. SAV and the psychoacoustic annoyance value (PAV) obtained by semi-theoretical formulas were well correlated. The determination coefficient (R²) was 0.966 and 0.881, respectively, when the frequency range of the pink noise was 250-1000 and 250-20,000 Hz. When FM pure tones with central frequencies of 500, 2000 and 8000 Hz, or natural sounds (including the sound of singing birds, flowing water, wind or ticking clock) were, respectively, added to the original sound, the SAV increased as the SPL of the added sound increased. However, when a FM pure tone of 15 dB with a central frequency of 2000 Hz and a modulation frequency of 10 Hz was added, the SAV was lower than that of the original LFN. With SPL and central frequency held invariable, the SAV declined primarily when modulation frequency increased. With SPL and modulation frequency held invariable, the SAV became lowest when the central frequency was 2000 Hz. This showed a preferable correlation between SAV and fluctuation extent of FM pure tones.     

Experimental verification of the acoustic performance of diffusive roadside noise barriers

The acoustic performance of pairs of diffusive roadside barriers is tested experimentally on a 1:10 scale model, and compared to that of more traditional specularly reflecting barriers. Significant attenuation benefits are detected not only in the shadow zone behind the barriers, but also in the unprotected zone immediately above the barriers, thus proving that diffusive traffic faces of the barriers may effectively help in counteracting multiple reflection effects. In addition, a radiosity-based theoretical model developed for the evaluation of the sound field behind pairs of diffusive noise barriers is described, and its ability to predict the extra SPL attenuation deriving from the replacement of geometrically reflecting barriers with diffusely reflecting barriers is verified.     

A threatened beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) population in the traffic lane: vessel-generated noise characteristics of the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park, Canada

The threatened resident beluga population of the St. Lawrence Estuary shares the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park with significant anthropogenic noise sources, including marine commercial traffic and a well-established, vessel-based whale-watching industry. Frequency-dependent (FD) weighting was used to approximate beluga hearing sensitivity to determine how noise exposure varied in time and space at six sites of high beluga summer residency. The relative contribution of each source to acoustic habitat degradation was estimated by measuring noise levels throughout the summer and noise signatures of typical vessel classes with respect to traffic volume and sound propagation characteristics. Rigid-hulled inflatable boats were the dominant noise source with respect to estimated beluga hearing sensitivity in the studied habitats due to their high occurrence and proximity, high correlation with site-specific FD-weighted sound levels, and the dominance of mid-frequencies (0.3-23 kHz) in their noise signatures. Median C-weighted sound pressure level (SPL(RMS)) had a range of 19 dB re 1 μPa between the noisiest and quietest sites. Broadband SPL(RMS) exceeded 120 dB re 1 μPa 8-32% of the time depending on the site. Impacts of these noise levels on St. Lawrence beluga will depend on exposure recurrence and individual responsiveness.     

Loud Speech in Realistic Environmental Noise: Phonetogram Data, Perceptual Voice Quality, Subjective Ratings, and Gender Differences in Healthy Speakers

A new method for cancelling background noise from running speech was used to study voice production during realistic environmental noise exposure. Normal subjects, 12 women and 11 men, read a text in five conditions: quiet, soft continuous noise (75 dBA to 70 dBA), day-care babble (74 dBA), disco (87 dBA), and loud continuous noise (78 dBA to 85 dBA). The noise was presented over loudspeakers and then removed from the recordings in an off-line processing operation. The voice signals were analyzed acoustically with an automatic phonetograph and perceptually by four expert listeners. Subjective data were collected after each vocal loading task. The perceptual parameters press, instability, and roughness increased significantly as an effect of speaking loudly over noise, whereas vocal fry decreased. Having to make oneself heard over noise resulted in higher SPL and F0, as expected, and in higher phonation time. The total reading time was slightly longer in continuous noise than in intermittent noise. The women had 4 dB lower voice SPL overall and increased their phonation time more in noise than did the men. Subjectively, women reported less success making themselves heard and higher effort. The results support the contention that female voices are more vulnerable to vocal loading in background noise.     

Sound level variation findings for pianissimo and fortissimo phonations in repeated measurements

Ten vocally untrained female university students vocalized /a:/ at five given pitches within the average female speaking range (196, 220, 262, 330, and 396 Hz) as softly as possible (pianissimo) and as loudly as musically acceptable (fortissimo). To study the repeatability of voice range profile (sound level) measurement, the procedure was repeated 10 times in each of the five sample sessions during the day, in connection with vocal loading that included five oral readings (45 min each), 15-min pauses, and a lunch break (45 min). A sound level meter specially designed for voice range profile measurement was used. The effect of the loading was seen on the mean sound level changes and intraindividual variation on SDs. The difference between the first phonation and best performance indicates significance of the repetition of the measurement. The sound level averaged across the pitches rose significantly during loading. The intraindividual SD varied between 3 and 4 dBA according to pitch and loudness, and the sound level difference between the first phonation and best performance was 5 dBA in pianissimo and 7 dBA in fortissimo